pg&e optimizing chilled water plants - slides

8/13/2019 PG&E Optimizing Chilled Water Plants - Slides

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Disad antages of #rimary4only ersus


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Disad antages of #rimary4only ersus#rimary9secondary system

)ai!*re f 6ypass C ntr ! 7ot as ail1sa e 1 -*at i valve or controls ailJ M/st avoid abr/pt lo- s*/t1o (e.g. valves interloc ed -it*

4:!s all timed to stop at same time) M/st be -ell t/ned to avoid c*iller s*ort1cycling

)! )!*ct*ati n hen /taging Chi!!ers On

-7

,lo- drops t*ro/g* operating c*illers 5ossible c*iller trips" even evaporator ree>e1/p M/st irst red/ce demand on operating c*illers andAor slo-ly

increase lo- t*ro/g* starting c*illerW ca/ses temporary *ig*2: S temperat/res

@Pr b!ems ab 2e are se!d m an iss*e ith 2ery!arge p!ants, e'g' m re than . chi!!ersA

ii 4 4 l " " il " " i


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rimaryrimary4 4only "ystem "tagingonly "ystem "taging

&000 $5M

0 $5M

0 $5M

-8

ii 4 4 l " " il " " i


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rimaryrimary4 4only "ystem "tagingonly "ystem "taging

300 $5M

0 $5M

-

300 $5M

0ariable ,lo-0ariable ,lo-


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0ariable ,lo0ariable ,lorimary9"econdary -ith +HW "toragerimary9"econdary -ith +HW "torage

$d2antages 5ea s*aving Simpli ies c*iller staging 5rovides bac 1/p or c*iller

ail/re Secondary -ater so/rce or ire

department

-;

Secondary -ater so/rce orcooling to-ers

Disad2antages 8nstalled cost Space


109/201

rimary4only sF rimary9"econdary

9se Primary( n!y /ystems f r: 5lants -it* many c*illers (more t*an t*ree) and -it*

airly *ig* base loads -*ere t*e need or bypass isminimal or nil and lo- l/ct/ations d/ring staging

are small d/e to t*e large n/mber o c*illersW and

-=

5lants -*ere design engineers and /t/re on1siteoperators /nderstand t*e complexity o t*e controlsand t*e need to maintain t*em.

Other ise 9se Primary(sec ndary 4lso or plants -it* 2: storage


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i#e "i%ingi#e "i%ing

i# "i%i


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i#e "i%ing

>eed t ba!ance 2ost o pipe and its installation 2ost o p/mp energy

Longevity o piping (erosion) 7oise Sometimes space limitations

A l i%i # # h d


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Accurately si%ing #um# head

+

G*essing at p*mp heads astes money in oversi>ed p/mps" motors and (sometimes)

V, s and (sometimes) need or impeller trimming astes energy (minor impact -AV, or i impeller is trimmed)

Ca!c*!ating p*mp heads Ta es abo/t 0 min/tes o engineering time

G*essing cann t p ssib!y be c st effecti2eQ

"# d h"# d h


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"im#lified i#e "i%ing +hart"im#lified i#e "i%ing +hartMaBim*m GPM f r

High Perf rmance C nstant )! ,C nstant /peed /ystem

Pipe Diameter 2000 4400 8760 2000 4400 8760 1)2 5*0 3*+ 3*0 1* 1* 1* 3)4 12 +*0 *0 4*6 4*6 4*6

1 1+ 14 11 *+ *+ *+1 1)4 34 26 20 15 15 151 1)2 5 43 34 24 24 24

2 3 55 44 51 51 44

2 1)2 100 60 1 60

CRITICAL RUNNon noise sensiti!e Noise sensiti!e

Pipe Diameter 2000 4400 8760 2000 4400 8760 1)2 * 5*+ 4*6 1* 1* 1* 3)4 1 14 11 4*6 4*6 4*6

1 2+ 22 1 *+ *+ *+1 1)4 51 3+ 30 15 15 151 1)2 6 52 24 24 24

2 120 4 6 51 51 51

2 1)2 160 120 +1 1 1 1

CRITICAL RUNNon noise sensiti!e Noise sensiti!e

MaBim*m GPM f r

High Perf rmance ariab!e )! , ariab!e/peed /ystem

4

3 1 0 140 110 140 140 1104 320 240 1+0 2 0 240 1+05 430 330 260 430 330 2606 00 530 420 00 530 420

1,200 +00 20 1,200 +00 2010 1,+00 1,500 1,200 1,+00 1,500 1,20012 2,+00 2,200 1, 00 2,+00 2,200 1, 0014 4,000 3,000 2,400 4,000 3,000 2,40016 4,+00 3, 00 3,000 4,+00 3, 00 3,0001 ,000 5,300 4,200 ,000 5,300 4,20020 , 00 5, 00 4,600 , 00 5, 00 4,600

24 12,000 ,+00 ,100 12,000 ,+00 ,10026 14,000 11,000 ,500 14,000 11,000 ,500

3 2 0 210 160 140 140 1404 4 0 360 2+0 2 0 2 0 2 05 6 0 510 3+0 4+0 4+0 3+06 1,100 00 630 0 0 630

1, 00 1,400 1,100 1,500 1,400 1,10010 2,+00 2,200 1, 00 2, 00 2,200 1, 0012 4,400 3,300 2,600 4,200 3,300 2,60014 6,000 4,600 3,600 5,400 4,600 3,60016 ,400 5, 00 4,500 ,200 5, 00 4,5001 10,000 ,000 6,300 +,200 ,000 6,30020 11,000 , 00 ,000 11,000 , 00 ,000

24 1 ,000 13,000 11,000 1 ,000 13,000 11,00026 21,000 16,000 13,000 20,000 16,000 13,000

! i i 8 # ll! i i 8 # ll


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!rimming 8m#ellers!rimming 8m#ellers

S

7

.&/ E % (pleller Eff 1, 10 *0 10*125 6*161,+00 +6*3 10* 5


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$#timum C!$#timum C!

l t d C!l t d C!


