pharmacognosy- 1 phg 222 - psau€¦ · most fixed oils are derived from a plant origin but they...
TRANSCRIPT
Prof. Dr. Amani S. Awaad
Professor of PharmacognosyPharmacognosy Department,
College of Pharmacy Salman Bin Abdulaziz
University,
Al-Kharj. KSA.
Email: [email protected]
Pharmacognosy- 1
PHG 222
1- what are Terpenes
2-types of Terpenes
3-Relationship between Terpenes And V.O
4-what are volatile oils?
5- how can we get it?
6-what are their biological activities?
Terpenes &
volatile oils
Terpenes, or terpenoids, are the largest group of secondary products (metabolites).
They are often strong-smelling.
Terpenes
Terpenes are hydrocarbons whereas
terpenoids contain additional functional groups produced
from chemical modification of terpenes, such as by
oxidation or rearrangement of the carbon skeleton
What are terpenes and terpenoids ?
Terpenes and terpenoids are the primary constituents of the
essential oils of many types of plants and flowers. Essential oils
are used widely as natural flavor additives for food, as fragrances
in perfumery, and in medicine and alternative medicines such as
aromatherapy
Terpenoids contain only the most volatile terpenes (i.e. molecular
weight is not too high) ( mono and sesquiterpenes)
May occur as oxygenated derivatives, e.g. alcohols, aldehydes,
ketones, phenols, oxides & esters
All terpenes are formed from 5-C elements Isoprene is the basic structural element.
Structure Of Terpenes
(2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene )Isoprene
Condensation reactions can
occur in three ways:
Head to head linkage
Head to tail linkage
Tail to tail linkage
• They are all formed from acetyl CoA or glycolytic intermediates.
• Formed from a single metabolic intermediate: isopentyl pyrophosphate
Terpenes Photosynthesis
Dimethylallyl
pyrophosphate
Isopentenyl
pyrophosphate
Terpenes are classified by the number of 5-C atoms they contain
Name Isoprene unit Carbon number
Hemiterpene
Monoterpenes
Sesquiterpens
Diterpenes
Cisterpenes
Triterpenoids
Tetraterpenes
polyterpenes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
n
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
n
Classification Of Terpenes
O
OH
isovaleric acid
Paine relived
Valeriana officinalis
2-Monoterpenes
Divided into: aliphatic, cyclic and bicyclic
CHO
citral
OH
ThymolMenthol
Thujane
Pinane
CaraneCamphene
Fenchane
Classification Of Terpenes cont..
1-Hemiterpenes
Iridoid
O
O-glu.
OH
OH
O
O
O-glu.
OH
O
O-glu.
OH
OHHO
AucubinCatapol Ajugo
Iridomyrex
AjugoCatapolAucubin
3 mane groups
Classification Of Terpenes cont..
3-Sesqueterpens
a.Aliphatic b.Monocyclic
ZingibreneCymbopogon nardus
farnesene
Zingiber officinale
c.Bicyclic
1.naphthalene
alpha-selinene
2.azulined.Tricycle
Juniperus oxycedrus
Blue Cypress
CH2OH
α-Santalol
Sandalwood
Classification Of Terpenes cont..
4-Diterpenes
a.Aliphatic
Phytol
b.Monocyclic
Retinol , vit. A1
c.Bicyclic
d.Tricyclic e.Tetracyclic
OH
OH
CH3 CH3H3C CH3
CH3
Kaurane
5-Cisterpenes
Classification Of Terpenes cont..
Taxol- an anti cancer drug From bark of Pacific Yew
6-Triterpines
Labdane
Clerodane
lupane, oleanane or
ursane groups..
Oleanane Ursane
Friedelane Lupane
AB
CD
E
*Steroids:
Divided into Animal , Plant & Fungus steroids :
I)Animal steroids( 1-Insect steroids 2-Vertebrate steroids)
HO
R= OH Cholic acid
R= H Dioxy choline
R
OH
HOOC
b.Bile acids c.Cholesterol a. Steroid hormones Sex steroids
(testosterone & progestogens
II)Plant steroidsa.Cytosterol
b.Vitamins
(Erososterol)
c. Steroidal alkaloids
d.cardenolides & bufadien
III)Fungus steroids
6-Triterpines cont..
Classification Of Terpenes cont..
7-Tetraterpines
Classification Of Terpenes cont..
The carotenes are
biosynthetic precursors to
Vitamin A Carotenes are
converted to vitamin A by
enzymes in the liver
8-Polyterpines
Natural rubber can be viewed
as a 1,4-addition polymer of
isoprene
Isoprene units in natural
rubber are linked head-to-tail
and all of the double bonds are
cis
Volatile Oils
Volatile oils “is a term to designate the
odoriferous principal obtained mainly
from plant and rarely “volatile”
and”ethereal” are added to indicate that
they easily evaporate on exposure to air
at ordinary Temperature (volatile, from
the latin “volare”=to fly).
They are also called “essential oils “
after the latin “essential” meaning a
liquid easily changed to gas and most
probably because they represent the
efficient fraction of the drug in which
they occur.
Volatile Oils
Importance of volatile oils to the plant:
Physiologically volatile oils are considered
to be:
1.Waste of metabolism.
