pesticides harmful to bees

7/31/2019 Pesticides Harmful to Bees

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees

Pesticide toxicity to beesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Pesticides vary in their effects on bees. Contact pesticides are usually sprayed on plants and can kill bees

when they crawl over sprayed surfaces of plants or other media. Systemic pesticides, on the other hand, are

usually incorporated into the soil or onto seeds and move up into the stem, leaves, nectar, and pollen of plants[1]

Dust and wettable powderpesticides tend to be more hazardous to bees than solutions or emulsifiable

concentrates for contact pesticides.

Actual damage to bee populations is a function of toxicity and exposure of the compound, in combination withthe mode of application. A systemic pesticide, which is incorporated into the soil or coated on seeds, may kill

soil-dwelling insects, such as grubs ormole crickets as well as other insects, including bees, that are exposed

to the leaves, fruits, pollen, and nectar of the treated plants. [2][3]

Contents

[hide]

1 Classification

2 Colony collapse disorder

3 Bee kill rate per hive

4 Pesticideso 4.1 Common insecticides toxic to bees and used on

soybeans

o 4.2 Highly toxic and banned in the US

4.2.1 Lawsuit against the EPA in the United States

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

[edit] Classification

Insecticide toxicity is generally measured using acute contact toxicity valuesLD50 the exposure level that

causes 50% of the population exposed to die. Toxicity thresholds are generally set at [4][5]

highly toxic (acute LD50 < 2g/bee)

moderately toxic (acute LD50 2 - 10.99g/bee)

slightly toxic (acute LD50 11 - 100g/bee)

non-toxic (acute LD50 > 100g/bee) to adult bees.

[edit] Colony collapse disorder

Colony collapse disorder(CCD) is a syndrome that is characterized by the sudden loss of adult bees from the

hive. Many possible explanations for CCD have been proposed, but no one primary cause has been found. Th
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US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has indicated in a report to Congress that a combination of factorsmay be causing CCD, including pesticides, pathogens, and parasites, all of which have been found at high

levels in affected bee hives.[6]

For the majority of pesticides that are registered in the United States, EPA only requires a short-term contact

toxicity test on adult honeybees. In some cases, the agency also receives short-term oral toxicity tests, whichare required in Europe. EPA's testing requirements do not account for sub-lethal effects to bees or effects on

brood or larvae. Their testing requirements are also not designed to determine effects in bees from exposure to

systemic pesticides. With Colony Collapse Disorder, whole hive tests in the field are needed in order todetermine the effects of a pesticide on bee colonies. To date, there are very few scientifically valid whole hive

studies that can be used to determine the effects of pesticides on bee colonies. [7]

[edit] Bee kill rate per hive

The kill rate of bees in a single bee hive can be classified as: [8]

< 100 bees per day - normal die off rate200-400 bees per day - low kill

500-900 bees per day - moderate kill

> 1000 bees per day - high kill

[edit] Pesticides

Common name

(ISO)

Examples of

Brand names

Pesticide Class length of

residual

toxicity

Comments Bee

toxicity

Aldicarb Temik Carbamate apply 4 weeks beforebloom

Relativelynon-toxic

Carbaryl[9] Sevin,

(b) Sevin XLR

Carbamate High risk

to bees

foraging

even 10

hoursafter

spraying;

3 7

days (b)8 hours

@ 1.5

lb/acre(168

g/Ha) or

less.

Bees poisoned with

carbaryl can take 23days to die,

appearing inactive as

if cold. It allowsthem time to take

contaminated nectar

and pollen back tothe colony. Some

crops treated with

Sevin under thewrong conditions (in

bloom, using a dustformulation, with

large numbers ofbees in the field)

have been

responsible fordisastrous kills.

Sevin is one of the

United States' mostwidely used

insecticides for a

highly

toxic
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wide variety of

insect pests. It is also

one of the most toxicto honey bees, in

certain formulations.

These should never

be sprayed onflowering crops

especially if bees areactive and the croprequires pollination.

There are

formulations,however, which are

determined to be less

toxic (see tables).

Usually, applicator-beekeeper

communication can

effectively be used toadequately protect

bees from Sevin

poisoning.