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,lo- rate and C!,lo- rate and C!

TGPM500 =QLoad rom Load2alcIs (#t/A*r)

2onversionconstantN.++ lbAgal X

60 min/tesA*r

,lo- rate($5M)

Temperat/reRise or ,all (U,)

+HW+HW !! ! d ff! d ff


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+HW+HW !! !radeoffs!radeoffs

Typi&al 1an)e 8 ; to 25 ;

;irst Cost s'aller &oil s'aller pipe

;

'pa& s'a er p$'ps'aller p$'p 'otor

Ener)y Costi'pa&t

lo0er /an ener)y lo0er p$'p ener)y

+ il f ith+ il f ith !!


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+oil erformance -ith+oil erformance -ith !!

C ille ater ! 10 13 16 1+ 22 25Coil "ater press're rop, feet 2 23*5 13*+ +*1 *3 6* 4*Coil airsi e press're rop, inc es 2 0*4 0*50 0*52 0*60 0*63 0*

7o"s 6 6 6

=

ins per inc 8fpi9 *4 *3 +*4 * *6 11*6

Cooling coil pressure air- and waterside drops were determined from a manufacturers ARI-certified selection program assuming 500 fpm coil face velocity, smooth tubes, ma imum !" fpi fin spacing, #$ % chilled water supply

temperature, &' %()$ % entering air and 5$ % leaving air temperature*

"ystem erformance With"ystem erformance With !!


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(00

&000

y e a r

2:5 %nergy @*Ayear 2*iller %nergy @*Ayear ,an %nergy @*Ayear

ystem erformance Withystem erformance With !!0arying Airside ressure0arying Airside ressure

+-

0

)00

;00

600

&& &+ &3 &( )0CH" De!ta(T

k " h % t n

CH"/T 44)

"ystem erformance and"ystem erformance and !!


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ystem erformance andystem erformance and !!+onstant Airside ressure+onstant Airside ressure

&000

& 00

&;00

e a

2:5 %nergy @*Ayear

2*iller %nergy @*Ayear

,an %nergy @*Ayear

+

0

00

;00

600

;&A&6 ; A&; ;+A& ;;A&0CH"/T%De!ta(T

k " h % t n

% y

+oil costs sF C!+oil costs sF C!


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+oil costs sF C!+oil costs sF C!

2C8L 58587$

,insperinc*

Ro-s

4ir5ress/re

rop

(in: C)

,l/idBT( ,)

,l/id,lo-

(gpm)

,l/id5ress/re

rop ( t

: C)

2oil2ost

5ipeSi>e

2oil2onnection

Total2ost

++

8ncl/des0 eet

o pipe

. . . . " " "&& 6 0.63 & . 66.0 Q.6 Y;" ;3 .3 Y+"3 & Y "; 6&0 0. 0 ;.' ;Q.0 3.Q Y3"'36 Y "&0& Y "03Q

+hoosing the >ight3 +HW+hoosing the >ight3 +HW !!


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+hoosing the >ight3 +HW+hoosing the >ight3 +HW !!

6 th energy and first c sts area!m st a! ays minimized by pickinga 2ery high T @I ;L) t +7L)A

/a2ings e2en greater ith systems

+.

that ha2e ater1side economi>ers 2: t*ermal energy storage

>ecommended rocedure;>ecommended rocedure;


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>ecommended rocedure;>ecommended rocedure;

Determine CH" )! 0ate at +7L)Pick primary pipe sizes @p*mps, headers, main risersA in Fcritica!circ*it @that hich determines p*mp headA

!se pipe si>ing spreads*eet or s*ortc/t tables)ind maBim*m f! f r each pipe size and reca!c*!ate T f r thesef! rates

!se pipe si>ing spreads*eet or s*ortc/t tablesThe ca!c*!ated T is the minim*m a2erage T f r that !eg f the

+4

9se ; r % - fpi @ r + fpi f r s me fin typesA c i!s f r a!! c i!s Largest coil meeting Standard 6 .& cleanability limits !se 6 ro- on small an1coils -*ere ro- not available

?terate n c i! se!ecti ns t determine hat CH" s*pp!ytemperat*re res*!ts in se!ected T n a2erage f r each !eg f thecritica! circ*it

e /se ; , minim/m. May need to ad9/st pipe si>e and BT i ; , not coldeno/g*The ! est re1*ired CH" s*pp!y temperat*re is the designtemperat*re'Determine act*a! T and f! in ther c i!s *sing c i! pr gram s*mt determine p!ant f! and gpm( eighted a2erage CH"0T

