pharmacognosy families classifications

8/18/2019 Pharmacognosy Families Classifications

1/9

e-Bad 1

Cognosy Scheme

Family Plants Botanical name Part

used

Active constituents Pharmacology Uses

Ranunculaceae

50 genera

2000 spcs

ALPH

Aconite Aconitum napellus Dried

roots

Aconitine,

picraconitine,

hypaconitine, aconine,

napelline

Neurotoxin,

antitumor,

antibacterial,

antifungal,anti-

inflammatory

analgesic

1. Cardiac effects

2. Local analgesic

3. For neuralgia

4. Rheumatic and gout

inflammation

5. Antipyretic

6. Used in homeopathy

Larkspur Delphinium

denudatum

Delphinium ajacis

Dried

roots

and

whole

driedherb

Delphinidin,denudatin

, delphine,

condelphine,

ajacine,ajacinine

Neuronal

transmission

inhibition,

1. Anticonvulsant

2. In dropsy and

asthma

3. Toothache

4. Snake and scorpionbite

5. Bitter tonic

6. Cholera and jaundice

Pulsatilla Anemone pulsatilla

Pulsatilla vulgaris

Whole

dried

plant

Ranunculin,

protoanemonin,

anemonin

Antibacterial

antifungal,

antimalarial,

cytotoxic

1. Antibacterial

antifungal,

antimalarial

2. Emetic, purgative

3. Amenorrhea,

4. Analgesic

5. Used in homeopathy

Hydrastus HydrastusCanadensis Dried

roots

and

rhizomes

Hydrastine, berberine,

canadine, starch,

resin, V.O.

Antimicrobial

when applied

topically,

antitubercular,

anti-

inflammatory,

1. Eye wash

2. Flu preparations

3. Bitter tonic

4. GIT & nasal

preparations

5. In hemorrhages


2/9

e-Bad 2

Cognosy Scheme

blockade of

glucose uptake by

cancer cells

6. As uterine

hemostatic

Papaveraceae

26 genera

300 spcs

OS

Opium Papaversomniferrum Air dried

latex

from

incisions

of unripe

capsule

od

opium

Morphine, codeine,

papaverine, narcotine,

thebaine

Addictive,

relaxation of

smooth muscle

tone, sedative

analgesic

1. Narcotic analgesic

2. Hypnotic and

Sedative

3. In epilepsy

4. In diarrhea &

dysentery

5. Pre-anesthetic

6. Abdominal cramps

7. Astringent and

aphrodisiac

Sanguinaria Sanguinariacanadensi

s

Dried

rhizomes

Isoquinoline alkaloids:

sanguinarine ,

chelerythrine,

protopine

Expectorant,

antimicrobial

1. Cathartic

2. Emetic

3. Expectorant

4. Topically for eczema

and ringworm

5. Lowering high pulse

and in heart

diseases

6. In plaque ad

gingivitis

7. Labor inducing

effect

Leguminosae

GSCAT

Acacia(gondkikar) Acacia Senegal Acacia arabica

Gummyexudate

from

stem

Arabin (Ca salt ofArabic acid)

No significantsystemic effects,

local effects, used

in past as IV for

low BP

1. Demulcent2. topically for healing

wounds

3. suspending and

emulsifying agent

4. in tablet preparation


3/9

e-Bad 3

Cognosy Scheme

Glycyrrhiza (mulaithi) Glycyrrhizaglabra Dried

roots

andstolons

Glycyrhhizin& K andCa

salts of glycyrrhizic

acid, glucose, sucrose,starch, proteins, fats

Anti-

inflammatory due

to inhib. of PGE2,antibacterial,

antiviral,

antiulcer, dec.

scalp sebum

1. flavoring agent

2. demulcent

3. in peptic andduodenal ulcer

4. in shampoos

5. anti-inflammatory

6. expectorant

Senna(sanamaki) Cassia acutifolia

Cassia angustifolia

Dried

leaves

Sennosides A,B,C &D,

polysaccharides,

mucilages

Peristalsis of large

intestine by

irritation

1. Laxative, cathartic,

purgative for usual

and habitual

constipation,

2. For evacuation of

bowel for

colonoscopy

Cassia(amaltas) Cassia fistula Dried

ripe fruit

Sennosides, V.O.,

sugars, rhien, waxy &

resinous derivatives

Anti-

inflammatory,

Anti-

cholinesterase

Antitumurous,

anti-bacterial,

antiviral,

Liver protective,

Laxative,

cholesterol

lowering, pain

relieving, mildestrogenic, fever

reducing

1. As cathartic

2. As anti-inflammatory

in gout

3. For throat

inflammation

4. As anthelmintic

5. Antioxidant

6. Lowers blood sugar

level

Tamarind(imli) Tamarindusindica Dried

ripe fruit

Sugar, tartaric acid,

malic acid, citric acid,

pectin, gum,

Cause thirst,

nutritive, cooling

effect, irritation

1. Laxative

2. For indigestion

3. Applied on


4/9

e-Bad 4

Cognosy Scheme

potassium bitratarate of intestine inflammations

4. In gargles or sore

throat5. Restoration of

sensation in case of

paralysis

Umbelliferae

275

genera

2850 spcs

Fennel(sonf) Foeniculumvulgare Dried

ripe fruit

Anethole, fenchone,

limonene, camphor,

α-pinene, F.O.