Carbofuran[10] Furadan Carbamate 7 14

days

U.S. Environmental

Protection Agencyban on use on crops

grown for human

consumption (2009)

carbofuran (bannedin granular form)[10]

highly

toxic

Methomyl[11]

Lannate, Nudrin Carbamate 2 hours + Should never besprayed on flowering

crops especially if

bees are active andthe crop requires

pollination.

highlytoxic

Methiocarb Mesurol Carbamate highlytoxic

mexacarbate[12] Zectran Carbamate highlytoxic

Pirimicarb Pirimor, Aphox Carbamate Relatively

non-toxicPropoxur[13] Baygon Carbamate highly

toxic

Acephate[14] Orthene Organophosphate 3 days Moderatel

toxic

Azinphos-methyl[15]

Guthion, Methyl-

Guthion

Organophosphate 2.5 days banned in the

European Union

since 2006.[16]

highly

toxic

Chlorpyrifos[17] Dursban, Lorsban Organophosphate banned in the US

for home and

garden use Should

highlytoxic
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never be sprayed on

flowering crops

especially if bees areactive and the crop

requires pollination.

Coumaphos[18] Checkmite Organophosphate This is an insecticidethat is used inside the

beehiveto combat

varroa mitesandsmall hive beetles,

which areparasites

of the honey bee.Overdoses can lead

to bee poisoning.

Relativelynon-toxic

Demeton[19] Systox Organophosphate 8 fl

oz/acre

highly

toxic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumaphoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varroa_mitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varroa_mitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hive_beetlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeton-S-methylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeton-S-methylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazinonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrotophoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrotophoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrotophoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorvoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorvoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethoatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenthionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenitrothionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fonofos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_2_substances_(CWC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_2_substances_(CWC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malathionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumaphoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varroa_mitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hive_beetlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeton-S-methylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeton-S-methylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazinonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrotophoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorvoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethoatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenthionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenitrothionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fonofos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_2_substances_(CWC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_2_substances_(CWC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malathion


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maldison,

mercaptothion

(58

L/km)

5.5

days

Methamidophos[27]

Monitor, Tameron Organophosphate Should never be

sprayed on floweringcrops especially if

bees are active and

the crop requirespollination.

highly

toxic

Methidathion[28] Supracide Organophosphate Should never be

sprayed on floweringcrops especially if

bees are active and


highly

toxic

methyl parathion Parathion,[29]

Penncap-M

Organophosphate 58 days By far the most

potentially damagingpesticides for honey

bees are thosepackaged in tinycapsules

(microencapsulated).

Microencapsulatedmethyl parathion

(PennCap M), for

example, is a liquidformulation

containing capsules

approximately the

size of pollen grains,which contain the

active ingredient.

When bees are out inthe field, these

capsules can become

attachedelectrostatically to

the pollen-collecting

hairs of the insects,

and at times are

collected by design.When stored in

pollen, the slow-release feature of the

capsules allows the

methyl parathion tobe a potential killer

for several months.

At the present time,there is no way to

detect whether bees

highly

toxic
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are indeed poisoned

by micro-

encapsulated methylparathion, so a

beekeeper potentially

could lose

replacement bees forthose already

poisoned by thepesticide. It is,therefore, strongly

recommended by

experts that thisformulation be used

only when honey bee

exposure is not a

possibility.

It is classified as a

UNEPPersistentOrganic Pollutant

and WHOToxicityClass, "Ia, Extremely

Hazardous".

Mevinphos[30] Phosdrin Organophosphate highly

toxic

Monocrotophos[31] Azodrin Organophosphate Should never be

sprayed on flowering

crops especially ifbees are active and


highly

toxic

Naled[32] Dibrom Organophosphate 16 hours highly

toxic

Omethoate Organophosphate Should never be

sprayed on flowering

crops especially ifbees are active and

the crop requires

pollination.

highly

toxic

Oxydemeton-

methyl[33]

Metasystox-R Organophosphate


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Trichlorfon,

Metrifonate

Dylox, Dipterex Organophosphate 3 6 hours Relatively

non-toxic

Permethrin[36] Ambush, Pounce Synthetic

pyrethroid

1 2

days

safened by

repellency under arid

conditions.

Permethrin is alsothe active ingredient

in insecticides used

against the Smallhive beetle, which is

aparasite of the

beehivein thetemperate climate

regions.

highly

toxic

Cypermethrin[37] Ammo, Raid Syntheticpyrethroid

Less than2 hours

Cypermethrin isfound in many

household ant and

cockroach killers,including Raidand

ant chalk.

highlytoxic

Fenvalerate[38] Asana, Pydrin Synthetic

pyrethroid

1 day safened by

repellency under arid

conditions

highly

toxic

Resmethrin[39] [40]

[41][42][43]