"hort"hort4 4cut rocedure;cut rocedure;


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horthort4 4cut rocedure;cut rocedure;

9se 4+L) CH"/T9se ; r - fpi c i!s Standard 6 .& limit

+7

*sing c i! pr gram s*m t determinep!ant f! and gpm( eighted a2erageCH"0T

&=am#le :uilding


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&=am#le :uilding

8TH )#OO0

+8

8TH)#OO0

$9S)$>(

CO?#/ &C09s

&=am#le :uilding


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&=am#le :uilding

++00 (rs

Main riser to 6 t( loor 820 787 *oise sensitive variable lo2000 (rs

8F 1500 1#.1

Pip in) to 'ain &oils 1+0 1#+ *on noise sensit ive variablelo 2000 (rs

#F 210 16.0

Pip in) t o 'ain a$H. &oils 260 250 *oise sensit ive variable lo8760 (rs

+I 280 22.#

lo >++00 (rs


8F 1500 1#.1


#F 210 16.0


+I 280 22.#

Minim*ma2erage Tthis circ*it

lo >++00 (rs


8F 1500 1#.1


#F 210 16.0


+I 280 22.#

+oil "election &=am#le


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+oil election &=am#le

+;

+ondenser Water (!o-er) >ange+ondenser Water (!o-er) >ange


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( ) g( ) gat +onstant +W"!at +onstant +W"!

T

ange B ) to 25 )

+=

,irst +ost 8m#act smaller condenser smaller #i#esmaller #um#

smaller #um# motorsmaller cooling to-er

smaller cooling to-er motor

&nergy +ostim#act

lo-er chillerenergy

lo-er #um# energylo-er cooling to-er energy

+ondenser Water >ange+ondenser Water >ange


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W gW gat constant !o-er ,an &nergyat constant !o-er ,an &nergy

+00

500

600To-er ,an

2@ p/mp2*iller

.-

0

100

200

#00

Q+A&6 Q+.3A&; Q;.3A& Q3.3A&0

C"/T%De!ta(T

k " h % t n

% y e a


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ed

>ecommended rocedure;


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>ecommended rocedure;

Determine C" )! 0ate at 7L)Pick primary pipe sizes @p*mps, headers,main risersA in Fcritica! circ*it !se pipe si>ing spreads*eet or s*ortc/t tables

.+

n maB m*m r eac p pe s ze anreca!c*!ate T f r these f! rates !se pipe si>ing spreads*eet or s*ortc/t tables

The !argest T is then the p!ant design T$d *st C" )! *p per se!ected T

T*is proced/re attempts to minimi>e cost by red/cing pipe si>eas m/c* as possible" b/t t*en ta ing /ll advantage o t*eres/lting pipe si>e to minimi>e BT to red/ce c*iller energy.

&=am#le :uilding&=am#le :uilding


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& am#le :uilding& am#le :uilding

..

&&. , T drops t*e pipe rom &;N to & NZ

+ooling !o-er "election+ooling !o-er "election


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+ooling !o er election+ooling !o er election

& 0K

&'0K00K&0K

00K1 &0K&'0K1 00K& 0K1&'0K&Q0K1& 0K&60K1&Q0K

&30K1&60K

.4

3

Q

'

&&

&+

&3

&Q&'

&&&0

'

Q6

3;

+&

0K&0K

0K+0K;0K30K60KQ0K

0K'0K

&00K&&0K& 0K&+0K&;0K&30K&60K

K D e s

i g n

C a p a c

i t y

$ppr ach @L)A

0ange @L)A

&;0K1&30K&+0K1&;0K& 0K1&+0K&&0K1& 0K&00K1&&0K'0K1&00K

0K1'0KQ0K1 0K60K1Q0K30K160K;0K130K

+0K1;0K0K1+0K

&0K1 0K0K1&0K

+ooling !o-er A##roach >ange+ooling !o-er A##roach >ange


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ooling !o er A##roach angeooling !o er A##roach ange

4S:R4% Standard '0.&Rating 2onditions

'3 ,

.7

%T#!L# T%M5%R4T!R%

3 ,

Q3 ,

ro#eller fan to-ersro#eller fan to-ers


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ro#eller fan to ersro#eller fan to ers

.8

!o-er an +ontrol!o-er an +ontrol


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!o er ,an +ontrol!o er ,an +ontrol

One Ce!! T er

.

)ree C !ingR 7K f Capacity

/ing!e /peed)an

T (/peed r ariab!e(/peed

)an

K Capacity

K P er

!o-er ,an +ontrol!o-er ,an +ontrol


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!o er ,an ontrol!o er ,an ontrol

60K

Q0K

(0K

'0K

&00K

T& ,(/peed )ans

One ,(/peed )an andOne +(/peed )an

T Ce!! T er

.;

0K

&0K

)0K

+0K

;0K

30K

0 K 3 K &0K & 3K ) 0K ) 3K + 0K +3K ;0 K ; 3K 30K 3 3K 6 0K 6 3K Q 0K Q 3K (0K (3 K ' 0K '3K & 00

K

K Capacity

K P & e r

T& +(/peed )ans

)ree C !ing 6e! & ,7KCapacity

T& ariab!e /peed

!o-er ,an +ontrol!o-er ,an +ontrol


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!o er ,an ontrol!o er ,an ontrol

