Petrophysical Properties of Different Formations ofIndus Basin

Presented By: Rizwan Sarwar Awan 2013-MS-GS-2

Department of Geological Engineering University of Engineering and Technology

Lahore

Introduction

• The Greater Indus Basin extends over most of eastern Pakistan and the western most parts of India, covering an area of about 873,000 square kilometers (km2).• Given its geological and tectonic evolution, the Indus basin can be divided into

three parts: from North to South, the Upper Indus basin, the Middle Indus basin and the Southern Indus basin. • These sub-basins are separated by topographic elevations of the Precambrian

Indian shield: the Sargodha high between the Upper and Middle Indus basins, and the Khairpur-Jacobabad high between the Middle and Southern Indus basins.

Petrophysical Properties

• Porosity• Permeability• Saturation

PorosityRatio of the volume of space to the total volume of a rock.Porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid.Porosity is expressed as a percentage of the total rock which is taken up by pore space.A sandstone may have 8% porosity.  This means 92 percent is solid rock and 8 percent is open space containing oil, gas, or water

Total porosity  The ratio of the entire pore space in a rock to its bulk volume.

Effective porosityPercent of bulk volume occupied by interconnected pores spaces. In very clean sands, total porosity is equal to effective porosity.

Primary porosity

Porosity of the rock that formed at the time of its deposition.  Primary porosity of a sediment or rock consists of the spaces between the grains. Primary porosity decrease due compaction and packing of grains. Primary porosity less than 1 percent in crystalline rocks like granite. More than 55% in some soils.

Secondary porosity develops after deposition of the rock. Vugular spaces in carbonate rocks created by the chemical process of leaching.  fracture spaces formed due to stress distortion in reservoirs rocks.

Permeability

The rate of flow of a liquid through a formation depends on:

– The pressure drop.

– The viscosity of the fluid.

– The permeability. Permeability measures the flowing capacity of the fluids in the rocks / formations.

The unit of measurement is the Darcy.

Reservoir permeability is usually quoted in millidarcies, (md).

DARCY LAWK = permeability, in Darcies.

L = length of the section of rock, in centimetres.

Q = flow rate in centimetres / sec.

P1, P2 = pressures in bars. A = surface area, in cm2. μ = viscocity in centipoise.

Research Papers

Introduction : Khan. M.S et al (2012 ) described the Petrophysical properties of Khewra Sandstone of the Cambrian sequence is outcropped in the Khewra Gorge, Salt Range PakistanThe lithology of the Khewra Sandstone consists predominantly of purple to brown, fine grained sandstone. The lower most part of the formation is red, flaggy shale. The sandstone is mostly thick bedded to massive. Sedimentary features like ripple marks mud cracks etc. are common in the formation.Methodology:Khan.M.S et al (2012) assessment of porosity & reservoir characterization Helium Porosimeter has been used, six samples of the upper horizon were collected from various locations of the Khewra Gorge and the Khewra Choha Sadden Shah road side section; cores were prepared from these samples according to the instrument standard.Results:Khan.M.S et al (2012) according to the instrument standard. The results of this study revealed that the upper horizon of the Khewra Sandstone Formation has good porosity ranging from 18.76% to 21.07%.

Research Paper 1

Ghazi.S et al (2012) has been described the petrophysical properties of Warchha sandstone of Permian age of Chak Nourang Oilfield of Potwar area by wireline logs. The Chak Naurang Well 1-A, drilled by Oil and Gas development company limited (OGDCL), encountered thickness of 82 m for the Early Permian Warchha Sandstone.

Methodology:Ghazi.S et al (2012) used gamma ray log for acquiring the shale volume and Density-Neutron porosity logs for determination of porosity.

Results:Ghazi.S et al (2012) determined porosity values in sandstone lithology ranging from 26.75% to 34.5%, indicating highly porous sandstone.

Introduction:

Research Paper 2

Jadoon.Q.K et al (2014) evaluated the petrophysical properties of Habib Rahi Limestone of Mari Gas Field Using Open Hole Wire Line Logs of Well Mari Deep-06 Central Indus Basin Pakistan. The study area is located in Central Indus basin.Methodology:Jadoon.Q.K et al (2014) estimate the total porosity is by averaging the porosity computed from Bulk Density. Results:Jadoon.Q.K et al (2014) has been described the porosity and water saturation of the reservoir 0.21% and 0.4% respectively.

Introduction:

Research Paper 3

Introduction:Ali.A et al (2005) studied the reservoir characteristics of Qadirpur Area of Pakistan mainly Sui Main Limestone by composite suite of logs comprising gamma ray, spontaneous potential (SP), resistivity, were run in wells Qadirpur 01 and Qadirpur 05.

Methodology:Ali.A et al (2005) for log interpretation, different types of standard cross plots and mathematical charts have been used. The important reservoir parameters, which were calculated, are; volume of shale, porosity of the formation, resistivity of the formation water, water and hydrocarbon saturation and lithology of the formation. The calculated values are plotted against depth for each particular formation encountered in Qadirpur-01 and Qadirpur-05. Finally, the productive reservoir area is delineated using a depth contour map.

Results:Ali.A et al (2005) determined the average values of porosity for each productive zone ranges from 20 to 23%.

Research Paper 4

Introduction:Khan.S et al (2014) find the reservoir characteristic of Wargal Limestone in Salt Range Northwest of Pakistan. He studied the formation at three place in Salt Range as Zaluch Nala Section, Nammal Gorge Section & Chhidru Nala Section. The middle to late Permian Wargal Limestone comprises of the fossiliferous limestone and dolomite in the study area. The Limestone contains Bryozoans, Brachiopods, bivalves, Gastropods, Ammonoids, Trilobites, Crinoids and Conodonts (Kummel and Teichert, 1970).

Methadology:Khan.S et al (2014) used twenty five sample for determination of porosity & permeability of three different locations by using thin section technique.Results:Khan.S et al (2014) analyzed prosity ranging from three location Zaluch Nala section, Nammal Gorge section & Chhidru Nala section is 6.297- 23.547, 0.777- 14.565 & 0.483 & the high permeability is due to fracturing in Wargal Limestone.

Research Paper 5

ConclusionPetrophysical properties are the properties by which different reservoirs are classified on the basis of Hydrocabons accumulation, these properties mainly comprise porosity and permeability. Porosity is the storage capacity while permeability is flowing capacity of fluids from pore spaces of the rocks. Different techniques are used to determine the petrophysical properties and these can be enhanced by some artificial methods i.e hydraulic fracking and acid job. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the petrophysical properties of the Indus Basin. According to results Warchha Sandstone having very high porosity where as Habib Rahi Limestone having very low porosity.

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