Chrysron,

Crossfire,

Pynosect, RaidFlying Insect

Killer, Scourge,

Sun-Bugger #4,SPB-1382,

Synthrin, Syntox,Vectrin, WhitmirePT-110

Synthetic

pyrethroid

highly

toxic

Methoxychlor[44] DMDT, Marlate Chlorinatedcyclodiene

2 hours available as aGeneral Use

Pesticide

highlytoxic

Endosulfan[45] Thiodan Chlorinatedcyclodiene

8 hours banned in

European Union

(2007?),New

Zealand (2009)

moderatelytoxic

Clothianidin Poncho Neonicotinoid Banned in

Germany

In June 2008, theFederal Ministry of

Food, Agriculture

and ConsumerProtection

(Germany)

suspended theregistration of eight

neonicotinoid

Highly

Toxic[47]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichlorfonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permethrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hive_beetlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hive_beetlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypermethrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockroachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(insecticide)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(insecticide)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_chalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenvaleratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resmethrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resmethrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxychlorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclodienehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Use_Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Use_Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosulfanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclodienehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothianidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonicotinoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Food,_Agriculture_and_Consumer_Protection_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Food,_Agriculture_and_Consumer_Protection_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Food,_Agriculture_and_Consumer_Protection_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Food,_Agriculture_and_Consumer_Protection_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Food,_Agriculture_and_Consumer_Protection_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichlorfonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permethrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hive_beetlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hive_beetlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypermethrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockroachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(insecticide)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_chalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenvaleratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resmethrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxychlorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclodienehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Use_Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Use_Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosulfanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclodienehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothianidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonicotinoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Food,_Agriculture_and_Consumer_Protection_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Food,_Agriculture_and_Consumer_Protection_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Food,_Agriculture_and_Consumer_Protection_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-46


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pesticide seedtreatment products

used in oilseed rape

and sweetcorn, a fewweeks after honey

bee keepers in the

southern state of

Baden Wrttembergreported a wave of

honey bee deaths

linked to one of thepesticides,

clothianidin.[46]

Thiamethoxam Actara Neonicotinoid Clothianidin is a

major metabolite of

Thiamethoxam.

Highly

Toxic

Imidacloprid Confidor, Gaucho,

Kohinor, Admire,

Advantage, Merit,Confidor,

Hachikusan,

Amigo, SeedPlus(Chemtura Corp.),

Monceren GT,

Premise, Prothor,and Winner

Neonicotinoid (see also

Imidacloprid effects

on beepopulation)Bannedin France since

1999

highly

toxic

dicofol Acaricide Relativelynon-toxic

petroleum oils Relatively

non-toxic2,4-D[48] ingredient in over

1,500 products

Synthetic auxin

herbicide

Relatively

non-toxic

[49]

[edit] Common insecticides toxic to bees and used on soybeans
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilseed_rapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetcornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_W%C3%BCrttemberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothianidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidaclopridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauchohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidacloprid_effects_on_bee_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidacloprid_effects_on_bee_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidacloprid_effects_on_bee_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acaricidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilseed_rapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetcornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_W%C3%BCrttemberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothianidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidaclopridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauchohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidacloprid_effects_on_bee_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidacloprid_effects_on_bee_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidacloprid_effects_on_bee_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acaricidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees&action=edit&section=5


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Many insecticides used against soybean aphids are highly toxic to bees.[50]

Orthene 75S (acephate)

Address 75 WSP (acephate)

Sevin (Carbaryl)

Lorsban 4E (Chlorpyrifos)

Dimate (Dimethoate)

Steward 1.25 SC (Indoxacarb)

Lannate (Methomyl) Cheminova Methyl 4EC (Methyl Parathion)

Penncap M (microencapsulated MethylParathion)

Tracer (Spinosad)

[edit] Highly toxic and banned in the US

Aldrinbanned by US EPA in 1974[51]

Dieldrinbanned by US EPA in 1974[52]

Heptachlor[53]

lindane, BHC(banned in California)

[edit] Lawsuit against the EPA in the United States

In August 2008, theNatural Resources Defense Council, aNew Yorkenvironmentaladvocacy group, filed a lawsuit against the federal Environmental Protection Agency accusin

the agency of withholding information about the risks pesticides pose to honeybees. [54]

Honeybee Love: Keeping Honeybees Safe While

Using Pesticides

by Genevieve on May 16, 2010

Weve all heard about theplight of the honeybees by now pesticides, hive infections, and other causes arecombining to make it a very hard time to be a honeybee.

If youre thinking to yourself that its not the worst thing in the world to have one less type of stinging insect

around remember honeybees are extremely sweet little critters, completely unlike wasps. Ive had to prune

plants that they were happily buzzing and swarming for the nectar, and they took my activities with a cheerfu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean_aphidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acephatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acephatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieldrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptachlorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorocyclohexanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorocyclohexanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-53http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/may/02/food-fear-mystery-beehives-collapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean_aphidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acephatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acephatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieldrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptachlorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorocyclohexanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees#cite_note-53http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/may/02/food-fear-mystery-beehives-collapse


10/22

spirit. In 14 years of gardening professionally, I have never once been stung by a honeybee, even though Ivesheared, lopped, and pruned shrubs and flowers they were drinking from.

