pests of cotton.pptx

7/27/2019 Pests of Cotton.pptx

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pests-of-cottonpptx 1/60



Presentation on :

Insect pests of cotton andtheir management



a or pes s o o onAmerican boll worm: Helicoverpa armigeraPink bollworm: Pectinophora gossypiellaSpotted bollworms: Earias vittella

Spiny bollworm: Earias insulanaCotton Stem Weevil:Pempheres (Pempherulus) affinisShoot weevil: Alcidodes affaber Stem borer: Sphennoptera gossypiiLeaf roller:Sylepta derogataTobacco Cutworm: Spodoptera lituraAsh weevils: Mylloecerus undecimpustulatus maculosus Leafhopper: Amrasca (biguttula biguttula) devastans Cotton aphid: Aphis gossypii

Thrips: Thrips tabaci Whitefly:Bemisia tabaci Red cotton bug :Dysdercus cingulatus Dusky cotton bug : Oxycarenus hyalinipennis

Mealy bugs: Phenacoccus sp., Ferrisa sp. and Maconellicoccussp.



Fruit and boll feeders

1.Fruit borer :Hel icoverpa arm igera

Symptoms of damage

Bolls showing regular, circularbore holes

Larvae seen feeding on the bollby thrusting their heads aloneinside and leaving the rest of

the body outsidePresence of granular faecalpellets outside the bore hole.A single larva can damage 30-40bolls.

Feeding injury



Circular bore hole

Identification of the pest Eggs - Spherical in shape and creamy whitein colour, present singly

Larva - Shows colour variation fromgreenish to brown.It has dark brown rey lines on the bodywith lateral white lines and also has darkand pale bands.

Pupa - Brown in colour, occurs in soil, leaf,pod and crop debrisAdult Light pale brownish yellow stout moth.

Forewings are olive green to pale brown incolour with a dark brown circular spot inthe centre.Hind wings are pale smoky white with abroad blackish outer margin.



Eggs Larva

Pupa Adult



Management

Avoid continuous cropping of cotton both during winter andsummer seasons in the same area as well as ratooning.Avoid monocropping. Growing of less preferred crops likegreengram, blackgram, soyabean, castor, sorghum etc., alongwith the cotton as intercrop or border crop or alternate crop toreduce the pest infestation.

Removal and destruction of crop residues to avoid carry overof the pest to the next season, and avoiding extended period ofcrop growth by continuous irrigation.Optimizing the use of nitrogenous fertilizers which will not

favour the multiplication of the pest. Judicious water management for the crop to prevent excessivevegetative growth and larval harbourage.Application of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) at 3 x 10 12POB /ha in evening hours at 7th and 12th week after sowing.



Inundative release of egg parasitoid, Trichogramma spp., at 6.25cc/ha at 15 days interval 3 times from 45 DASReleasing predator Chrysoperla carnea @ 1, 00, 000/ha at 6th,

13th and 14th week after sowing.ULV spray of NPV at 3 x 10 12 POB /ha with 10% cotton seedkernel extract, 10% crude sugar, 0.1% each of Tinopal andTeepol for effective control of Helicoverpa.At early stages of square formation apply Endosulfan 35 EC2 l/ha.During bolling and maturation stage, apply any one of thefollowing insecticides (1000 l of spray fluid/ha):

Phosalone 35 EC 2.5 l/ha

Quinalphos 25 EC 2.0 l/haCarbaryl 50 WP2.5 kg/haPyraclofos 50 EC 1.5 l/ha



2. Pink bollworm: Pectinophora gossypiella

Symptoms of damage

Rosetted flowersThe holes of entry plugged byexcreta of larvae which are

feeding inside the seed kernels.They cut window holes(interlocular burrowing) in thetwo adjoining seeds thereby

forming "double seeds"The attacked buds and immaturebolls drop off.Discolored lint and burrowed

seeds



Identification of the pest LarvaShows colour variation young larvawhite and late instar almost black,brown or green to pale or pinkseveral dark and light alternating

bands running the entire length

Adult Small moth.

Forewings are brown or dull yellowolive grey with dark spots on theforewing.Hind wings margins are deeply

fringed.



Management Clean cultivation and destruction of crop residues

(fallen leaves, twigs etc.) before the onset of season.

Plough deeply to expose the hibernating larvae /pupae.

Avoid late sowing of the crop. Early sowing helpsin early maturity facilitating escape.

Withholding irrigation water to avoid prolongedlate boll production/ formation to reduce the buildup of over-wintering population.

