pesticides. toxicity environmental protection agency – epa has established standards for handling...
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Pesticides
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Toxicity•Environmental Protection Agency – EPA
•Has established standards for handling of pesticides
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Routes poisons enter body
•Oral contact - mouth•Dermal – skin•Inhalation – breathing
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Children•Major concern is with swallowing
•People who apply pesticides are more likely to be affected through inhalation or dermal contact
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Organophosphates
•Pass rapidly through the skin
•Back of hands, wrists, armpits, back of neck, groin and feet
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Cuts & Scrapes•Make entry of chemicals easier
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Chemicals that vaporize
•Have strong odor•Or is a fine dust or mist•Easily inhaled and absorbed through the lungs
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Types of toxicity•Acute•How poisonous a pesticide is after a single exposure
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Acute•Pesticides are generally rated according to their acute toxicity
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Chronic•How poisonous a chemical is over a period of time and repeated exposure
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Chronic•Danger in chemicals that accumulate in the body
•DDT is an example of one of these chemicals, it is banned in the US
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Measuring Acute Toxicity
•Oral and Dermal•LD50 stands for Lethal dose
•Amount to cause death
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LD50•50 means that 50% of test animals were killed by this dose
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LD50•The lower the LD50 number of a chemical is the more poisonous it it
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LD50•Values are given in milligrams of substance per kilogram of test animal body weight
•Ie: parts per million
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Inhalation Toxicity
•LC50•Lethal Concentration•Values are measured in milligrams per liter
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Chronic Toxicity•No standard measure
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Label Info•Mixing information•Follow the directions!•Name and address of manufacturer
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Label Info•Trade name, may not be the same as the chemical name
•Active ingredients
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Label Info•Type of pesticide – insecticide, fungicide
•Form – dust, wettable powder, emulsion
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Label Info•EPA registration number
•Storage and disposal precautions
•Hazard statement
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Label Info•Directions for use•Net concentrate
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Signal Words•Alert the user to the toxicity of the pesticide
•There are four categories
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Highly Toxic•Danger•Skull and crossbones required on label
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Moderately Toxic•Warning
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Slightly Toxic•Caution
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Relatively Non-Toxic
•Caution or no signal word required on label
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Safety Precautions
•Read label carefully•Check recommended use, be certain that you are using the chemical for the correct use
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Safety Precautions
•Have clean water and detergents available to wash spills
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Safety Precautions
•Wear protective clothing
•Rubber gloves, a respirator, and any other protective gear called for on the label
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Safety precautions
•Some chemicals require complete coverage of the body by waterproof material
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Safety Precautions
•Use extra caution with concentrated chemicals
•Considered concentrated before mixing or diluting with water or dust
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Safety Precautions
•Apply the chemical with care
•Always mix just enough for the job at hand
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Safety Precautions
•Guard against inhalation or swallowing
•Never eat or smoke while handling a pesticide
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Weather•Do not apply in wind or rain
•Do not spray where chemical could drift into lakes or streams or apiaries (bee hives)
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Weather•Some pesticides are temperature specific
•Check the label
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Storage and Disposal
•Store and dispose of empty containers properly
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Storage and Disposal
•In original container•Locked up•Away from children and animals
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Storage and Disposal
•Check local regulations before disposing of chemicals or containers
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Pesticide Poisoning
•Dilution of the poison is the most important first aid practice
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Pesticide Poisoning
•If spilled, remove contaminated clothing immediately and wash thoroughly
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First Aid•Telephone Dr or medical facility
•For pesticides spilled on skin, wash with plenty of soap and water to dilute chemical
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First Aid•Remove contaminated clothing
•Shower, dry and wrap or dress victim in warm blankets or clothing
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First Aid•Cover any chemical burns with loose, soft, clean cloth
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First Aid•For eye poisoning, hold the eye open and flush with clean water for at least five minutes
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First Aid•For inhaled poisons, carry victim to fresh air, do not allow victim to walk
•Losen clothing, apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped
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First Aid•Keep patient quiet•Do not give alcohol•Label may include additional information
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First Aid•Follow the directions of the medical professional that you contacted
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What is an insect
•Small animal with three clearly defined body regions and three pairs of legs
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Body regions
•Head•Throat•Abdomen
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Insects•Proper identification of insects in an important first step in insect control
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Chemical free control
•Many insects are controlled by natural enemies such as diseases or other insects
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Integrated Pest Management
•Uses more than one control practice
•Plant rotation•Natural enemies•Chemicals – not used until
pest damage builds up to economic loss levels.
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How insecticides kill
•Stomach poisons – as the insect eats the plant it is poisoned through the stomach
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Contact Poisons•Kill the insect when they are hit with or come into contact with the poison
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Systemic Poisons•Enter the plant sap and move through the entire plant
•When insects eat or suck juices from the plant they are killed
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Fumigants•Contact poisons applied in a gaseous form
•Fumes kill the insect after entering its system through breathing pores
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Repellants •Generally do not kill but drive insects away before they attack the plant
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Repellents•Aluminum foil•Marigolds•Garlic
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Attractants•Lure insects to their death
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Chemical make up•Inorganic compounds•Of mineral origin•A mineral is used as the basis for the poison
•Usually stomach poisons
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Organic Compounds
•Those derived from plants
•Usually stomach or contact poisons
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Application
•Dusts•Applied with a duster
•Tend to blow or drift
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Wettable powders
•Resemble dusts•Are concentrated and must be diluted with water before application
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Wettable powders•Tend to settle•Must be mixed frequently during application
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Emulsifiable concentrates
•Liquids mixed with water
•Shelf life is longer than dusts or wettable powders
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Granules
•In the form of pellets•Spread on the soil surface and penetrate soil after the application of water
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Granules•Systemic or fumigants
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Baits•Poisons that attract insects
•Pest eats the bait and dies
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Aerosols•In pressurized cans•Ready to use•Do not need dilution
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Plants as repellants•Some plants can help to prevent the attack of insects on other plants
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Plants as repellants•Marigolds•Garlic•Sage•Horseradish•Mint
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Fungicides•Used to control plant diseases which are caused by fungi
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Fungi•Tiny non green plants• rusts, molds, mildews and smut
•Lack chlorophyll and live as parasites on green plants
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Toxicity•Generally not as toxic to humans as insecticides
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Rodenticides•Chemicals used to control rats, mice and other rodents and bats
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Rodenticides•Most are stomach poisons
•Applied as bait•Common poison is Warfarin – and anticoagulant Keeps the blood from clotting
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Warfarin•Animals bleed to death internally or from small scrapes
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Molluscicides•Used to control snails and slugs
•Applied as a bait or contact poisons
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Nematocides•Control nematodes•Small hairlike worms that feed on plant roots
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Nematocides
•Fumigants•Must contact nematode as a gas or liquid passing through the soil
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Herbicide•Chemical that kills unwanted plants or weeds
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Weed•Plant that is growing where it is not wanted
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Types•Nonselective – kill all plants to which they are applied.
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Selective•Kill some plants but not all
•Largest group of weed killers
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Effects of Herbicides•Upset the metabolism or life functions of the plant
•Either starves to death or wears itself out due to increased rate of activity within the system
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Application•Sprayed on or applies already mixed in fertilizers or in granules
•Using a nozzle that sprays large droplets can reduce drift to non target plants
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Time of application•Preplanting•Pre-emergence•Post-emergence
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Calibration•Sprayer must be properly calibrated or adjusted before use to insure that the proper amount of chemical is applied
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Breakdown of herbicide
•Most are broken down in soil by microorganisms
•Half life for various chemicals varies from a few weeks to years.
•Check the label!