If thats not enough keep in mind, our food supply still gets pollinated the old-fashioned way, with insects

and lots and lots of honeybees. A drastic reduction in their numbers means terrible things for our plates. A

Cornell University study estimated that every third bite of food in America is pollinated by honeybees.

What can you do? While we dont know all the causes of their problems, a couple of things are certain to help

We can be mindful of the pesticides we use, even the organic ones, and we can plant things in our gardens thaprovide nectar and pollen for them to eat. Today well talk about which pesticides you can use to kill the bad

bugs while keeping honeybees alive and well.

Pesticides that harm honeybees

Some common pesticides you may have that are toxic to bees:

Orthene (Acephate)

Seven (Carbaryl)

Diazinon (Spectracide, others)

Bayer systemic (Imidacloprid), which gets into the pollen, may cause disorientation and death in bees

Ambush, Pounce (Permethrin)

Crossfire, Raid Flying Insect Killer (Resmethrin)

Safe only if sprayed at dawn or dusk, when bees arent active

These pesticides can hurt bees when wet, but arent harmful when dry, so if you use with care, can be bee-safe:

Spinosad (insecticide)

Pyrethrum (insecticide)

Neem oil (fungicide, insecticide)

Honeybee-safe pesticides

While its not nice to spray while bees are around, these are fairly non-toxic to them:

Sulfur (fungicide)

Serenade (biological fungicide)

Insecticidal soap

Petroleum-based oils

B.T. or Bacillus thuringiensis (biological control for caterpillars)

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Herbicides like Roundup and 2,4-D (though I much preferorganic herbicides)

Of course,prevention of pestsandattraction of beneficialsusing plants can also help reduce the need forpesticides, as can the use of biological controls and beneficials, likehypoaspis miles mites for thripsor

ladybugs or lacewings for aphids.

Other tips for keeping bees safe while using pesticides:

When in doubt, dont spray anything thats in full bloom. Bees arent attracted to plants that are budded or are

at the point where their blossoms have dropped their petals.

Spray anything you need to in the very early morning or right before dark so that bees are already safely

home, and the pesticide can dry before bees come into contact with them.

Careful not to contaminate the water that bees drink! Dont dump out your leftover pesticide in a way that

leaves a puddle that bees might drink from.

Use less-toxic formulations: Dusts are more hazardous to bees than liquids, and if you see any of the new

micro-encapsulated formulas, just avoid them. These tiny capsules are the same size as pollen spheres, so arecarried back to the colony and shared.

If youve got something thats particularly attractive to bees right next to your problem plant, consider not

spraying or holding off till the other plant is no longer in bloom.

One last note a big portion of the problem for honeybees also comes from agricultural uses, so eating

organic really helps. In particular, the pesticides used on non-organic soy cause problems to honeybees.

1
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Pesticides and Honey Bees

Toxicity of pesticides. Many materials that are used to control insects, weeds, and plant

diseases are toxic to honey bees. These pesticides are placed in three groups in relation to thei

effects on bees. Highly toxic** materials are those that kill bees on contact during application

and for one or more days after treatment. Bees should be moved from the area if highly toxic

materials are used on plants the bees are visiting. Among the materials in this group are the

foilsmang:

(Trade -name and/or common name)

aldrinAmbush, permethrinarsenicalsAvermectinAzodrin, monocrotophosBaygon, propoxurBaytex, fenthionBidrin, dicrotophosBux, bufencarbcarbosulfan, FMC- 35001Cygon, dimethoateCythion, malathion

Dasanit, fensulfothionDDVP, dichlorvosDibrom, naled*Decis, decamethrinDe-Fend, dimethoatediazinon, SpectracidedieldrinDimecron, phospliamidonDursban, chlorpyrifosEkamet, ctrimfosEPNEthyl Gutbion, azinphos- ethy

Famophos, famphurFicam, bendiocarbFolithion, fenitrothionFuradan, carbofuranGardona, tetrachlorvinphos

Guthion, azinphos-methylheptachlorImidan, phosmetLannate, methomylLorsban, chlorpyrifosmalathionMatacil, aminocarbMesurol, methiocarbmethyl parathionMonitor, methamidophosNemacur, fenamiphosNudrin, methomyl

Orthene, acephateparathionPay-Off, flucythrinatePhosdrin, mevinphos*Pounce, permethrinPydrin, fenvalerateSevin, carbarylSpectracide, diazinonSurnithion, fenitrothionSumithrin, d-phenothrinSupracide, methidathionSynthrin, resmethrin

Tamaron, methamidophosTemik, aldicarbtepp*Vapona, dichlorvos

*Short residual activity. Can usually be applied safety when bees are not in flight. Do not apply

over hives.

