pesticides and environment dr- ahmed abdel-megeed
TRANSCRIPT
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Pesticides in the Environment
الفتاح 0د عبد أحمدمحمود
المبيدات أستاذ وسمية المساعدكيمياءباشا سابا الزراعة كلية
الحيوية التقنية دكتوراههامبورج جامعة
المانيا
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Our EnvironmentEverything around us – air, soil, water, plants, houses, oceans
Goals of responsible pesticide users follow good practices that achieve:
effective pest controllittle risk to environment
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Responsible pesticide applicators should follow good management practices that
result in effective pest control with little risk to the environment.
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Protecting the environment starts with reading the pesticide label.
Each product label has a section on possible environmental hazards.
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Pesticide MovementAir (drift)
particles, dropletsvapors (fumigants, non fumigants)
Waterdrift, leaching, runoffspills, leaksimproper disposaltoo much water – rain, irrigation, etc.
On plants, animals, objectscontaminated clothinghigh residues, over tolerances
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Once applied, not all pesticides act the same.
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Nontarget organisms harmed by pesticides in two ways:
1. Immediate or direct injury
2. Long-term consequences of environmental pollution
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How Pesticides Get Into Groundwater
Practices of usersWater (or lack of) on site surfacesChemical nature of pesticideType of soil at release siteLocation of groundwater
distance from surfacegeological formation above it
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Groundwater Contaminations Due to Practices of Pesticide
UsersNot following label directionsOverdosing (it’s illegal!)Application methodBack-siphoningStorage close to water*Mixing/cleaning sites*Improper disposal
*100 feet – See State Laws
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Groundwater Contamination Due to Pesticide Factors
Solubility
Adsorption
Persistence
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Low adsorption of pesticides to soil particles allows movement through
the soil.
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Persistent pesticides are present for longer periods of time, increasing their chance for
leaching into the groundwater
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Groundwater Contamination Due to Soil Factors
Texture – sand, silt, clayPermeability – how fast water moves
Organic Matter – holds pesticides
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Groundwater ContaminationDue to Geology
(location of water, etc.)Water depth from surface*Permeability of soil layers
bad: gravel, limestondSinkholes
*varies due to rain, snow, evaporation, plant uptake, frozen ground, amount withdrawn
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Endangered Species
The Fish and Wildlife Service Lists
Over 300 animals
Over 200 plants
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Review Section FourPesticides in the Environment
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Harmful Effects
Protective Equipment
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Pesticides – Harm to HumansHazard – risk of harmful effects due to:
Toxicity – ability to cause harmExposure – Contact of the chemical with the body
Hazard = Toxicity X Exposure
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Risk = Toxicity x Exposure
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Label Signal Words – (Toxicity to Humans)
DANGER* - Highly toxicWARNING – Moderately
toxicCAUTION – Slightly toxic
*with POISON/skull/crossbones – high acute toxicity
Without Poison/skull/crossbones – high skin & eye irritation potential
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Routes of Exposure to Pesticides
Oral – mouth
Dermal – skin
Inhalation – nose (breathing)
Ocular - eyes
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Types of Toxicity to Pesticides
Acute – usually immediate, obvious, reversible
Delayed – “chronic”, usually from repeated doses
Allergic – immune system response to chemicals
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Acute Effects
Oral – examples: burned mouth, sore throat, upset stomach
Inhalation – examples: pain or tightness in chest
Dermal (skin) – examples: itching, blisters, rash
Ocular (eyes) – examples: irritation, temporary or permanent blindness
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Delayed (Chronic) EffectsMay appear long after exposure:
TumorsGene effectsMiscarriageImpotence
Birth defectsInfertilitySterility
Nervous system disorders
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Types of Allergic EffectsSystemic – as asthma, shock
Skin irritation – rash, blisters, sores
Eye and nose – itchy/watery eyes, sneezing
Will occur with every exposure to the offending chemical
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AnatomyForearm
Palm of handBall of feetAbdomen
ScalpForeheadEar canalScrotum
% Absorption8.611.813.518.432.136.346.5100.0
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InsecticideTemik
ThimetCygonPydrin
Malathion
Table salt
Oral LD50(mg/kg)132154511000
3320
Common insecticides
Less toxic
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Emergency ResponsesFirst aid
Call physician/go to hospital
Take chemical or labeling
Call – Poison Control Center
*pesticide illness may be confused with heat stress, heat cramps, or plants poisoning
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First Aid - SkinDrench with water
Remove clothes
Wash body with mild soap/water
Avoid chills/overheating
Burns: apply loose, clean, dry covering
No ointments (unless prescribed)
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First Aid - EyesWash quickly (eye wash or water)
Rinse eye with cool, clean water 15 for more minutes
No chemicals/drugs in rinse
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First Aid - InhalationGet to fresh air
Loosen clothing
Artificial respiration (if needed)
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First Aid – Mouth/SwallowedRinse mouthDrink milk/water (up to 1 qt.)Induce vomiting (if label says so)
place victim face downspoon to back of throat
(or)give syrup of ipecac
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First Aid – Mouth/SwallowedDo NOT induce vomiting if:
unconscious/convulsionscorrosive poison
swallowedEC or oil solutionslabel prohibits
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Read the label to determine first aid measures as whether you should or should not induce
vomiting.
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Vomiting ProceduresAdult – two tablespoons of Syrup of Ipecac and
two glasses of water
Child – one tablespoon of Syrup of Ipecac and one glass of water
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Federal law requires that highly toxic pesticides contain instructions for the physician on the
label in case of pesticide poisoning.
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Poison Control CentersWest Alabama Poison Control Center
1-800-462-0800
Children’s Hospital1-800-292-6678
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Heat StressOccurs when body is subjected to
extreme heat.
May affect pesticide handlers working in hot conditions.
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Also avoid heat stress by adjusting work loads and drinking a lot of fluids.
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Review Section FiveHarmful Effects
Protective Equipment
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Q & AWhat are the four routes through which
pesticides can contact your body and cause you to be exposed?
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Q & AName four symptoms of
pesticide poisoning.
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Q & AWhat is the first ting you should do when you
or someone else is overexposed to pesticides?
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Q & AWhat is heat stress?