2.Energy producers in case of deficiency
from CO2 assimilation.
3.H+ donors in certain metabolic reactions.
4.Solvents for wound healing reins.
On the other hand, their presence at the
outer layers of plant organs facilitates their
action as:
1. Protective (antibacterial and antifungal in
infection, as well as, insect repellents).
2. Pollinators (by attracting insects during
cross-pollination).
Volatile Oils
• Volatile or essential oils are volatile in steam.
• They differ entirely in both chemical and physical properties from fixed oils.
• They are secreted in:
oil cells e.g. Cinnamon
Oil glands e.g. Clove
Secretion ducts (vittae) e.g. Anise
Glandular hairs e.g. Chamomile
• They are frequently associated with other substances such as gums ( oleo gum) and resins (oleoresin) or both (oleo gum resin)
• They tend to resinify on exposure to air.
Uses of volatile oils
There are about 100 commercially valuable volatile oils directly derived from plants.
• Volatile oils are used:
1- For their therapeutic action: antiseptic e.g. thyme and clove, carminative e.g. Mentha
2- Flavoring (e.g. oil of lemon),
3- in perfumery (e.g. oil of rose)
4- starting materials for the synthesis of other compounds (e.g. oil of turpentine).
For therapeutic
• inhalations (e.g. eucalyptus oil)
• orally (e.g. peppermint oil)
• gargles and mouthwashes (e.g. thymol).
• antiseptic properties(Those oils with a high
phenol content), e.g. clove and thyme
• Carminatives & Antispasmodic activity
CH3
OH
H3C CH3
Menthol
(peppermint oil)
CH3
O
H3C CH2
Carvone
(caraway oil)
CH3
H3C CH3
OH
Thymol
(thyme oil)
Volatile Oils cont…
• The odour and taste of volatile oils is mainly determined by these oxygenated constituents, which are to some extent soluble in water but more soluble in alcohol.
Chemical Composition
Volatile oils are generally mixtures of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds derived from these hydrocarbons.
Volatile Oils cont…
Chemical Composition
Practically all volatile oils consist of chemical mixtures that are often quite complex; they vary widely in chemical composition.
Almost any type of organic compound may be found in volatile oils (hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, oxides, esters, and others). “usually volatile oils are classified according to the type of organic compounds”.
It is not uncommon for a volatile oil to contain over 200 components, and often the trace constituents are essential to the odor and flavor. The absence of even one component may change the aroma.
Volatile Oils cont…
Physical Properties
Although volatile oils differ greatly in their chemical
constitution, they have a number of physical
properties in common:
1. They possess characteristic odors.
2. They are characterized by high refractive indices.
3. Most of them are optically active.
4. Their density is generally lower than that of
water (the essential oils of sassafras, clove, or
cinnamon are the exceptions).
As a rule, volatile oils are immiscible with
water, but they are sufficiently soluble to
impart their odor to water. The aromatic
waters are dependent on this slight solubility.
Volatile Oils cont…
1-Terpene derivatives
formed via the acetate-
mevalonic acid pathway.
Biosynthesis
2. Aromatic compounds
formed via the shikimic acid-
phenylpropanoid route.
volatile oils may be divided into 2 broad classes, based on their
biosynthetic origin:
CH3
OH
H3C CH3
Menthol
(peppermint oil)
CH3
O
H3C CH2
Carvone
(caraway oil)
CH3
H3C CH3
OH
Thymol
(thyme oil)
OH
OCH3
Eugenol
(clove oil)
OCH3
CH3
Anethole
(anise oils)
CHO
Cinnamaldehyde
(cinnamon oil)
CH2
Volatile Oils cont…
Most fixed oils are derived from a plant origin but they lack odor on their
own
Fixed oils is just one of those useful oils in aromatherapy. Also known as
base or carrier oils,
they are also used in various applications in food and toiletry industry.
For treatment using aromatherapy, fixed oils act as “carriers” that enable
the properties of the essential oil to be easily absorbed by the skin and
into the specific health system to provide immediate healing.
On the other hand, it also helps to dilute the concentration of an essential
oil to prevent acquiring skin irritation upon contact with skin.
Like essential oils, fixed oils are also derived using extraction methods.
But fixed oils are more like fatty acids that are derived from either
vegetable or animal region.
Eg. Jojoba ,sweet almond, grapeseed, hazelnut, olive, sunflower,
sesame
Volatile and Fixed OilsVolatile Oils cont…
• Several points of differentiation exist between volatile oils and fixed oils.
1. Volatile oils can be distilled from their natural sources.
2. Volatile oils do not consist of glycerylesters of fatty acids. Hence, they do not leave a permanent grease spot on paper and cannot be saponified with alkalies.
3. Volatile oils do not become rancid as do the fixed oils, but instead, on exposure to light and air, they oxidize and resinify.
Volatile Oils cont.…
Difference between Volatile &Fixed Oils
The principal methods used in the preparation
of volatile oils from plants depend on:
1. Distillation method.
2. Scarification and expression.
3. Extraction with solvents.
4. Enzymatic hydrolysis (for glycosidic volatile
oils e.g. mustard oil).