Moderately toxic** materials can be used with limited damage to bees if they are not applied over bees in the

field or at the hives. Correct dosage, timing, and method of application are essential. This group includes thefollowing:

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(Trade name and/or common name)

Abate, temephosAgritox, trichloronateBolstar, sulprophosCarzol, formetanate hydrochloridechlordane

Ciodrin, crotoxyphosCounter, terbufosCroneton, ethiofencarbCuracron, profenofosDDTDi-Syston, disulfotonDyfonate, fonofosendrinKorlan, ronnel

Larvin, thiodicarbMetasystox-R, oxydemethon- methylMocap, ethopropPerthane, ethylanPyramat

Sevin 4-Oil, carbarylSevimol, carbarylSystox, demeton

Thimet, phorateThiodan, endosulfanTrithion, carbophenothionVydate, oxamylZolone, phosalone

The greatest number of materials are included in the relatively nontoxic group.** These pesticides can be use

around bees with few precautions and a minimum of injury to bees. The following list includes some of thematerials in this group:

Insecticides and Acaricides (trade name and/or common name)

Acaraben, chlorobenzilatealletbrin, PynaminAltosid, methopreneBaam, amitrazBacillus thuringiensis, Bactur Bactospeine, Bakthane, Dipel,

ThuricideBirlane, chlorfenvinphosDelnav, dioxathionDessin, dinobutonDimilin, diflubenzuronDylox, trichlorfon ethionFundal, chlordimeformGalecron, chlordimeformHeliothis polyhedrosis virusKelthane, dicofol

Mavrik, fluvalinatemethoxychlor, MarlateMitac, amitrazMorestan, oxythioquinoxMorocide, binapacryl

Murvesco, fensonnicotinePentac, dienochlorPlictran, cyhexatinpyrethrum (natural)rotenonesabadillaSevin XLR, carbaryl

Tedion, tetradifonTorak, dialifortoxaphene

Fungicides (trade name and/or common name)

Benlate, benomylBordeaux mixtureBravo, chlorothalonilcaptancopper oxychloride sulfateCyprex, dodinecupric hydroxide, Kocide

Du-Ter, fentin hydroxideDyrene, anilazineferbamglyodinKarathane, dinocapMorestan, oxythioquinoxMylone, dazomet sulfur

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Difolatan, captafolDithane M-22, manebDithane Z-78, zineb

Vitavax, carboxinziram, Zerlate

Herbicides, Defoliants, and Desiccants (trade name and/or common name)

AAtrex, atrazineArniben, chlorambenAnimate, AMSBalan, beriefinBanvel, dicambaBladex, cyanazine2,4-Ddinoseb, dinitrobutylphenolHyvar, bromacilKerb, pronamide

Lasso, alachlorLorox, linuronPrarnitol, prometonPrincep, simazineProwl, pendimethalinSencor, metribuzinSurflan, oryzalinSutan+, butylate

Telvar, monuronTreflan, trifluralin

**Information extracted from Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Leaflet 2883,

February 1981, entitled "Protecting Honey Bees from Pesticides."

Pesticides damage colonies in several ways. Most often the), kill the field bees without other effects on thecolony. In some instances the bees die in large numbers after returning to the hive Many bees are also lost in

the field and the colony is weakened but not usually killed. Sometimes materials are carried by the bees to the

hive where they kill brood, young bees, or the entire colony. Encapsulated pesticides, such as Penncap-M,

have this potential of being carried to the hive.

Methods of application. Losses from pesticides can be minimized by cooperation among beekeepers,

farmers, and spray operators. Several basic principles should be followed to prevent losses of bees and to

avoid injury to people and farm animals. The first of these is to apply the proper dosages and follow the

recommendations on the label. The method of application is also a factor to consider. Ground application isgenerally safer than air application. The material and its formulation play important roles in its toxicity to

bees. In general, sprays are safer than dusts, and emulsifiable concentrates are less toxic than wettable

powders. Materials applied as granules are the least hazardous. At present there are no safe, effectiverepellents that can be used to keep bees away from treated areas.

Proper timing of applications of pesticides allows the use of moderately toxic materials on crops visited by

bees. Bees visit different crops at different times and for different periods during the day. The timing of

treatment of a crop should relate to these bee visits. Squashes, pumpkins, and melons are attractive to beesearly in the day but close their blossoms in the afternoon. Afternoon and evening treatments, after the flowers

close, are safest for bees. Sweet corn sheds pollen early and is visited by bees most heavily in the morning.