One(speed c ntr ! is a!m st ne2er the ptim*m strategyregard!ess f size, eather, r app!icati nT (speed ;--%=-- rpm m t rs typica!!y best !ife cyc!ec sts at mid( ==- /D c sts, b*tU

/Ds are best ch ice any ay

2osts contin/e to all

.=

So t start red/ces belt -ear Lo-er noise 2ontrol savings or 2 systems (net-or card options) More precise control

P ny m t rs are m re eBpensi2e than t (speed b*t fferred*ndancyM*!tip!e ce!! t ers m*st ha2e speed m d*!ati n n at!east +%. f ce!!s @re1*ired by Tit!e +4 /tandardsA b*t f rred*ndancy, *se /Ds n a!! ce!!s'

!o-er &fficiency


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!o er &fficiency !o er &fficiency

4S:R4% % iciency?

T*e lo- rate t*e to-er cancool rom '3, to 3, at Q3,-etb/lb temperat/re divided by

an po-er ($5MA:5)

4-

'0 $5MA:5 Q0 $5MA:5 30 $5MA:5

&000 ton

Ca landC ice

!o-er A##roach!o-er A##roach


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!o er A##roach!o er A##roach

Ca land C ice Ca land ata 2enter

4

$#timum A##roach !em#erature$#timum A##roach !em#erature


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15

20

25

30

p r o a c # $ R a n % e

a:lan

C icagolb';'er;'e

/ia(i

tlanta

Las Vegas

4+

0

5

10

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 000 000 +000 10000

T o " e r A

Coolin% De%ree Days &ase '0(

50CW A CDDT T 001.027 =

!o-er &fficiency uidelines!o-er &fficiency uidelines


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yy

9se Pr pe!!er )ans 4void centri /gal except -*ere *ig* static needed or

-*ere lo-1pro ile is needed and no prop1 an optionsavailable.

2onsider lo-1noise propeller blade option and *ig*

4.

.Efficiency Minim/m 0 gpmA*p or commercial occ/pancies Minim/m &00 gpmA*p or ;AQ plants (data centers)

$ppr ach 2ommercial occ/pancies? See previo/s slide, to ' , or #ay 4rea

;AQ plants (data centers)? + ,


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:reak :reak

+H8


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$$

47

5art1Load Ratio

+hiller rocurement A##roaches+hiller rocurement A##roaches


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M st C mm n $ppr ach 5ic n/mber o c*illers" /s/ally arbitrarily or as

limited by program or space constraints Ta e plant load and divide by n/mber o c*illers

to et c*iller si>e all e /al

48

5ic avorite vendor :ave vendor s/ggest one or t-o c*iller options 5ic option based on minimal or no analysis

#id t*e c*illers along -it* t*e rest o t*e 9ob andlet mar et orces determine -*ic* c*illers yo/act/ally end /p installing

+hiller rocurement A##roaches+hiller rocurement A##roaches


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6etter $ppr ach 5ic a s*ort list o vendors based on past

experience" local representation" etc. Re


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D nNt /pecify: 7/mber o c*illers 2*iller si>e 2*iller e iciency

2*iller /nloading

D /pecify: Total design load 4nticipated load pro ile Minim/m n/mber o

c*illers and red/ndancy

4;

mec*anism 4s m/c* as possible

esign 2: A2 enteringand leaving temperat/resandAor lo-s (or tables oconditions)

4vailable energy so/rces 5*ysical" electrical or

ot*er limitations 4co/stical constraints 4cceptable re rigerants

"am#le


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60 0

Q0 0

0 0

4=

0

&0 0

0 0

+0 0

;0 0

&0K 0K +0K ;0K 30K 60K Q0K 0K '0K &00K

Percent # ad

H * r s p e r y e a

Lero !olerance DataLero !olerance Data


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D >OT $!! T !erance t be Takenin $cc rdance ith $0? 77-%7=-Q"hy ?nsist n Ver T !erance5

Levels la in ield tolerances a lied

7-

inconsistently among man/ act/rers Modeled energy costs -ill be more acc/rate :ig* tolerance at lo- loads ma es c*illers

appear to be more e icient t*an t*ey -illbe" a ecting comparison -it* /need" V, 1driven" or m/ltiple c*iller options

Lero !olerance DataLero !olerance Data


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+0K

+3K

;0K

;3K

&0, elta1T

$0? 77-%7=- T !erance C*r2e

7

0K

3K

&0K

&3K

0K

3K

0K 0K ;0K 60K 0K &00K & 0K

K f )*!! # ad

K T ! e r a n c &3, elta1T

0, elta1T

,actory !ests and


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Damage +lausesDamage +lausesCertified )act ry Tests 7eed to veri y per ormance to ens/re acc/rate

claims by c*iller vendors in per ormance bids ,ield tests are di ic/lt or impossible and less

acc/rate

7+

Last c*ance to re9ect e


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3e!! : )ie!ds t bec mp!eted by end r

"hite: )iBed

7.