Inc. digestion,

estrogenic

properties, inc.

milk secretion,

menstruation,

birth, libido

1. Flavoring agent

2. Carminative

3. Stimulant

4. Estrogenic agent

5. Promote lactation

and menstruation

6. Aphrodisiac

FCCCACaraway(zeera) Carumcarvi Dried

ripe fruit

V.O.:carvone,carveol,

limonene; F.O.,

Inc. GI secretions,

CNS stimulant,

Smooth muscle,

stimulant

1. flavoring agent

2. carminative

3. stomachic

4. for colic

5. as lactagogue

Coriander(dhaniya) Coriandrumsativum Dried

leaves

and fruit

Coriandrol, limonene,

p-cymene, pinene

Inc. gastric

enzyme

secretions,

relieves nervous

tention on GI

smooth muscles

1. flavoring agent

2. carminative

3. expectorant

4. antiseptic

5. aromatic stimulant

Conium(shukran) Conium maculatum Dried

unripefruit

Coniine, N-methyl

coniine, conhydrin,pseudoconhydrin

Curare like

muscularparalysis, nicotine

like ganglionic

blockade, VC

1. analgesic

2. sedative3. anti-cancer

4. emetic

5. in tetanus

6. antispasmodic

Asafetida(hing) Ferula foetida Oleo- V.O.(having sulphur Inc. GI enzymes 1. carminative


5/9

e-Bad 5

Cognosy Scheme

gum

resin

fromincisions

in roots

&

rhizomes

compounds), gums

resins(have ferulic

acid andasaresinolferulate),

secretion,

antiasthmatic

2. sedative

3. laxative

4. expectorant5. anti-asthmatic

6. in whooping cough

7. hysteria

Apocynacese

250

genera

2000 spcs

Rauwolfia(chotichandan

)

Rauvolfiaserpentina Dried

roots

and

rhizomes

Reserpine, ajmaline,

amalinine, ajmalicine,

serpentine,

serpentinine,

biogenic amines

Uptake blocker,

antihypersensitiv

e

1. Antihypertensive

2. Sedative

3. Antiemetic

4. In epilepsy

5. For reptile poisoning

RCCatharanthus

(sadabahar)

Catharanthusroseus

Vincarosea

Dried

whole

plant

Vincristine,

vinblastine, reserpine,

serpentine

Anti-

cancer,binding

with tubulin

protein causing

polymerization

leading to failure

of mitotis,

1. Anticancer

2. In leukemia

3. In lymphomas

4. Anti-diabetic in folk

medicine

Solanaceae

85 genera

2800 spcs

BSC-H

Belladonna

(deadly nightshade)

Atropa belladonna Dried

leaves

and

flowerin

g tops

Atropine,

hyoscine,

hyosciyamine,

apoatropine

Antimuscarinic,

cause sedation

and hallucination

when act on CNS,

tachycardia,slight

effect on BP,

bronchodilation,mydriasis,

Smooth muscle

relaxation of GIT

& UT

1. Mydriatic

2. Bronchodilator

3. In peptic ulcer

4. Relieves spasm of GIT

& UT

5. In CV problems

6. As local anesthetic7. Sedative

8. Treatment of

Parkinson's disease

9. For cholinergic &

mushroom poisoning


6/9

e-Bad 6

Cognosy Scheme

Stramonium Daturastramonium Dried

leaves

andflowerin

g tops

Tropane alkaloids:

Hyoscine,

hyosciyamineTropine

Psuedotropine

Antimuscarinic,

cause sedation

and hallucinationwhen act on CNS,

tachycardia,slight

effect on BP,

bronchodilation,

mydriasis,

Smooth muscle

relaxation of GIT

& UT

1. Sedative

2. In eye

preparations asmydriatic

3. Local

anesthetic

4. Relieves spasm

of GIT & UT

5. As recreational

drug

Hyoscyamus Hyoscyamusniger Dried

leaves

and

flowerin

g tops

Hyoscyamine, little

amount of

scopolamine

Antimuscarinic,

cause sedation

and hallucination

when act on CNS,

tachycardia,slight

effect on BP,

bronchodilation,

mydriasis,

Smooth muscle

relaxation of GIT

& UT

6. Sedative

7. In eye

preparations as

mydriatic

8. Local

anesthetic

9. Asthma

10. Antiseptic

11. Toothache

12. Mydriatic

Capsicum (laalmirch) Capsicum annuum Dried

ripe fruit

Capsaicin, V.O.,

ascorbic acid, red

carotenoids, F.O.