Acid delinting of cotton seeds. Spray triazophos 40 EC 2.5l/ha and endosulfan 35

EC 2.0 l/ha in alternation even after 100 DAS



3. Spotted bollworms: Earias vittellaSpiny bollworm: Eariasinsulana

Symptom of damageDrying and drooping of terminal shootsduring pre –flowering stageShedding of squares and young bollsFlaring up of bracts during square and

young boll formation stageHoles on bolls and rotting of bolls.rying - terminal shoots

Bore holes and rotting Flared square



Identification of the pest: E. vitella Larva - Brownish with white streaks dorsally and paleyellow ventrally, Without finger shaped processesAdult Small buff coloured.Forewings are pea green with a wedge shaped white

band running from base to out margin

E. vitella - Larva E.vitella - Adult



Identification of the pest: E. insulana Larva – Brown with dorsum showing a white medianlongitudinal streak.

The last two thoracic segments and all the abdominal segmentshave two pairs of fleshy tubercles (finger shaped processes) onedorsal and the other lateralPupa - Brown and boat shapedAdult - Small buff coloured. Forewings are uniformly silverygreen

E. insulana - Larva E. insulana - Adult



Management

Collect and destroy all the shed fruiting parts

Planting trap crop of bhendi, uprooting andburning

Don't extend the crop period.

Spray the following insecticide Early stage: -Endosulfan 35 EC 2 lit/ ha

Maturity stage: -Quinalphos 25 AF 2 lit,

Phosalone 35 EC 2.5 lit/ ha



4. Cotton Stem Weevil: Pempheres ( Pempherulus) affinis

Symptoms of damage

Swellings on the stem just above the groundlevel.Young plants are invariably killedOlder plants that survive, lack vigor and strength,and when strong winds blow, these plantssometimes break at the nodes.

Stem gall Stem galls

d f f h



Identification of the pest

Larva - Grub, white in color without leg (apodous)

Adult - Very small weevil, dark in colour with two smallwhite patches on the elytra

Grub Adult



Management Soil application of Carbofuran 3 G at 30 kg or Aldicarb10 G at 10 kg/ha may be done on 20 days after sowing

and earthed up.

Basal application of FYM 25 t/ha or 250 kg/ha of neemcake.



5. Shoot weevil: Alcidodes affaber

Symptoms of damage Terminal shoots with gallsBore hole surrounded by raised margins

Identification of the pestAdult - Weevil dark greyish brown with pale crossbands on the elytra

Management Soil application of Carbofuran 3 G @ 30 kg may bedone on 20 days after sowing and earthed up.Basal application of FYM 25 t/ha or 250 kg/ha of

neem cake.



6. Stem borer: Sphennoptera gossypii

Symptoms of damagePlants with drooping leaves,Wilting in patches


Adult - Dark brown jewel beetle

Affected stem with grub Infested plants



6. Stem borer, Sphennoptera gossypii, life cycle



Management

Soil application of Carbofuran 3 G @ 30 kg may be doneon 20 days after sowing and earthed up.

Basal application of FYM 25 t/ha or 250 kg/ha of neemcake.



7. Leaf roller: Sylepta derogata

Symptom of damage Leaves rolled in the form of trumpets fastened by silkenthreadsMarginal portion of leaves eaten away

Plants defoliated in severe attack

Rolled leaves



Identification of the pestLarva - Bright green (glistening) with dark head and

prothoracic shield.

Adult - Moth with yellow wings having brown wavymarkings

Larva Adult



ManagementCollection and destruction of shredded plantparts.

Hand picking and destruction of grown upcaterpillars.Spray any one of the following insecticides

chloropyriphos 20 EC 2.0 l/hadichlorvos 76 WSC 1 lit/hafenitrothion 50 EC @ 625 ml.



8. Tobacco Cutworm:Spodoptera litura

Appearance:

Moths are stout, medium sized, with pale grey to darkbrown forewings having white wavy criss-crossmarkings. Hind wings are whitish. Caterpillar is stout,velvety, smooth, dark brown with yellowish green

dorsal stripes. Incomplete ring like dark bands may beseen on the anterior and posterior part of the body.

Larva Adult



Nature of damage:

Soon after hatching, the caterpillars feedgregariously by scraping the chlorophyllmaking the lamina appear translucent and

membranous.Grown up caterpillars feed individuallymaking large irregular holes in the leaves

during night, hiding in the soil during daytime.



Eggs are laid in groups and covered with

brown hair

Life cycle:

Egg mass

D t



Damaged Leaves Hole on flower

Damage symptoms:

Membranous leaves without any chlorophyll

Large irregular holes on the leaves.

Management



Management Use of light trap

Set up the sex pheromone trap Pherodin S.L. at 12/ha

Growing castor along border and irrigation bunds.

Removal and destruction of egg masses in castor andcotton crops.

Removal and destruction of early stage larvae found in

clusters

Collection and destruction of shredded plant parts.