6!*e: Ca!c*!atedfie!ds

e s

+hiller :id ,orm+hiller :id ,orm


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74

+hiller :id ,orm+hiller :id ,orm


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77

+hiller :id & aluation+hiller :id & aluation


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$d *st f r )irst C st ?mpactsEstimate Maintenance C stsCa!c*!ate Energy C sts C%1 .&% or C%1 . model o b/ilding and plant

78

Temper $na!ysis ith C nsiderati n f rF/ ft )act rs)ina! /e!ecti n

&=am#le ro ects&=am#le ro ects


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#arge Centra! P!ant 2entral plant serving ind/strialAo iceAresearc*

par "

San Oose" 24. &Q"000 tons total ca acit

7

#arge High(rise Office 6*i!ding C ice pl/s small data center" retail"

San ,rancisco" 24. &3 stories" 3;0"000 t


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1 5551 555!on!on

+hiller+hiller

lantlant

+hiller $#tions+hiller $#tions


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Energy Li e Cy!"e

/e!ectedChi!!ers

+hiller $#tions+hiller $#tions

#CC $ss*mpti ns:Discount rate N6&lectricity &scalation 56Analysis years 17

7=

Des!ri%tion1st Cost &an'

Usage &an'

Cost #ers$s (ase

LCC &an'

Carrier J1 T o 1#27 tons 0.57 B /t 1 5 0 1Carrier J2 T o 1+21 tons 0.55 B /t 2 + 87 0+7 +Trane J1 T o 1##0 tons 0.56 B /t # # 3 33+ 2

KorB J1 T o 1230 tons 0.56 B /t 5 6 266 80+ 7KorB J2 T o 128+ tons 0.57 B /t + 7 131 5#3 6KorB J# T o 1250 tons 0.5# B /t 6 2 5# 010 #KorB J+ T o 127# tons 0.5# B /t 7 1 87 83+ 5

4 H& 4 H# H&

2 H&2 H2 H+2 H;


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"an ,rancisco"an ,rancisco

8TH )#OO0

$9S

( HighHigh44riserise$ffice$ffice

1155 tons1155 tons

8TH )#OO0

CO?#/& C09s

HighHigh- -RiseRiseOfficeOffice Descripti n

1stCostRank

EnergyCostRank

Life CycleCost

Savings vsBase

LCCRank

vs.


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TowerTower

ChillerChillerOptionsOptions

Trane H& ;00 ton" 0.30 @AtWQ00 ton" 0.33 F-Aton 6 ' Y&;)"0&6 &0

Trane H) ;00 ton -AV, " 0.30 @AtWQ00 ton" 0.33 F-Aton ' ) Y))"0') ;

2arrier H& +63 ton" 0.36 @AtWQ+3 ton" 0.30 @At & &) Y&Q+"'6) &)

2arrier H)+63 ton -AV, " 0.36 @AtWQ+3 ton" 0.30 @At + 3 Y)&");6 +

2arrier H++63 ton -AV, " 0.36 @AtWQ+3 ton -AV, " 0.30 @At ( ; YQ"Q0) )

Mc /a H&)00 ton" 0.30 @AtW

/e!ectedChi!!ers

4 H&

4 H

# H&

# H

# H+

ton /a . t ) ( Q("&3' 3McD/ay H) 330 ton d/al" 0.36 @At330 ton d/al" 0.36 @At 3 && Y&;&"&Q' '

McD/ay H+ ;00 ton d/al" 0.3+ @AtWQ00 ton d/al 0.3+ @At ; Q Y&&)";&' (

McD/ay H;)00 ton" 0.3+ @AtW+30 ton d/al 0.3Q @AtW330 ton d/al 0.3' @At Q &0 Y&;Q";;0 &&

Eor H& 330 ton -AV, " 0.;' @AtW330 ton" 0.;( @At && 6 Y&0;"0Q( Q

Eor H)+00 ton -AV, " 0.30 @AtW(00 ton" 0.;( @At &0 & Y0 &

Eor H++63 ton -AV, " 0.3) @AtW+66 ton" 0.3& @At+66 ton" 0.3& @At &) + Y')";)& 6

2 H

2 H+

2 H;

H&

H

H+

L22 4ss/mptions?%is&o$nt rate 8,Ele&tri&ity Es&alation 0,.nalysis years 15

+onsidering "oft ,actors3+onsidering "oft ,actors3


162/201

"hy Opti n 6. as /e!ected 2er Opti nD+: 2lose in L22 ( nd be*ind Cption ) -it*in t*e

margin o error in t*e analysis

8+

client d/e to >ero C 5 ( /sed R1& +)

#ot* Cption #+ c*illers *ad VS s (only one inCption )

Small c*iller p/mp can operate large c*iller ( lo-minim/mAdesign ranges overlap)

Cption #+ *ermetic" Cption is open1drive Cption #+ *ad lo-er irst cost

Ad antages Disad antagesAd antages Disad antages$, >&+$MM&/D&D +H8


163/201

,,

Disad2antages %xtra -or or bot* engineer and vendor i ic/lt to incl/de maintenance impact 4ss/mes energy rate sc*ed/les -ill remain as t*ey

are no- -it* simplistic ad9/stments or escalation

8.