Applications of insecticides to sweet corn are least dangerous when made as late as possible in the day,especially if the insecticide is kept off the tassels. For most crops, pesticide applications are safest for bees if

they are made between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.

Table 1. Relative toxicity of pesticides to honey beesdetermined by laboratory and field tests.

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(CALIFORNIA, 1950 through 1980) (Number-keyed notes on their uses can be found at the end othis section)

Group 1 -- Highly toxic:Severe losses may be expected if used when bees are present at treatment time or within a daythereafter, except where noted to the contrary.

-------------------------------------------

Pesticides (trade name and/or common name)-------------------------------------------aldrin2

Ambush?2,18, permethrinarsenicals 1,2

Asana?, esfenvalerate

Avermectin?17

Azodrin?1,2, monocrotophos

Baygon?2, propoxur

Baytex?2, fenthion

Bidrin?1,2, dicrotophos

Bux?, bufencarbcarbosulfan 2, FMC-35001

Cygon?2, dimethoateCythion?2,4, malathion

Dasanit?5, fensulfothion

DDVP?2, dichlorvos

Dibrom?2,3, naled

Decis?2, decamethrin

De-Fend?2, dimethoate

diazinon 2, Spectracide?dieldrin 1,2

Dimecron?2, phosphamidon

Dursban?2, chlorpyrifos

Ekamet?, etrimfosEPN 1,2

Ethyl Guthion?, azinphos-ethylFamophos?, famphur

Ficam?, bendiocarb

Folithion?, fenitrothion

Furadan?2,5, carbofuran

Gardona?1,2, stirofos

Guthion?1,2, azinphos-methylheptachlor 1,2

Imidan?2, phosmet

Lannate?2, methomyl

Lorsban?, chlorpyrifosmalathion 2,4

Matacil?, aminocarb

Mesurol?, methiocarbmethyl parathion 1,2,11,12

Monitor?2, methamidophos

Nemacur?5, fenamiphos

Nudrin?2, methomyl

Orthene?2, acephateparathion 1,2

Pay-Off?

Phosdrin?1,2,3, mevinphos

phosphamidon 2, Dimecron?

Pounce?2,18, permethrin

Pydrin?2, fenvalerate

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resmethrin, Synthrin?

Sevin?2, carbarylSpectracide 2, diazinon

Sumithion?, fenitrothion

Sumithrin?, d-phenothrin

Supracide?2, methidathion

Tamaron?2, methamidophos

Temik?1,2,5,7, aldicarbtepp 1,2,3

Vapona?2, dichlorvos TM-------------------------------------------

Group II -- Moderately toxic:Can be used around bees if dosage, timing, and method of application are correct, but should notbe applied directly on bees in the field or on the hives.

--------------------------------------------------Insecticides (trade name and/or common name)--------------------------------------------------

Abate?2, temephosAgritox?, trichloronate

Bolstar?, sulprophos

Carzol?2, formetanate hydrochloridechlordane 2

Ciodrin?, crotoxyphos

Counter?, terbufos

Croneton?, ethiofencarb

Curacron?, profenofosDDT 1,2,10

Di-Syston?1,2,6,18, disulfoton

Dyfonate?, fonofosendrin 1,2

Korlan?, ronnelLarvin?2, thiodicarb

Metasystox-R?2, oxydemeton-methyl

Mocap?, ethoprop

Perthane?, ethylan

Pyramat?

Sevin?4-Oil2, carbaryl

Sevimol?2, carbaryl

Syston?1,2,18, demeton

Thimet?1,2,6, phorate

Thiodan?2, endosulfan

Trithion?2, carbophenothion

Vydate?

2, oxamylZolone?, phosalone--------------------------------------------------

Group III -- Relatively nontoxic:Can be used around bees with minimum injury.

-------------------------------------------------------------Insecticides and Acaracides (trade name and/or common name)-------------------------------------------------------------

1


17/22

Acaraben?, chlorobenzilate

allethrin, Pynamin?

Altosid?17, methoprene

Baam?, amitraz

Bacillus thuringiensis 17, Bactur?

Bactospeine?, Bakthane?, Dipel?, Thuricide?

Birlane?, chlorfenvinphos

Comite?, propargite

cryolite 2, Kryocide?

Delnav?, dioxathion

Dessin?, dinobuton

Dimilin?17, diflubenzuron

Dylox?2, trichlorfonethion

Fundal?, chlordimeform

Galecron?, chlordimeformHeliothis polyhedrosis virus

Kelthane?1, dicofol

Mavrik?2, fluvalinate

methoxychlor 2, Marlate?

