pests of tea
DESCRIPTION
Pests of TeaTRANSCRIPT
1
University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot
Insect Pests of Tea
Presentation on,
Ravi. PujariUHS11PGM14
2KITTUR RANI CHANNAMMA COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, ARABHAVI 591 310
Pests in relation to different parts of the plant
Bud – MitesAphids
Tortrix
Matured foliage – Tortrix Mites
Matured branches – Shot hole borer
Red stem borer
Trunk and collar region – Termites Grubs
Sucking Pests
1. Tea green leaf hopper ( Emposca flavescens)2. Tea aphid (Toxoptera auranti)3. Tea Mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora)4. Thrips (Taeniothrips setiventris)5. Scales(Lacenium uride)6. Mealy bugs
Defoliators
1. Leaf miner2. Tea tortrix/Flush worm(Helopeltis theivora)3. Bunch caterpillar (Andraca bipunctata)4. Tea semiloper (Biston supprersaria)
Borers
1. Red borer ( Zeuzera coffeae)2. Shot hole borer (Xyleborus fornicates)
Root feeder
Root grub (Holotrichia impressa)
Non insect pests(Mites)
1. Red Spider mite: 2. Scarlet mite : (Brevipalpus californicus )
3. Purple mite : (Calacarus carinatus )
4. Yellow mite : (Hemitarsonemus latus )
(Oligonychus coffeae)
Tea Mosquito Bug: Helopeltis theivora( Miridae: Homoptera)
Damaging stage – Nymphs and Adults
Nature of damage – They suck sap from leaves, buds and tender stems.
Life cycle
Adult lay eggs on midrib of leaves
Fecundity- 100
Incubation period- 10-13 days
Nymphal period- 22-23 days
Adult – Black head, pale yellow and black thorax, yellow and greenish black abdomen.Nymph is dirty yellow
Life Cycle of TMB
Symptoms
• Leaves show many dry parts due to feeding and also injection of toxic saliva
• Die back symptoms
Management
• Collection and destruction of parts with pest• Spraying with Dimetoate 1.7 ml / ltr• Helopeltis are predated by Oxyopes sheweta
(Lynx spider).
Tea green leaf hopper: Emposca flavescens( Cicadellidae: Homoptera)
• Damaging stage- Nymphs and Adults
• Nature of damage – They suck sap from leaves
Life cycle Eggs are laid by inserting in the tissue of new tea buds and
shoot, particularly in the internode. In one bud upto 7 eggs are laid.
Fecundity 100 eggs during her lifetime. Depending on the temperature, the eggs will hatch after 5 -
10 days, producing nymphs. There are five nymph stages. The total nymphal development period is 7 - 16 days being
faster in warm weather condition. So, it takes from 12 - 30 days for leafhoppers to complete a
generation. There can be as many as 10 generations in a year. The life span of the adults is 14 - 21 days; females in general
live longer than males.
• Nymphs are more damaging than adults. Due to intensive sucking the affected leaves curl downwards; the margins become curved, then turn brown and gradually dry up. This typical symptom is called “Rim Blight”.
• The midrib and veins of affected leaves also show some what brownish discoloration. Photosynthetic activities is drastically reduced due to loss of chlorophyll, this coupled with imbalance in growth hormones results in stunted plant growth.
• Hoppers feeding marks appear small yellow spots. Under dry conditions, the upper part of leaves dry out. The less seriously affected leaves may develop a purple colour.
Symptoms
Management
• Natural Management: Ladybeetles, Neuropterans, praying mantids feed on leafhoppers
• Tea growing under shade trees tends to have less leafhoppers problem. Mulching also helps to increase humidity and therefore reduce leafhopper populations.