$d2antages 4llo-s man/ act/rers to eac* ind t*eir o-n s-eetN

spots" bot* or cost and e iciency !s/ally *ig*er energy e iciency

More rational t*an typical selection approac*es


164/201

84

$ !8M8L8/ +$/!>$


165/201

$ t % g o t o e ue ces$ t % g o t o e ue ces

C kb k / !*ti n Staging 2*illers 2ontrolling 5/mps

2*illed ater Reset

87

2ondenser ater Reset/im*!ati n $ppr ach

"taging +hillers"taging +hillers


166/201

)iBed /peed Chi!!ers Cperate no more c*illers t*an re


167/201

ariab!e /peed Chi!!ers Cperate as many c*illers as possible

provided load on eac* exceeds +0K to ;0Kload (act/al val/e can be determined by

8

\belo-)

%nergy impact small regardless o staginglogic

Eo/ M!ST /se condenser -ater reset toget t*e savings

art 8 !olerance


168/201

Q0K

0K

'0K

&00K

,ixed Speed

Variable Speed

8;

0K

&0K

0K

+0K

;0K

30K

0K &0K 0K +0K ;0K 30K 60K Q0K 0K '0K &00K

K # ad @&ith C ndenser 0e!iefA

K k "

!-o4+hiller lant erformanceat


169/201

+0,

50,

60,

W D

+ W

# u m # s

)

R/nning t-o ixed speedc*illers al- ays /sesmore energy

8=

0,

10,

20,

#0,

0, 10 , 20 , #0 , +0 , 50,

6 (lant


170/201

/taging ! gic m*st !imit p ssibi!ity f rs*rge perati n f r centrif*ga! chi!!ers/ me 2ariab!e speed chi!!ers d nNtdynamica!!y meas*re s*rge c nditi ns

-

o/ - ose some o e sav ngs - pr mary1only variable lo- systems beca/se minim/mspeed may *ave to be increased to avoid s/rge

Eo/ may *ave premat/re tripping d/e to onset o

s/rge ot*er-ise T*is is only an iss/e -it* variable evaporatorlo- systems (li e primary1only variable lo-)

"taging "urge


171/201


172/201

Primary( n!y and /ec ndary CH"P*mps 2ontrol speed by di erential press/re

meas/red as ar o/t in system as possible

+

an or rese se po n y va ve eman Stage p/mps by di erential press/re 58

loop speed signal?Start lag p/mp at '0K speed

Stop lag p/mp at ;0K speed,or large :5 p/mps" determine lo- and speedsetpoints -it* detailed energy analysis

0"D um# o-er sF "et#oint


173/201

70,

80,

30,

100,

W

%P setpoint L %esi)n ead

%P setpoint L ead".75

%P setpoint L ead/2

%P setpoint L ead/#

%P setpoint L 0 -reset:

.

0,

10,

20,

#0,

+0,

50,

0 10, 20, #0, +0, 50, 60, 70, 80, 30, 100,

ercent M

( e r c e n t ( u m #

+hilled Water "et#oint >eset+hilled Water "et#oint >eset


174/201

0eset ?mpacts Resetting 2: ST /p-ards red/ces c*iller energy b/t -illincrease p/mp energy in VS variable lo- systems

e*/midi icationReset -it* openN or indirect control loops (e.g. C4T) can starve coilsand red/ce de*/midi ication

\

4

*/midity o s/pply determined almost entirely by s/pply airtemperat/re setpoint" not 2: ST

0ec mmendati ns Reset rom control valve position /sing Trim P Respond logic ,or variable lo- systems -it* VS s

Reset o 2: ST and VS di erential press/re setpoint m/st bese


175/201

T'in15N;

%P'aH

C%P

7

#ac o on 2: ST irstT*en bac o on 5 setpoint

T'in5 psi

Csetpoint

%Psetpoint

s e p o n

C Plant eset0 100,50,

+HW sF D "et#oint >eset


176/201

8

5lant -it* &30 t 2: p/mp *ead

$#timum "eEuences


177/201

$!! p!ants are different To-er e iciency" approac* 2*iller e iciency" /nloading control 5/mp e iciency" *ead" /nloading control

/m er o c ers" p/mps" o-ersT many independent 2ariab!es 2T an speed 2*iller staging 2 p/mp speed

/ !*ti n5

T*eoretical Cptim/m5lant 5er ormance(TC55) Model


178/201

R/n Time? ^3 daysZ

(TC55) Model

ModelsModels


179/201

Chi!!ers :ydeman et al" Regression #ased %lectric 2*iller Model M/lti1point calibration /sing >ero1tolerance man/ act/rerIs

data

T ers

=

C%1 . model calibrated /sing man/ act/rerIs dataP*mps M/ltiple piping sections B5 2X$5M&. 5/mp e iciency rom regression o man/ act/rerIs data

)D and m t r efficiency 5art load c/rves rom 4dvanced V4V esign $/ide

+hiller and !o-er "taging by


180/201

;-

/tage /tage D &n /tage 9p >*mber f Chi!!ers >*mber f T &er Ce!!s& +;0 & +

;0 330 & ;+ ;30 Q30 & 3+ 630 &600 3

; &300 + 3

+W um# "taging and "#eed+W um# "taging and "#eed


181/201

;

"am#le of +ustom "eEuences


182/201

Enab!e Ec n mizer hen 2: RT [ 0.'XT-b _ & .+

"hen Ec n mizer is ff *en Load ` + 0 Ton?