Methods of preparation of volatile oils from their natural sources:
Different methods are designed; the choice of the suitable methods is done
according to:
1. The condition of the plant material ,
2. The localization of the oil in the plant ,
3. The amount of the oil.
4. The nature of its constituents.
Preparation of volatile oilsVolatile Oils cont.…
Classification:
I. Distillation methods:
1.Water distillation.
2.Water and steam distillation.
II. Solvent extraction methods:
Including the use of:
1.volatile solvents :
a- Maceration
b- Continuous extraction.
2. Non-volatile solvent and applying:
a- Enfleurage,
b- warm stream
III. Scarification and Expression methods:
1. Sponge method.
2. Estelle a piquer method.
3. Expression of rasping.
IV. Enzymatic hydrolysis of glycosides.
Preparation of volatile oilsVolatile Oils cont.…
1.Water distillation.
1.Water distillation.
2.Water and steam distillation.
I. Distillation methods
Volatile Oils cont.…
Preparation of volatile oils cot.
I. Distillation methods:
2.Water & steam distillation.
Preparation of volatile oils cot.
Volatile Oils cont.…
b- Continuous extraction.
II. Solvent extraction methods. 1.volatile solvents
a- Maceration
Volatile Oils cont.…
Preparation of volatile oils
Enfleurage is the oldest-known method for extraction and preservation of flower
essences, and is still the method used for a number of plants because the cold
process is less damaging to the volatile oils that comprise their scents.
2. Non-volatile solvent
a- Enfleurage,
Traditionally, this would be tallow (beef fat) or lard, or cocoa butter
Preparation of volatile oils
Volatile Oils cont.…
condenser
beetles
Worm
stream
tubes
b- warm stream
2. Non-volatile solvent
Volatile Oils cont.…
Preparation of volatile oils
1. Sponge method. 2. Estelle a piquer method. 3. Expression of rasping.
III. Scarification and Expression methods
1. Sponge method.
These Methods utilize high
mechanical pressure to squeeze
oil from botanical material.
2. Estelle a piquer method 3. Expression of rasping
Preparation of volatile oils
Volatile Oils cont.…
4- Enzymatic hydrolysis
Volatile Oils cont.…
Preparation of volatile oils
Resins and resins combinationThe term ‘resin’ is applied to more or less solid, amorphous
products of complex chemical nature.
On heating they soften and finally melt.
They are insoluble in water and usually insoluble in petroleum
ether but dissolve more or less completely in alcohol,
chloroform and ether
Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of
1.resin acids
2.resin alcohols (resinols),
3.resin phenols (resinotannols),
4.esters
5. chemically inert compounds known as resenes.
Chemical composition
Resins are often associated with:
1.volatile oils (oleoresins)
2.gums (gum-resins)
3.oil and gum (oleo-gum-resins).
Resins may also be combined in a glycosidal manner with sugars.
Resins burn with a characteristic, smoky flame.
Volatile Oils cont.…
Balsams
Balsams are resinous mixtures that contain large proportions of cinnamic acid, benzoic acid or both or esters of these acids.
The term “balsam” is often wrongly applied to oleoresins and should be reserved for such substances as balsam of Peru, balsam of Tolu and storax, which contain a high proportion of aromatic balsamic acids.
Resins are often associated with:
1.volatile oils (oleoresins)
2.gums (gum-resins)
3.oil and gum (oleo-gum-resins).
Resins may also be combined in
a glycosidal manner with sugars.
Resins burn with a characteristic, smoky flame.
Chemical compositionResins and resins combination cont..
Volatile Oils cont.…
Resins and resins combination cont..Preparation of resins
Two general classes of resinous substances are
recognized and this classification is based on the
method used in preparing them:
1-Natural resins,
occur as exudates from plants, produced
normally or as result of pathogenic
conditions, as for example by artificial
punctures
e.g. mastic; or deep cuts in the wood of the
plant
e.g. turpentine, or by hammering and
scorching,
e.g. balsam of Peru
Volatile Oils cont.…
Resins and resins combination cont..Preparation of resins
are obtained by different methods.The drug containing resins is powdered and extracted with alcohol till exhaustion.The Concentrated alcoholic extract is either evaporated, or poured into water and the precipitated resin is collected, washed and carefully dried.
In the preparation of oleoresins; ether or acetone having lower boiling point
are used. The volatile oil portion is removed through
distillation.
When the resin occurs associated with gum (gum-resins), the resin is extracted with alcohol leaving the gum insoluble.
2-Prepared resins;
resins
Volatile Oils cont.…
Resins and resins combination cont..
Classification of resins
• Resins are classified in three different ways:
1. Taxonomical classification,
i.e. according to botanical origin, e.g. Berberidaceae resins.
1. Classification according to predominating chemical
constituent;
e.g. acid resins, resene resins, glycosidal resins; etc.
1. Resins may be classified according to the portion of the
main constituents of the resin or resin combination;
e.g. resins, oleoresins, oleogumresins, balsams.
Examples of resins and resins combination
Resins: colophony, cannabis.
Oleoresins: copaiba, ginger.
Oleo-gum-resins: asafoetida, myrrh.
Balsams: balsam of Tolu, balsam of Peru.