Mitac?, amitraz

Morestan?, oxythioquinox

Morocide?, binapacrylMurvesco?, fensonnicotine 2

Omite?, propargite

Pentac?, dienochlor

pirimor?2, pirimicarb

Plictran?2, cyhexatinpyrethrum (natural)rotenone 2sabadilla 2

Sayfos?, menazon

Sevin?, SL2, carbaryl

Sevin?SLR2, carbaryl

Smite?, sodium azideTedion?, tetradifon

Tetram?

Tokuthion?, prothiophos

Torak?, dialifortoxaphene 1,2

Zardex?, cycloprate

-------------------------------------------------------------Fungicides (trade and/or common name)-------------------------------------------------------------

Afugan?2, pyrazophos

Arasan?, thiram

Bayleton?, triadimefonBenlate?, benomylBordeaux mixture 2

Bravo?, chlorothalonilcaptan 11copper oxychloride sulfatecopper 8-quinolinolatecopper sulfate

cuprex?, dodinecupric oxide

cupric hydroxide, Kocide?

Delan?, dithianon

Dessin?, dinobuton

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18/22

Difolatan?, captafol

Dithane?D-14, nabam

Dithane?M-22, maneb

Dithane?M-45, manzeb

Dithane?Z-78, zineb

Du-Ter?, fentin hydroxide

Dyrene?, anilazineferbamglyodin

Hinosan?, edifenphos

Indar?, butrizol

Karathane?, dinocap

Lesan?, fenaminosulf

Morestan?, oxythioquinox

Morocide?, binapacryl

Mylone?, dazomet

Phaltan?, folpet

Plantvax?, oxycarboxin

Polyram?, metiram

Ridomil?

Sisthane?, fenapanil

Smite?, sodium azide

sulfur 2Thiram, Thylate?Thyfural

Vitavax?, carboxin

ziram, Zerlate?

-------------------------------------------------------------Herbicides, Defoliants, and Desiccants (trade and/or common name)-------------------------------------------------------------

Aatrex?, atrazineAlachlor

Alanap?, naptalam

Alopex?, clofop-isobutyl

Amex?820, butralinAmiben?, chlorambenamitrole

Ammate?, AMS

Aquathol K?, endothall, dipotassium

Avenge?, difenzoquat

Balan?, benefinBanvel, dacamba

Basagran?, bentazon

Basalin?, fluchloralin

Betanal?, phenmedipham

Betanex?, desmedipham

Bladex?, cyanazine

Blazer?, acifluorfenbutachlorbutamcacodylic acid 1

Cambilene?1, 2.3.6-TBA

Caparol?, prometryn

Casoron?, dichlobenil

Chloro IPC?, chlorprophamCotoranr, fluometuron2,4-D 1,2

DEF?8

Desiccant L-10?1,9, arsenic acid

Devrinol?, napromamide

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19/22

Dichlorprop 1, 2.4-DPdinoseb 9, dinitrobutylphenoldiquat 8,9

Dual?, metalachlor

endothall, sodium salt, Accelerate?

Eptam?, EPTC

Eradicane?, EPTC+safener

Evik?, ametryn

Evital?, norflurazon

Folex?1,8, merphos

Garlon?, triclopyr

Goal?, oxyfluorfen

Hoelon?, diclofop-methyl

Hydrothol 191?, endothallmonopotassium salt

Hyvar?, bromacil

Igran?, terbutryn

IPC?, propham

Karmex?, diuron

Kerb?, pronamide

Lasso?, alachlor

Lorox?, linuron

Maloran?, chlorbromuronMCPA 1

Methar?1, DSMA

Milogard?, propazine

Modown?, bifenoxMSMA 1

Mylone?, dazomet

Nortron?, ethofumesate

Paarlan?, isopropalinparaquat 1,9

Planavin?, nitralin

Pramitol?, prometon

Preforan?, fluorodife

princep?, simazineProbe?, methazole

Prowl?, pendimethalin

Ramrod?, propachlor

Randox?, CDAA

Ronstar?, oxydiazon

Roundup?, glyphosate

Sancap?, dipropetryn

Sencor?, metribuzinsilvex 1, 2.4.5-TP

Sinbar?, terbacil

Smite?, sodium azide

Surflan?, oryzalin

Sutan?+, butylate2.4.5-T 1,2

Telvar?, monuron

Tenoran?, chloroxuron

TOK?, nitrofen

Tolban?, profluralin

Tordon?, picloram

Treflan?, tribluralin

Turf Herbicide?, endothall, disodium

Vegadex?, CDEC

Zorial?, norflurazon

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20/22

-------------------------------------------------------------Nematicides and Miscellaneous (trade and/or common name)-------------------------------------------------------------

endothall 13

Exhalt?800 14gibberellic acid 13

Mocap?5, ethoprop

Mylone?5, dazomet

N-Serve?15, nitrapyrin

Polaris?16, glyphosine

Smite?5, sodium azideSustar?13,16

-------------------------------------------------------------

Number-keyed Notes on Pesticide Use

1. California state regulations require permits for most uses of these chemicals, also for 2,4-Dand 2,4,5-T as herbicides but not as sprays on citrus.