R/n one c*iller" t*ree to-ers" one 2 5

2ontrol 2 /m Ks eed 0

;+

2ontrol To-er ,an speed to maintain 2 ST 0. 6XT-b _ &+.3 %lse -*en Load ` &&Q0 Ton

R/n t-o c*illers" ive to-ers" and t-o 2 5s2ontrol 2 p/mp Kspeed 0.'0 _ .Q;XKLoad &.;&XKLoad2ontrol To-er ,an speed to maintain 2 ST 0.' XT-b _&0.3

%lse -*en Load [&&Q0 TonR/n t*ree c*illers" ive to-ers" and t*ree 2 5s2ontrol 2 p/mp Kspeed 0.3 _ 0.; XKLoad _0.& 3XKLoad2ontrol To-er ,an speed to maintain 2 ST 0. ' XT-b _ &+.;

!heoretical $#timum lant erformance!heoretical $#timum lant erformance(!$ ) Model "imulation >esults(!$ ) Model "imulation >esults


183/201

0*n - ' 0"000 ;0"'00 Q6"000 &&+"000 &" &0"000 0*n ' 0"000 10.&6K + " 00 13.&;K ;"000 &0.'+K &&+"000 0.00K &" &0"000 0.+'K0*n + &"0&0"000 +. 3K + " 00 13.&+K 6+"000 1&Q.++K &&+"000 0.00K &" +0"000 &. 3K0*n . ''0 000 0. &K 3 000 ;&. K &Q3 000 &+0.'0K &&+ 000 0.00K & ++0 000 &0.+&K

CH" P*mps T ta!$nn*a! Energy 9sage @k"h%yr, K f TOPPA

Chi!!ers C !ing T &ers C" P*mps

;.

" . " . " . " . " " .0*n 4 &"&;0"000 &6.; K ;"600 1 .Q&K ++3"000 +;0.Q;K &&+"000 0.00K &"3'0"000 +&.Q+KR n !escri"tions#R/n 0? TC55 modelR/n &? Recommended control se


184/201

P!ant C ice b/ilding 5ea Load '00 ton T-o 300 c*illers ton T-o 2 p/mps T-o to-ers

T er $ppr ach 14? + ^ 3, 1#? 3 ^ Q, 12? Q ^ &0, 1 ? ' ^ & ,

T er 0an e:

;4

T-o 2: p/mps 4ll variable speed

C!imate: +2? Ca land ;#? 4lb/!4+HW"! sF 6


185/201

10

20

30

40

50

60

C#iller A) *a+lan,) D -

10

20

30

40

50

60

C#iller A) Al&./.er/.e) D -

10

20

30

40

50

60

C#iller A) C#ica%o) D -

;7

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,

0

10

20

3040

50

60

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,

C#iller 1) *a+lan,) D -

0

10

20

3040

50

60

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,

C#iller 1) Al&./.er/.e) D -

0

10

20

3040

50

60

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,

C#iller 1) C#ica%o) D -

6+W


186/201

15

30

45

60

5

+0


15

30

45

60

5

+0


15

30

45

60

5

+0


;8

0

15

30

4560

5

+0

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,


0

15

30

4560

5

+0

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,


0

15

30

4560

5

+0

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,


00 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,

00 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,

00 15 30 45 60 5 +0

0 Plant Loa,

+hiller "taging by 6 lant +W flo- rate


187/201

1

2

3C#iller A) *a+lan,) D -

1

2

3C#iller A) Al&./.er/.e) D -

1

2

3C#iller A) C#ica%o) D -

;

0

1

2

3

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 (lo"


0

1

2

3

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 (lo"


0

1

2

3

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 (lo"


00 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 (lo"

00 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 (lo"

00 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 (lo"

+W "taging by 6 lant +W flo- rate


188/201

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3


;;

00 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 flo"rate

00 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 flo"rate

00 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 flo"rate

0

1

2

3

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 flo"rate


0

1

2

3

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 flo"rate


0

1

2

3

0 15 30 45 60 5 +0 105

0 Plant C2 flo"rate


eneric +ontrol "eEuenceseneric +ontrol "eEuencesAllAll44 ariable s#eed #lantariable s#eed #lant


189/201

#?)T $WP!ant# ad0ati X 6 #o/nded by minim/m L8,T at minim/m 5LR ( romman/ act/rer) and maxim/m L8,T (design li t)

2 RT setpoint L8,T _ 2: ST 2ontrol 2T ans to maintain 2 RT

;=

p a an a a #o/nded by c*iller minim/m 2 lo- ( rom man/ act/rer)

and &00K 2 Loop,lo- 2 Loop,lo-Ratio X esign2 ,lo- 2ontrol 2 5 speed to maintain 2 Loop,lo-

Chi!!er and C" p*mp staging Stage /p at 60K 2 Loop,lo-Ratio Stage do-n at 30K 2 Loop,lo-Ratio


190/201

2oe icient 4 2oe icient #

=-

< -+*235 = 0*0021 2 > C%%55 = 0*351 > ? = 5* 5 > @&LV = -0*01+ > .&/) & = 0*25 > &&7 C = -0*25 >7 @.E? < 112*3 4 = -0*001 1 > C%%55 = -5*2 6 > ? = 34*44 > A )! @B%ES .@ = -6 *5 4 > @&LV = -0*01+ >.&/) & = -5*3+ > &&7 C = -5*16 > 7 @.E