Uses of drugs containing essential oils
• Pharmacy
• Perfumery
• Food technology
• Miscellaneous
industries (as
starting materials
for the synthesis
of the active
principles of
medicines,
vitamins, and
fragrances).
1- Clove (Caryophylli)
Origin: the dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus F. Myrtaceae
Active constituents:1. Volatile oil (15 -20%) contains eugenol (85%).2. Pyrogallol tannin.
Uses:1. Local anesthetic for toothache.2. Antispasmodic and carminative.3. Spice.4. In manufacture of vanillin
Adulteration of clove:
1. Expanded flower
2. Mother clove (fruit): characterized by the
presence of starch.
3. Exhausted clove: lighter than water.
4. Clove stalk: presence of prisms of calcium
oxalate and pseudo crystal sheath.
2- German chamomile
Origin: the dried expanded flower heads of Matricaria chamomilla F. Compositae(Asteraceae).
Active constituents: 1- volatile oil
contains matricarin which converted to
chamazulene by heating.
2- flavonoid glycosides.
Uses: 1- carminative, antispasmodic.
2- tranquilizer.
3- local anti-inflammatory for sun burns
and diaper rashes.
3- Anise Fruit(Fructus Anisi, Aniseed)
Origin: the dried ripe fruits of PimpinellaAnisum F. Umbelliferae
Active constituents: 1- volatile oil
containing anethol
2- fixed oil and protein.
Uses: stimulant, carminative and flavoring
agent
4- Cinnamon Bark
(Cortex Cinnamomi)
Origin: the dried bark of the branches of the coppiced trees of Cinnamomumzylanicum F. Lauraceae.
Active constituents: 0.5-1% volatile oil
contains cinnamaldehyde and eugenol
Mucilage and tannins.
Uses: 1- carminative and flavoring agents
2- Antiseptic and mild astringent.
3- Emmenagogue.
5- Cassia Bark(Chinese Cinnamon)
Origin: the dried stem bark of
Cinnamomum cassia F.
Lauraceae
Active constituents: volatile oil
contains cinnamaldehyde and no
eugenol.
Uses: substitute for cinnamon.
6- Cardamom Seed(Semen Cardamomi)
Origin: the dried ripe or nearly ripe seeds of Elettaria cardamomum F. Zingiberaceae,
Active constituents: 1- volatile oil contains terpinyl acetate and cineole.
2- starch, fixed oil and calcium oxalate
Uses: 1- flavoring agent in pharmaceutical industry.
2- spice
Adulterants:1. Loose seeds: they yield less volatile oil
than those which stored in the pericarp until required for use.
2. Cardamom husk: characterized by the presence of fibres, sclereids and large vessels which are absent in the seeds.
7- Mentha Herb (Peppermint)(Herba Mentha Piperitae)
Origin: the dried leaves and
flowering tops of Mentha piperita
F. Labiatae
Active constituents: 1- volatile oilcontains menthol
2- tannin.
Uses:1. carminative, flavoring agent and
aromatic stimulant.2. Menthol is used in pharmaceutical
preparations as local antipruritic, counter irritant and antiseptic.
3. Used in tooth paste, mouth wash and similar oral preparations.
4. Recently the oil is used for treatment of colitis.
8- Ginger, Zingiber, Zanjabeel
(Rhizoma Zingiberis)Origin: the dried rhizome of Zingiber
officinale F. Zingiberaceae, deprived of the dark outer tissues and known as unbleached Jamaica ginger.
Active constituents:1. volatile oil contains monoterpenes
(phellandrene, camphene, cineole, citraland borneol) and sesquiterpenes(zingiberene and bisabolene).
2. Resin, starch and mucilage.
Uses:1. carminative and stimulant.2. Antiemetic.3. Antirheumatic.4. Condiment.
Biosynthesis:
Oil of Turpentine
Synonym: spirit of turpentine, rectified oil of turpentine
Origin: rectified volatile oil distilled from the oleoresin of Pinus palustris (Pinaceae)
Constituents: terpene ((+), (-)α,(-) β – pinene, camphene)
Use: externally – counterirritant, rubefacient
- fragrance, flavor, vitamins, insecticide
Note: - rarely given internally
- for inhalation – terebene is preferred (terebene is prepared from oil of turpentine and cols sulfuric acid --- converts pinene to inactive diterpene(±limonene)
Hydrocarbons
Canada turpentine
Synonym: Canada balsam
Origin: oleoresin from the stem of Abies
balsamea (Pinaceae)
Constituent: contains 23 – 24% volatile oil
Use: use as microscopic mount
Note:
Oil occurs in schizogenous ducts and large
cavities
Pumilio Oil
Synonym: Dwarf Mountain Pine oil
Origin: oil obtained from the fresh leaves of Pinus mago var. pumilio (Pineaceae)
Constituents: terpenes and sesquiterpenes (L-camphene, β – pinene, dipentene, borneol, cadinene, monoterpene with bornyl acetate
Use:
- decongestant inhalant
- prep. of compound thymol glycerin
- constituent of Zinc undecenoate dusting powder
Oil of Cade
Origin: oil obtained from the destructive distillation of the woody portions of Juniperus oxycedras(Cupressaceae)
Constituent: sesquiterpene – cadinene
- phenolic compounds – guaiacol, ethyl guaiacol
and cresol
Use: veterinary purposes (skin diseases)
Lupulin (Humulus NF VII 1942)
Synonym: lupulinic Glands, Hop Strobile,
lupulin (drug), common hops
Origin: glandular hairs separated from the strobile of Humulus lupulus (Cannabinaceae
Constituents:
- humulene – α – acids (phlorogluctinolderivative)
- lupulone – β - acid
- 2 – methyl – 3 – butene – 2 ol (sedative –hypnotic property
Lupulin
Use:
- bitter tonic, mild anti – bacterial (gm +)
- sedative (treat neuralgia, insomnia, nervous tension etc.)