2. Laboratory- and field-tested mainly on alfalfa, citrus, cotton, ladino clover, milo and sweetcorn; all other chemicals were laboratory-tested only.

3. Dibrom?, Phosdrin?, and tepp have such short residual activity that they kill only beescontacted at treatment time or shortly thereafter. Usually safe to use when bees are not inflight; not safe to use around colonies.

4. Malathion has been applied on thousands of acres of alfalfa in bloom without serious lossof bees. However, occasional heavy losses have occurred, particularly under hightemperature conditions. If applied to alfalfa in bloom it should be only as a spray, andapplication should be made during the night or early in the morning when bees are notforaging in the field. Undiluted technical malathion spray (ULV) should not be used aroundbees.

5. Nematicide.

6. Di-Syston?(disulfoton) and other systemic pesticides used as seed treatments have notcaused bee losses.

7. Temik?(aldicarb), although highly toxic to bees as a contact poison, is used only in granulaform, and extensive field usage has not caused bee losses.

8. Defoliant.9. Desiccant.10.DDT has been withdrawn for most uses in U.S.A.11.Field doses have caused brood damage.

12.The microencapsulated formulation of methyl parathion, known as Penncap-M?is highlytoxic to foraging bees, young hive bees, and brood. Overall, it is 13 times more hazardous

to honey bees than the EC (emulsifiable concentrate) formulation. Penncap-M?is toohazardous to be applied to any area or within 1 mile of any area where and when bees arepresent.

13.Plant growth regulator.14.Sticker/extender.15.Nitrification inhibitor.16.Chemical ripener.17.Insect growth regulator.18.Honey bee repellent.

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21/22

19.The following groups found in Table 6-1, Relative Toxicity of Pesticides to Honeybees, (chemicalsused with fruit crops) show the relative toxicity of pesticides to honeybees as determined by laboratory

and field tests.

Table 6-1. Relative Toxicity Of Pesticides To Honeybees

Group I - Pesticides Highly

Toxic to Bees

Group II - Pesticides

Moderately Toxic to Bees

Group III - Pesticides Relative

Non-Toxic to Bees

2
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/food/inspection/bees/pollination.htm#table1http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/food/inspection/bees/pollination.htm#table1


22/22

Severe losses may be expected ifthe following materials are used

when bees are present at

treatment time or within a few

days thereafter:

Admire

Agri-Mek 1.9EC

APM 50W InstapakCygon 480Cymbush 250 EC

Decis 5EC

Diazinon 500 EDiazinonI 50W

DZN 600 WDG

Furadan 480FGuthion Solupak

Imidan 50 WP

Lorsban 4E

Malathion 25WMatador 120EC

Parathion 15W

PouncePyramite

Ripcord 400EC

Sevin XLR PlusSuccess 480 SC

Sniper

Sniper 240 EVydate

These can be used around bees ifdosage, timing, and method of

application are correct, but do not

apply them directly on bees, in

the field or at the colonies:

Carzol SP

Dikar

Endosulfan 50WLannate T-N-GMetasystox R 240EC

Nustar

Pirimor 50DFThiodan 4EC

Thiodan 50WP

Zolone

Aliette WDGApollo SC

Benlate T-N-G

Bioprotec CAF

Botran 75WBravo 500

Captain 80 WDG

Confirm 240F

Copper 53WDipel 2X DF

Dithane DGDithane M45

Elevate 50 WDG

Equal 65 WP

Ferbam 76 WDGFolpan 50WP

Foray 48BA

Funginex 190 ECGavel 75 DF

Kelthane 50WKumulus DFManzate 200 DF

Manzate 200 WP

Maestro 80 DFMitac W

Nova 40W

Penncozeb 75DF

Polyram DFRidomil Gold 480 EC

Ridomil Gold MZ

Ridomil CopperRonilan EG

Rovral

Senator 70WPStreptomycin 17

Topas 250E

Vangard 75EG

Zineb 80W

20.Extremely Toxic to Bees21. FURADAN 480F

22. This insecticide has caused more loss (confirmed cases of poisoning) to bees in Ontario than any otherof the materials mentioned in this publication. Fruit growers and apiarists require close liaison when

and where Furadan is used.23. For more detailed information on the toxicity of specific pesticides to honeybees refer to the pesticide

label.

pesticides harmful to bees

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