+Watio O+Watio O+P lantatio Q D+P lantatio Q D


191/201

2oe icient 2 2oe icient

=

C < -0*0000 11 > C%%55 = -0*012+3 > ? = 3*4 6 > @&LV = -0*024 6 > &&7 C = 0*0 400 > 7 @.E% < -0* + = 2*2 2 > &LV = 0*0021+6 > &&7 C = -0*00 +5 > 7 @.E

lant &nergy sF !$ ; $aklandlant &nergy sF !$ ; $akland


192/201

35

40

45

50

34cessi!e C#ille, 2ater Plant 3ner%y Use Relati!e to T*PP Control

=+

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

- 3

C - - 1

- 3

C - - 2

- 3

C - - 3

- 3

C - ? - 1

- 3

C - ? - 2

- 3

C - ? - 3

- 3

C - C - 1

- 3

C - C - 2

- 3

C - C - 3

- 3

C - % - 1

- 3

C - % - 2

- 3

C - % - 3

? - 3

C - - 1

? - 3

C - - 2

? - 3

C - - 3

? - 3

C - ? - 1

? - 3

C - ? - 2

? - 3

C - ? - 3

? - 3

C - C - 1

? - 3

C - C - 2

? - 3

C - C - 3

? - 3

C - % - 1

? - 3

C - % - 2

? - 3

C - % - 3

Con entional

7eco((ente8.E@-29

,urther "tudy and "econd !houghts,urther "tudy and "econd !houghts


193/201

/t*dy eBpanded t three ther c!imates Miami 4tlanta Las Vegas

The C" )! 2s' P#0 c rre!ati ns ere rseChi!!er sta in fr m C" )! a!s as rse and

=.

s metimes hit s*rge !imits

2*iller O" Miami" 1+ 2*iller O" 4tlanta" 1+ 2*iller O" Las Vegas" 1+

"taging sF >< and


194/201

2*iller O" 2*icago" 1+2*iller O" Ca land" 1+

=4

2*iller O" Miami" 1+ 2*iller O" 4tlanta" 1+

>e ised +ontrol "eEuences>e ised +ontrol "eEuencesAllAll44 ariable #lantariable #lant


195/201

#?)T $WP!ant# ad0ati X 6 #o/nded by minim/m L8,T at minim/m 5LR ( rom man/ act/rer) andmaxim/m L8,T (design li t)

2 RT setpoint L8,T _ 2: ST 2ontrol 2T ans to maintain 2 RT

C"# p)! 0ati CWP!ant# ad0ati X D

=7

2 Loop,lo- 2 Loop,lo-Ratio X esign2 ,lo- 2ontrol 2 5 speed to maintain 2 Loop,lo-

C" p*mp staging Stage /p at 60K 2 Loop,lo-Ratio Stage do-n at 30K 2 Loop,lo-Ratio

/tagingP#0 EW#?)T X ) *en 5LR Staging5LR" r/n one c*iller *en 5LR[ Staging5LR" r/n t-o c*illers Minim/m time be ore c*anging stages

With >eal "eEuences. Are 0,Ds onWith >eal "eEuences. Are 0,Ds on+W um#s +ost &ffecti e?+W um#s +ost &ffecti e?


196/201

Pre2i *s ana!ysis ass*med TOPP c *!d beachie2ed ith simp!e c rre!ati ns n P#0, C")!C rre!ati ns are n t g d f r C and Dc efficients

=8

"i!! rea! r!d se1*ences rk e!! en *gh52oe icient 2 2oe icient

& en $#timum "a ings are "mall& en $#timum "a ings are "mall


197/201

Ca landMiami 4tlantaLas

Vegas 4lb/


198/201

2S 5lant VS 5lant

=;

$#timi%ed +ontrol "eEuences$#timi%ed +ontrol "eEuences$akland #lant$akland #lant


199/201

6 th C/ and / L8,T 30X5lantLoadRatio _ .3#o/nded by minim/m L8,T (', per Trane)2 RT setpoint L8,T _ 2: ST2ontrol 2T ans to maintain 2 RT

Staging5LR 0.0&+XL8,T _ 0.06Q*en 5LR Staging5LR" r/n one c*iller *en 5LR[ Staging5LR" r/n t-o c*illers

==

/ On!y 2 Loop,lo-Ratio &.6X5lantLoadRatio _ 0.&+

#o/nded by minim/m 2 lo- (30K eac* c*iller" 0. 3 overall) and &00K2 Loop,lo- 2 Loop,lo-Ratio X esign2 ,lo-2ontrol 2 5 speed to maintain 2 Loop,lo-

2 p/mp stagingStage /p at 60K 2 Loop,lo-Ratio

Stage do-n at 30K 2 Loop,lo-RatioC/ On!y 2 p/mps stage -it* c*illers

"ummary"ummary


200/201

?n this c *rse, y * ha2e !earned techni1*es tdesign and c ntr ! chi!!er p!ants f r near(minim*m !ife cyc!e c sts, inc!*ding: Selecting optim/m c*illed -ater distrib/tion system Selecting optim/m 2: s/pply P ret/rn temperat/res

+--

e ec ng op m/m an o-er range an approactemperat/res" to-er e iciency" and an speed controls Selecting optim/m c*illers /sing a per ormance bid and

L22 analysis Cptimi>ing control se


201/201

pg&e optimizing chilled water plants - slides

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