- mild diuretic, appetite stimulant, digestive aid
- Preserve beer
Adverse Effect: CNS – sedation; Resp. – bronchial irritation; Skin – contact dermatitis
Interactions: CNS depressants – additive
Phenothiazine – type antipsychotic - additive
Peppermint
Synonym: Brandy Mint, Menta Inglesa
Origin: dried leaves of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:
- oil distilled with steam from the fresh leaves, partially or wholly dementholized
- menthol, menthone, acetaldehyde, deimethylsulfide, isovaleric aldehyde, pinene, limonene, terpinene, piperitone, pulegone, carvone
- 2 – acetyl – 4 – isopropenyl pyridine - odor
Use: Pharmaceutical aid(flavor), carminative, stimulant, counterirritant
- commercial importance, flavor for confectionery(chewing gum)
Alcohol
Peppermint
– Antibacterial, antiviral
– Enteric – antispasmodic, antiflatulence
Interactions: Cal. Blockers - effect
• Adverse:
– gallstones, obstructed bile ducts, gall bladder
inflammation, severe liver damage
– Face and nostrils of infants and children
Note:
Japanese Peppermint (Mentha canadensis var.
piperascens) contains 70-90% menthol
- higher in menthol yield but inferior in flavor
compared to peppermint oil
Peppermint
Menthol
- used as topical antipruritic in burns and
sunburn preparations
- counterirritant, antiseptic, stimulant
- internally, depressant effect to the heart
Cardamon NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: Ceylon or Malabar cardamon
Origin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Elettaria cardamomum var. minuscula (Zingiberaceae)
- dried ripe seeds recently removed from the capsules of Elettaria cardamomum(Zingiberaceae)
Constituents:
- volatile oil – linalol and terpenes
- cineol , - terponyl acetate
Use:
- flavoring agent in curries, cake, manufacture of liqueurs
- form of Cpd. Tincture of Cardamon
- anti- viral
Sage
Synonym: Garden sage Dalmatian sage, meadow sage
Origin: dried leaves of Salvia officinalis(Lamiaceae)
Constituents: 50% thujone with cineole, borneol, diterpenes, camphor
Use: infusion: mouthwash, gargle (antiseptic and astringent)
- topical – itching – insect bite, herpes lesions, shingles, psoriasis
- vaginal douche – yeast infection
- Prevent hair loss and preserve hair color
Sage
– Has cholinergic activity – treatment of
Alzheimer’s disease
– Mild antioxidant property
• Adverse: seizure
• Interaction: disufiram
– Those with epileptic history
Savin
Synonym: Savin Tops, Horse Savin Tops
Origin: young shoots of Juniperus sabina
(Cupressaceae)
Constituent:
- terpene alcohol – sabinol
- podophyllotoxin, coumarin, savinin
Use: powerful irritant both internally and externally
Sandalwood Oil NF 7 (1942)
Synonym: white sandalwood
Origin: heartwood of Santalinum album(Santalaceae)
Constituent:
- sesquiterpene – α, β – santalol
Use:
- mainly used in perfumery
- urinary antiseptic, stimulant, treatment of bronchitis
Note: chemoprotective action on liver carcinogenesis
(mice)
Juniper NF 10 (1955)
Synonym: Horse savin berries, juniper berries
Origin: dried ripe fruits of Juniperus communis(Cupressaceae)
Constituents: volatile oil contains α - pinene, camphene, sesquiterpene – cadinene,
terpin –4-ol
Uses: diuretic, atiseptic, UTI, kidney stones
- falvoring agent – gin, bitters, liqueurs
Note:
prolonged use of commercial oil causes kidney damage due to high terpene and low proportion of terpin - 4-ol
Juniper NF 10 (1955)
Adverse: kidney failure
Interactions:
Antidiabetics – potentiation
antihypertensives – interfere with blood pressure
diuretics – potentiation – hypokalemia
ginseng, fenugreek – additive
Cucumber, dandelion, horsetail - additive
Coriander oil NF 11(1960)
Synonym: culantro, Uansoy, Fruto de Cilantro, Chinese parsley
Origin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains (+) linalool (coriandrol),
small amts of α - pinene, γ- terpinene, limonene, p-cymene
Use:
spice, flavoring agent, carminative, enhance appetite, treat dyspepsia, diarrhea
treatment of cough, chest pain, fever and measles
Coriander oil
- aromatherapy – soothing effect, improve blood circulation
Note:
unripe fruit has a mousy odor
Adverse: anaphylactic reactions
Interactions: sun exposure - risk of photosensitivity
Otto of Rose NF 8 (1947)
Synonym: Rose oil Attar of Rose, Oleum Rosae
Origin: dried fresh flowers of Rosa gallica, R. damascens, R. centifolia (Rosaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains geraniol, (-) citronellol, nerol, 2-phenylethanol
Use:
perfume