• Spraying with Verticillium lecanii @ 2 gm/ltr• Use of light taps• NSKE 5%• Sprays with Monocrotophos @ 1.25 ml/ltr or Imidacloprid
0.25ml/ltr
Defoliators
Tea tortrix : Homona coffearia (Tortricide : Lepidoptera)
Eggs are flat and deposited in overlapping clusters
Larvae is dark green with a shiny black head The newly hatched larvae tend to move upwards
to the growing points of the bush and begin feeding
From the second to the fifth instar they make nests by webbing two or more leaves together
Mature larva pupates inside the final nest
The adult moth emerges about 10 days later Adult is a grayish brown moth with brown
markings on wings Wing span is 16 to 20 mm
Larvae
Pupa Adult
Damage
leaves are folded longitudinally. They also attack fruits, shoots, and flowers
Management
The introduction of the braconid Macrocentrus homonae Nixon from Indonesia was extremely successful and reduced Homona coffearia to the status of a minor seasonal pest
This situation continued until the mid-1950s. Since then, this leaf roller has become serious pest because of the use of chemicals for controlling the shot-hole borer
Sprays with NSKE 5% Sprays with Carbaryl 4 gm/ ltr
Bunch catrerpillar: Andraca bipunctata( Bombycidae: Lepidoptera)
• Damaging stage- Larva• Nature of damage- It first feeds on leaf surface
by scraping later feeds on leaf margins and they remain clustered in bunches on branches
Life cycle
• Fecundity- 150-500• Incubation- 10-11 days• Larval period- 3-4 days• Pupal period- 16-20 days ( soil)• Adult is brownish with dark wavy lines on
wings
Life stages
Symptoms
• Scraped leaef surfaces• Concave cutted leaf margins• Clustering of leaves on branches
Management
• Collect and destroy the clustered leaf bunches on branches
• Spray with Quinolphos 2 ml/ltr
Tea semilooper: Biston supprersaria(Geometritidae: Lepidoptera)
• Damaging stage- Larva
• Nature of damage- It first feeds on leaf surface by scraping later feeds on leaf margins
Life cycle
• Fecundity-200-600• Incubation- 10-11 days• Larval period- 8-9 days• Pupal period- 20-22 days ( soil)• Adult is greyish moth with black and yellow
bands and spots.• Caterpillar is brown
Symptoms
* Scraped leaef surfaces in early stages* Apperance of holes on leaves Management * Collection and destruction of infested
branches* Sprays with Quinolphos 2 ml/ltr
Tea mites1. Red spider mites
2. Scarlet mite
3. Purple mite
4. Yellow mite
The Red spider mite: Oligonychus coffeae (Tetranychidae : Acarina)
Spherical bright red eggs are deposited by the female on leaves at the rate 4 – 6 eggs a day
Three developing stages are found to occur six legged larvae
Elliptically shaped female body is broadly rounded at the posterior end and carry the large purple markings
Damage
Infest the upper surface of mature leaves Infestation starts along midrib and veins
and spreads to the entire upper surface of leaves
Affected leaves - bronzed, dry and crumpled
The scarlet mite : Brevipalpus californicus (Tenuipalpidae : Acarina)
This species is found on tea and associated trees in tea plantations
Eggs are scarlet, Bright red, elliptical and laid under side of the leaves
Adults are scarlet, red in color and ovate in shape
Damage
This species is found on tea and associated trees in tea plantations
Feed on the under surface of leaves, near the mid rib and the petiole of maintenance foliage
Heavy infestation leads to defoliation of bushes
Purple mite : Calacarus carinatus (Eriophyidae : Acarina)
They are minute worm like mites, having a vast range of host plants including tea
Adult female is deep purple colored Body is elongated and spindle shaped, with a
broad anterior end
Damage
It prefers older leaves to feed on, but during dry spells under heavy infestations, even younger leaves are infested
Found on both surfaces of the foliage
Affected leaves look dull and matty with a purplish brown discoloration
Yellow mite : Hemitarsonemus latus (Tarsonemidae : Acarina)
Eggs are relatively larger – 0.1 mm long Female lays 4 or more eggs a day Life cycle is shorter with no active nymphal
stages
Damage
Common on tea recovering from pruning and on young tea during post – monsoon periods
Losses are felt quickly, because the pest attacks the harvestable part of the plant
Management of Mites
• Collection and destruction of infested parts
• Spraying of acaricide Dicofol 0.5 ml/ltr
Shot-Hole Borer :Xyleborus fornicates(Scolytidae: Coleoptera)
Damaging stage- Adult Nature of damage- It makes holes on the
roots and on the lower part of main trunk Grubs, upon hatching feed on a fungus
Monocrosporoum embrocium
Life cycle
• Fecundity-• Incubation- 10-12 days• Larval period- 45-60days• Pupal period- 20-30 days (tunnel)• The adults are small in size brown, reddish
brown or black in colour, head completely bending downwards with blunt end
• Activity- Winter months
Larvae Pupae Adults
Symptoms
Yellowing of lateral branches
Small pin holes on main trunk
Oozing of fiberous material from the trunk
Crop losses due to the SHB have been
assessed to be in the rang of 18 – 40 %
Management
• Avoid water logging • Swab Carbaryl paste around stem upto 2 feet
from base• Drenching with Chloropyriphos 2.5 ml/ ltr
• Red stem borer : Zeuzera coffeae (Cossidae: Lepidoptera)
• Adult - orange colour, medium sized mothThe adult has white and black spotted wings The larva is red coloured
Life cycle : Eggs are usually laid singly on the bark Eggs hatch in 8 – 12 days and larval
development takes 3 – 4 months Pupation takes place inside the stem and the
adult emerges in about 2 months Adult is a nocturnal moth
• Damaging Stage : Larva
• Nature of damage & Symptoms of damage: • Caterpillar bores into the stem or branches to
feeds on the wood. • In early stages of attack, young plants or
braches show wilting. • Pellet-like excrement of the larva hangs out
and accumulates at the base of the plant. • In advanced cases, the branch dries up.
Management
• Affected plants or twigs should be cut and burnt.
• Providing good shade to plantation.• Field release of white muscardine fungus B.
bassiana and braconid parasite Amyosoma zeuzerae.
• Spraying NSKE at 4 percent.
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