Hand picking and destruction of grown up caterpillars.



Spray any one of the following insecticideschloropyriphos 20 EC 2.0 l/ha;dichlorvos 76 WSC 1 lit/ha;

fenitrothion 50 EC @ 625 ml.

Spraying Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus at 1.5 x 1012 POBper ha.

Use of poison baitPrepared with rice bran 12.5 kg, jaggery 1.25 kg,

Carbaryl 50%WP 1.25 kg and water 7.5 litres.This bait can be spread in the fields in the eveninghours so that the caterpillars coming out of the soilfeed and get killed.

10 Leafhopper: Amrasca (biguttula biguttula) devastans



10. Leafhopper: Amrasca (biguttula biguttula) devastans

Identification of the pest Nymph - Light green, translucent, wingless found

between the veins of leaves on the under surface

Adult - Green, wedge shaped leafhopper.

Adult Larva



Symptoms of damageTender leaves become yellow.The margin of the leaves start curling downwards and reddening

sets in.In the case of severe infestation, leaves get a bronze or brick redcolour which is typical “hopper burn” symptom.The margin of the leaves get broken and crumble into pieces

when crushed.The leaves dried up and are shed and the growth of the crop isretarded.



Management 1)Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS at 7

g/kg protect the crop upto 8 weeks.2)Early sowing and closer spacing of cotton

reduces pest infestation3)Where the leafhopper is a big menace, apply

neem oil formulation 0.5 % or neem oil 0.5 %thrice at fortnightly intervals



Spray any one of the following insecticides (500 l spray fluid/ha)

•Imidacloprid 200 SL at 100 ml/ha•Methyl demeton 25 EC 500 ml/ha•Dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml/ha•Phasphomidon 40 SL 600 ml/ha•Monocrotophos 36 SL 1000 ml/ha•

NSKE 5% 25 kg/ha

11 Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii



11. Cotton aphid – Aphis gossypii Symptom of damage

•Infesting tender shoots and under surface of the

leaves.•Curling and crinkling of leaves•Stunted growth•Blighted appearance when infestation is severe•Development of black sooty mould due to theexcretion of honey dew giving the plant a darkappearance.



Identification of the pest Nymphs - Yellowish or greenish brown found on theundersurface of leaves.

Adults - Greenish brown, soft bodied and smallinsects.

Winged forms may be seen under crowded conditions



Management •Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70

WS at 7 g/kg protect the crop upto 8weeks.•Spray any one of the following insecticides (500 lspray fluid/ha)

•

Imidacloprid 200 SL at 100 ml/ha•Methyl demeton 25 EC 500 ml/ha•Dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml/ha•Phasphomidon 40 SL 600 ml/ha

•Monocrotophos 36 SL 1000 ml/ha•NSKE 5% 25 kg/ha

•Monitoring the activities of the alate adult by settingup yellow sticky traps



12. Thrips: Thrips tabaci

Symptom of damage Shriveling of leaves due to scrapping of epidermis anddesapping

Attacked terminal buds – have ragged edgesSilvery shine on the undersurface of leaves

Nymphs and Silvery shine symptom



Identification of the pest•Nymphs - Very minute, slender, yellowish and

microscopic.

•Adult - Small, slender, yellowish to brown withfringed wings



Management •Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS @ 7 g/kg

protect the crop upto 8 weeks.•Spray any one of the following insecticides (500 l sprayfluid/ha)•Imidacloprid 200 SL at 100 ml/ha•Methyl demeton 25 EC 500 ml/ha•Dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml/ha•Phasphomidon 40 SL 600 ml/ha•

Monocrotophos 36 SL 1000 ml/ha•NSKE 5% 25 kg/ha

13 Whit fl B i i t b i



13. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci

Symptom of damage Chlorotic spots on the leaves which latter coalesce formingirregular yellowing of leaf tissue which extends from veins tothe outer edges of the leavesSevere infestation results in premature defoliationDevelopment of sooty mould

Shedding of buds and bolls and poor boll openingIt also transmits the leaf curl virus diseases of cotton




Identification of the pest Nymph - Greenish yellow, oval in outline,

Pupa - Puparia oval in shape, present on theunder surface of the leaves.

Adult - Minute insects with yellow body

covered with a white waxy bloom.