Note: oil id semi – solid, liquid portion - alcohols
Geranium
Synonym: Malvarosa
Origin: the whole plant except the roots of Pelargonium graveolens (Geraniaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains geraniol, citronellol, limonene
Use: antidepressant, antiseptic, fingicidal, styptic
flavoring agent
Note: - Indian or Turkish geranium (Palmarosa)
- citronella oil
- freshly cutted or partially dried leaves of Cymbopogon winterianus, C. nardus (Poaceae)
- citronellol, geraniol
- perfume, insect repellant
Lavender Oil NF XVI (1985)
Synonym: Lavanda, Espliego , Foreign oil
Origin: fresh flowering tops Lavandula officinalis, L. augustifolia (Lamiaceae)
Constituents: volatile oil contains linalyl acetate, linalool, cineol, terpin-4-ol
Use: perfume, toiletry (to mask disagreeable odor)
- pharmaceutically in the anti-arthropod prep. (Gamma Benzene Hexachloride)
- treatment of flatulent dyspepsia
- topically - rheumatic pain
- aromatherapy
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ester
Lavender
oil exert sedative effect orally, topically and inhaled
doses (non-toxic – up to 5g/kg)
Adverse – respiratory depression
Interaction: CNS depressants – potentiate
alcohol - potentiate
Ester
Rosemary
Synonym: Hoja de Romero, Romero, compass plant, polar plant
Origin: Flowering tops of leafy twigs of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae)
Constituents: fresh sample, the volatile oil contains cineole, borneol, camphor, bornyl acetate, linalol
- leaves contain triterpene alcohols (α, β -amyrin), rosmarinic acid, diosmin
Use: perfumery, component of soap liniment
- aromatherapy
- insect repellant
Rosemary Oil – NF XII (1985)
Rosemary
Note:
oil is adulterated with Spanish eucalyptus oil, camphor oil, turpentine fractions
Adverse: seizures at high doses
Interactions: sunlight – topical cream
Valerian
Synonym: Summer Heliotrope, All Heal Root
Origin: dried rhizome and roots of Valeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains bornyl acetate, bornyl isovalerate, valerenic acid, valerenolic acid, acetoxyvalerenolic acid, bornyl valerate valeric acid
- lipo - iridoid principle - valepotriate
Use: tea, carminative, antispasmodic (nervous disorders, perfume
Allied drugs:
1. Indian Valerian - Valeriana wallichii
2. Japanese Valerian - Valeriana augustifolia
Valerian
Interactions:
barbiturates, benzodiazepine – additive
hops, kava, passion flower - potentiate
Oleum Valerianae USP VI (1882)
Gaultheria
Synonym: Wintergreen, Boxberry, Teaberry
Origin: dried leaves of Gaultheria procumbens(Ericaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains methyl salicylate
Use: diuretic, astringent, stimulant, rheumatoid arthritis
- used in diarrhea
Note:
- methyl salicylate can be obtained from Betula lenta(Betulaceae)
- enzymatic hydrolysis of gaultherin – methyl salicylate
Gaultheria
Methyl salicylate NF 18 (1995)
Adverse: pulmonary edema and collapse, renal failure,
liver failure, metabolic acidosis
Intrerations:
Anticoagulants, antiplatelets - bleeding
Antidiabetics, salicylates - hypoglycemic
Bergamot
Synonym:
Origin: rind of the fresh fruit of Citrus aurantiumvar. bergania (Rutaceae)
Constituent: linalyl acetate, linalol
Use: used aromatically for stress related conditions
- anti-depressant, antiseptic
- combined with eucalyptus and carrier oil to relieve symptoms of shingles and cold sores
- suppresses irritation caused by chicken pox
Note:
- oil is phototoxic
Bergamot oil NF XI (1960)
Cinnamon NF XVI(1985)
Synonym: Corteza de Canela
Origin: dried bark of the stem and branches of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon Cinnamon), C. cassia or aromaticum (Cassia Cinnamon), C. Laureirii (Saigon Cinnamon) (Lauraceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains cinnamic aldehyde, limonene, p-cymene, linalool, β - caryophylene, eugenol and mannitol
Use: flavoring agent, carminative, pungent aromatic, antiseptic, powerful germicide against Aspergillus
Cassia oil – NF 14(1985)
Ceylon oil – NF 11 (1960)
Aldehyde
Sweet Orange USP 15(1955)
Synonym: Naranja Dulce, Naranja de Valencia
Origin: fresh outer rind of the non-artificially colored ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium var. sinensis (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
violexanthin, D - limonene, citral, citronellal
Use: flavoring agent, carminative
Caution: do not use oil with terebinthinate odor
Orange Flower Oil – C. aurantium partially expanded flower
Bitter OrangeSynonym: Neroli Oil