Powerful irritant,

depletion of

substance P,

release of GI

enzymes

1. Carminative

2. spice

3. used topically

to relieve pain in

arthritis, lumbago

and rheumatism

4. for neuralgia

Scrophulariacea

e

Digitalis (fox glove) Digitalis purpurea

D. lanata

Dried

leaves

Purpurea glycosides A

& B, hydrolyze to

Improves cardiac

conduction --

1. In cardiac failure

2. Cardiac arrhythmias


7/9

e-Bad 7

Cognosy Scheme

275

genera

5500 spcs

digitoxin and gitoxin,

further hydrolyze to

digitoxigenin andgitoxigenin; digoxin,

gitaloxin

>improve

contractility,

Red. Arrhythmias,Antitumor

DVVerbascum VerbascumThapsus Leaves

and

flowers

Saponins, tannins,

glycosides,mucilages,

V.O.

Expectorant,

demulcent,

antiviral

1. In sore throat

2. In cough

preparations

3. As antiviral

Labiatae

200

genera

3300 spcs

Salvia (magic mint) Salvia officinalis

S. divinorum

Dried

leaves

and

flowerin

g tops

Thujane, Pinene,

resins, tannins,

Salvinorin A

Salvinorin A: most

potent naturally

occurring

psychoactive

agent, selective

kappa opioid

receptor agonist,

carminative

1. In psychic disorder

2. Antispasmodic

3. Analgesic

4. Carminative

5. Antiseptic

SPOTSPeppermint (podina) Menthapiperita Dried

leaves

and

flowerin

g tops

Menthol, menthone,

menthofuran,

piperitone, pinene,

cineol

Stimulate

intestinal motility

and gastric

secretion,

Smooth muscle

relaxant,

Antiseptic,

Uterine

contraction

1. Carminative

2. antispasmodic

3. antiseptic

4. abortificient

5. flavoring agent

6. stimulant

7. counter irritant

Thyme (ban ajvain) Thymus vulgaris Dried

leaves

and

flowerin

g tops

Thymol,

carvacol,pinene,cineol

Carminative,

antispasmodic

Antitussive,

expectorant,

antiseptic,

1. carminative

2. antiseptic

3. in cough

preparations

4. for sore throat


8/9

e-Bad 8

Cognosy Scheme

5. in asthma

6. as sedative

7. anthelmintic8. antifungal

Ocimum (tulsi) Ocimumbasilicum Dried

leaves

Euginol,

menthyleuginol,

carvacol, limonene,

citral, camphene,

anethole

Inc. gastric

secretions,

Smooth muscle

relaxant,

Antiseptic,

Effects on CNS

carminative

antispasmodic

antiseptic

in gonorrhea

as anxiolytic

Spearmint (podina) Menthaspicata Dried

leaves

and

flowerin

g tops

Carvone,limonene,

menthone, tannins,

resins,

Inc. gastric

enzyme secretion,

antiseptic

carminative

antispasmodic

antiseptic

diuretic

Liliaceae

249

genera

3700 spcs

Aloe (kanvargandal) Aloe barbadensis

Aloe vera

Aloe ferox

Aloe spicata

Dried

juice of

leaves

Mixture of glycosides

Aloin: barbaloin,

isobarbaloin, aloe-

emodin, beta

barbaloin;

Flavonoids, resins

Orally: stimulate

intestinal motility,

Topically:

emollient,

protective, anti-

septic, immune

stimulating

1. Purgative

2. For sun burn and

wounds as sun block

in creams etc.

3. Emenagogue

4. Vermifuge

5. Tonic

ACGColchicum

(surinjan)

Colchicum autumnale

C. leuteum

Dried

ripe seed

and

corm

Colchicine,

clchicoresin,

demecoicine

Anti-

inflammatory:

binds to cellular

protein tubulin,inhibits

leukocytes and

phagocytosis

1. In gout

2. In arthritis

3. As cathartic

4. As emetic5. In leukemia

6. In homeopathy

Garlic (lehsan) Allium sativum Dried

ripe bulb

Allicin, Allin, V.O., F.A.,

albumin, mucilage

Anti-bacterial,

anti-septic,

1. Anti-bacterial

2. anti-septic


9/9

e-Bad 9

Cognosy Scheme

reduce risk of

atheriosclerosis,

Reduce sugarlevel in diabetes

3. anti-fungal

4. in diabetes

5.

in heart diseases6. in asthma and

whooping cough

7. as expectorant and

aphrodiasic

Zingiberaceae

49 genera

1300 spcs

Ginger (adrak) Zingiberofficinale Dried

rhizome

V.O., Gingerol,

camphene, cineol,

citral, zingiberene,

zingirone, starch,

mucilage, protiens

Anti-oxidant,

anti nauseatic,

anti-inflammatory

1. Carminative

2. Anti-emetic

3. In cold

preparations

4. Anti-oxidant

5. anti-

inflammatory

GCCurcuma (haldi) Curcuma longa Dried

rhizome

Cucuminoids, V.O.,

zingiberine, borneol,

cineol, starch ,gums

Carminative

anti-inflammatory

anti-cancer

anti-septic

1. Carminative

2. In cold

preparations

3. anti-

inflammatory

4. anti-cancer

5. anti-septic

6. in Alzheimer's

disease

By:IslahkhanSaffi

Pharm.D 2nd Proff(12-17)Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB BWP Punjab.

pharmacognosy families classifications

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