Nymphs Pupae Adult



Management •Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS @ 7 g/kg

protect the crop upto 8 weeks.•Spray any one of the following insecticides (500 lspray fluid/ha)•Imidacloprid 200 SL at 100 ml/ha•

Methyl demeton 25 EC 500 ml/ha•Dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml/ha•Phasphomidon 40 SL 600 ml/ha•Monocrotophos 36 SL 1000 ml/ha

•NSKE 5% 25 kg/ha

M t



Management •Growing cotton only once a year either in winter or summerseason•

Adopting crop rotation with non-preferred hosts such assorghum, ragi, maize etc.,•Removal and destruction of alternate weed hosts like Abutilonindicum, Chrozophore rottlari, Solanum nigrum•Timely sowing with recommended spacing•Preferably wider spacing and judicious application ofrecommended dose of fertilizers•Late sowing may be avoided and the crop growth should not beextended

•Field sanitation may be given proper attention.•Cultivation of most preferred alternate host crops like brinjal,bhendi, sunflower may be avoided•Set up yellow pan traps and sticky traps @ 12/ ha•

Collection and destruction of whitefly infested leaves from thelants



•Spray any one of the following plant productsalone or in combination with the recommendeddose of insecticide (at 2 ml/l of water)

•Neem seed kernel extract 5% (50 kg),neem oil at 5 ml/l of water•Fish oil rosin soap @ 25 mg /lit•

Notched leaves@ 5% extract (50 gms/lit)•Catharanthus rosea extract 5%

•Spray any one of the following in early stage (500 l of sprayfluid/ha)

•Methyl demeton 25 EC 500 ml or Phasphomidon 40 SL 600ml/ha

•Spray any one of the following in mid and late stages



p y y g g(1000 l spray liquid/ha)

•

Phosalone 35 EC at 2.5 l/ha•Quinalphos 25 EC at 2.0 l/ha•Monocrotophos 36 SL 1.25 l/ha•Triazophos 40 EC 2.0 l/ha•Acephate 75 SP 1.30 kg/ha

•Note: The use of synthetic pyrethroids should bediscouraged in cotton to avoid the problem of whitefly.

Cypermethrin, fenvalrate and deltamethrin causeresurgence of whiteflies. So avoid repeated spraying ofpyrethroids.



14. Red cotton bug: Dysdercus cingulatus

Symptom of damage •Red stained lint and rotting bolls.•Inner boll wall with warty growth or water soakedspots•Young bolls abort and turn dark brown•The bacterium Nematospora gossypii enters the site ofinjury and stains the fibre



Identification of the pest Nymphs and Adults - Reddish bugs with white bands on the

abdomen and black markings on the wings.

Management •Plough the field to expose the eggs.•Spray Endosulfan 35 EC @500 ml/ha or phosphamidon100 EC@250 ml/ha

15 D k tt b O h li i i



15. Dusky cotton bug: Oxycarenus hyalinipennis

Symptom of damage •Sucks the sap from developing seeds in open bollsand stains the lint black.•Seeds discolored and shrunken.




pEggs - Cigar shaped, white eggs in clusters of 2-10within the half opened bolls, on the bolls, flower orbuds

Nymphs and adults - Dusky, greyish brown bug, withpointed head and hyaline wings

Management Spray Endosulfan 35 EC @500 ml/ha or

Phasphomidon 100 EC@250 ml/ha

6. Mealy bugs, Phenacoccus sp., Ferrisa sp. and Maconellicoccus s



Symptom of damage Heavy clustering of mealy bugs usually seen under surface of

leaves as a thick mat with waxy secretion.Excrete copious amount of honey dew on which the fungus sootymould grow.Affected plants appear sick and black, resulting reduced fruitingcapacity

Infested plants Mealy bugs on stem



Management Spray application of any following insecticides viz.,•carbaryl 50 WP @ 1kg/acre,

•thiodicarb75 WP @ 250 g/acre

•profenphos 50 EC @ 500 ml/acre

•Acephate 75SP @ 800 g/acre.



Emerging pests

Phenacoccus solenopsis



Phenacoccus solenopsisP.solenopsis appeared on cotton in Pakistan during 2005 and

attained pest status in cotton growing areas of Punjab and

Sindh provincesSurvey across 47 locations of the country between months oflate2007 and early 2008 established the predominance ofP.solenopsis in India.

Mirid bug



Mirid bug 4 species are known to cause damageBrown mirid: , Creontiades biseratence(Major in TN and MH) Brown mirid. dilutusGreen mirid:C. pacificusCrop mirid: Sydnia kingbergii Recently the cotton mirid bug has emerged as an importantinsect pest on Bt

cotton and its incidence in India was recorded during 2006 inKarnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Th t d d t k d i 2008 09 th l ti l l



The study undertaken during 2008-09 on the population levelof the bug covering 7 districts as well as other reports showedthat

C. biseratensecould be considered as an emerging threat to cottoncultivation in Karnataka.Mirid bug incidence on cotton squares and bolls causesshedding and leads to significant reduction in yield.

Parrot beaking



1 –Adults of papaya mealy bug 2 –on Congress grass3 –on Papaya4 –on Cotton

pests of cotton.pptx

Documents