Origin: fresh outer rind of the non-artificially colored
ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium var. amara
(Rutaceae)
Constituents:
flavone glycosides – naringin, neohesperidin
Vol oil – limonene, jasmone, linalyl acetate,
geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate
Uses:
Stimulate appetite and digestion,
relieve flatulence, Antifungal, gargle
Lemon Peel
Synonym: limon
Origin: yellow outer rind of the fresh ripe fruit of
Citrus limon (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
terpene (limonene), aldehyde (citral, citronellal)
Coumarins, flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin)
Use: flavor, stimulant, stomachic, perfume
Note: oil is prepared from hand method, machine or
distilled
adulterant: oil of turpentine
Lemongrass BPC 1968
Synonym: tanglad, citronella, fevergrass
Origin: whole plant of Cymbopogon citratus /nardus(Poaceae)
Constituents:
citral, citronellal, myrcene, geraniol
cymbopogol
Use:
flavor, antispasmodic, analgesic, treatment of nervous and GI disorders
Mosquito repellant, mask fishy odor
Food additive
Bitter Almond oil NF X (1955)
Origin: dried ripe kernel (deprived of fixed oil) of
Prunus amygdalus var. amara (Rosaceae)
Constituents:
benzaldehyde, HCN
Use:
sedative, cough remedies
- not taken internally
Bitter Oil is intended for medicinal use and neither
it or its solution be used or sold as flavoring
agent
Spearmint NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: ordinary garden mint, Lamb or Mackerel Mint, Hierba buena (Mentha arvensis)
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha spicata (M. viridis), M. cardiaca (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:
(-) carvone, (-)limonene, phellandrene
Use:
carminative, stimulant, nervine, corrective, flavoring agent
Note: oil formation depends on age, time of collection, chemical varieties or hybridization
Ketone
Caraway NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: Alcarahueya, Karawya, Carum
Origin: dried ripe fruit(cremocarp) of Carum carvi
(Apiaceae)
Constituents:
(+) carvone, terpene (d-limonene or carvene)
dihydrocarvone, carveol, deihydrocarveol
Use:
culinary purpose, flavor, carminative, weak
antispasmodic
promote lactation, stimulate appetite
Dill
Synonym:dill herb, dill weed
Origin: dried ripe fruit(cremocarp) of Anethum
graveolens (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
carvone, limonene
Use:
carminative, flavor, used in infant’s gripe water
antispasmodic, bacteriostatic
- avoid sun exposure
Buchu NF X (1955)
Synonym: Bucco, Bucha
Origin: dried leaves of Barosma betulina, B.
crenulata, B. serratifolia (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains pulegone, limonene,
menthone, diosmin
in distilled oil - diosphenol (buchu camphor)
formed at room temperature
Use:
diuretic, urinary antiseptic, carminative, cystitis
Adverse: stomach, bowel and kidney irritation
Interaction: anticoagulants - enhanced
Absinthium NF 4 (1916)
Synonym: green ginger, absinthe, Wormwood
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Artemisia
absinthium (Asteraceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains thujone anf flavones
bitter principles: absinthine, artabsin (lactone
sesquiterpene)
artabsinolide A,B,C
Use: promote appetite, strengthening effect in the
treatment of colds and influenza, expulsion of
roundworms
Lovage
Synonym: lavose, maggi plant, sea parsley
Origin: dried rhizome and roots of Levisticum officinale (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains, Ligusticum lactone, ligustilide, 3-butylphthalide
Use:
herbal remedy, antimicrobial, treatment of dyspepsia, cystitis, mouthwash (tonsilitis)
stimulates salivation and gastric secretion
diuretic (pedal edema)
Interaction: anticoagulants, warfarin – potentiate
sunlight
Matricaria
Synonym: Flor de Manzanilla, Rosas de Japon, German or Hungarian Chamomile
Origin: dried flower heads of Matricaria recutita(Asteraceae)
Constituents:
contains a blue volatile oil mainly of sesquiterpenes α - bisabolol, chamazulene and farnesene
Use:
anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic property, ulcer -protective property
Tea – sedation and relaxation
Interaction: warfarin
Matricaria
Allied drug:
Tanacetum parthenium, Chrysanthenum
parthenium or feverfew USP 7 !894)
- also known as bachelor’s button
- parthenolide (germacronolide)
- inhibits protaglandin synthesis, platelet
aggregation, release of serotonin from
platelets etc.
Thyme NFX (1955)
Synonym: Common or Garden Thyme, Tremocillo
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Thymus
vulgaris (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:
thymol, carvacrol, rosmarinic acid
Uses:
antiseptic, antitussive, expectorant, spasmolytic,
condiment, antibacterial
Oil – NF 12(1965)
Phenol
Clove NF 11 (1960)
Synonym: Clavo de Especia, Clavo aromatico,
Clavillo
Origin: the dried flower buds of Syzygium
aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllus) (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains eugenol(phenol) with
acetyleugenol, sesquiterpene (α, and β - caryo -
phyllene), eugenyl acetate
Use: flavoring agent, stimulant, aromatic and
antiseptic
dental analgesic, antibacterial (gm + and - )
Clove NF 11 (1960)
• store in well – filled, air – tight container
protected from light and heat
Adverse: liver failure, pulmonary toxicity
Interactions: inhibit platelet aggregation
Myrcia Oil NF 11 (1060)
Synonym: Bay Oil
Origin: leaves of Pimenta racemosa (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
eugenol, methyl eugenol, chavicol
Use:
perfume, Constituent of Cpd. Myrcia Spirit (Bay
Rum), pharmaceutical necessity
Ajowan
Synonym: Carum capticum
Origin: dried seeds of Trachyspermum ammi
(Apiaceae)
Constituent: Thymol
Uses:
carminative, diuretic, stomach disorder, chest
infections, epilepsy, hypotensive
Allspice NF V (1926)
Synonym: pimiento, Jamaican pepper, clove pepper
Origin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Pimenta dioica / officinalis (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
eugenol, caryophyllene, cineole, leviphellandrene
Use:
condiment (enhance the taste of food)
dental analgesic, aid in indigestion
massage oil (aromatherapy)
analgesic – arthritis, muscle spasm
Anise
Synonym: Aniseed, Matalahuga
Origin: dried ripe fruits (cremocarp) of Pimpinella
anisum (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains anethole, chavicol, methyl
ether
Use: flavor, aromatic stimulant, carminative,
treatment of coughs and colds
Note: allied drug - Star Anise
Phenolic Ether
Star Anise
A) Chinese Star- anise
- Sanke’
- dried fruits of Illicium verum (Magnoliaceae -
Illiciaceae)
- fruit has 8 follicles
- constituent: anethole
- use: flavoring agent, carminative
Star Anise
b) Japanese Star - anise
- Shikimmi
- dried fruit of Illicium religiosum
(Magnoliaceae)
- 2 follicles are smaller like a beak
- anthole, skimmin, skimmic acid
- no use due to its toxicity
Fennel
Synonym: Sweet Fennel fruit, Haras, Anis
Origin: dried ripe fruit of Foeniculum vulgarevar. dulce (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains anethole, fenchone
Use:
aromatic stimulant, corrective of purgatives
Adulterant: Bitter Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare) a, small fruit with no anethole but with fenchone and phellandrene
Cajeput
Origin: fresh leaves of Melaleuca leucodendron
(Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
cineole, terpineol, terpineol acetate
Use:
used internally and externally as a stimulant
treatment of several parasitic conditions
Camphor
Synonym: Natural camphor
Origin: wood of Cinnamomum camphora
(Lauraceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains camphor, safrole, borneol,
heliotropic
Use:
externally as a rubefacient
internally - mild antiseptic and carminative
formerly used in the manufacture of celluloid
Camphor
Synthetic camphor - American turpentine
Allied drugs:
1. Borneo camphor - Drybalanops aromatico
(Dipterocarpaceae)
2. Ngai camphor - Blumea balsamifera
(Asteraceae)
3. Artemisia - levorotaory camphor
Parsley
Synonym: garden parsley, persely
Origin: the whole plant of Petroselinum sativum
(Apiaceae)
Constituents:
apiole (dimethylsafrole), apigenin (flavonol
glycoside)
Use:
condiment
treatment of indigestion, flatulence and
dyspepsia
Nutmeg
Synonym: Myristica, Nuez de Banda
Origin: dried kernel of Myristica fragrans
(Myristicaceae) deprived of its seed coat and
arillode and with or without thin coating of
lime.
Consituents:
volatile oil contains myristicin, elemicin, safrole,
eugenol, d-camphene, dipentene
Use: flavoring agent, carminative, condiment
Indian medicine, used in the treatment of
infantile diarrhea
Nutmeg
Mace (Banda mace)
- dried arillus or arillode of Myristica fragrans
(Myristicaceae)
- contains volatile oil similar to nutmeg and
phenolic compounds - dihydrodiisoeugenol and
5’ - methoxydehydrodiisoeugenol
- significant antibacterial property
Note: Nutmeg is known for its psychoactive and
hallucinogenic properties
Sassafras
Synonym: Agûe Tree
Origin: dried bark of the roots of Sassfras albidum
or variifolium (Lauraceae)
Constituents:
safrole, tannic acid --- sassafrid red, terpenes
Use:
carminative, aromatic, stimulant, flavor,
corrective
Chenopodium
Synonym: American Wormseed. Alpaseotes
Origin: dried fruit of Chenopodium ambrosoides
var. anthelmintica (Chenopodiaceae)
Constituents:
ascaridole, unsaturated terpene peroxide
Use:
anthelmintic (roundworms, hookworms and
intestinal ameobae)
Oxide/ Peroxide
Eucalyptus
Synonym: Blue Gum leaves, Gum wood, Fever
Tree
Origin: the dried scythe - shaped leaf of
Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains, cineole, phellandrene
Use:
alleviate symptoms of nasopharyngeal infections,
treat coughs and decongestant
internally and externally - expectorant
externally : treat sore muscles and rheumatism
Tea - Tree Oil
Synonym: paperbark tree
Origin: dried leaves and terminal branches of
Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae)
Constituents
cineole and terpin - 4 -ol
Use:
antiseptic (skin diseases), anti-fungal
