pharmacological importance of seaweeds: a review1)14/1.pdf · 2019-08-02 · states of india and...

World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 6 (1): 01-15, 2014ISSN 2078-4589© IDOSI Publications, 2014DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2014.06.01.76195

Corresponding Author: K. Kolanjinathan, Department of Microbiology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram – 608 002Tamil Nadu, India.

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Pharmacological Importance of Seaweeds: A Review

K. Kolanjinathan, P. Ganesh and P. Saranraj

Department of Microbiology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar,Chidambaram – 608 002 Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract: Seas and oceans represent a big store for beneficial algae. It is a real fact that the importance of marineorganisms as a source of new substances is growing. With marine species comprising approximately a half ofthe total global biodiversity, the sea offers an enormous resource for novel compounds and it is classified asthe largest remaining reservoir of natural molecules to be evaluated for drug activity. A very different kind ofsubstances have been obtained from marine organisms among other reasons because they are living in a veryexigent, competitive and aggressive surrounding very different in many aspects from the terrestrial environment,a situation that demands the production of quite specific and potent active molecules. The present review isfocusing on the following topics: Seaweeds in India, nutritional and medicinal values of seaweeds, antimicrobialactivity of seaweeds and uses of seaweeds.

Key words: Marine Environment Seaweeds Medicinal Value and Antimicrobial Activity

INTRODUCTION the sea. Seaweeds or marine algae are macroscopic,

Marine algae are one of the largest producers of important marine living renewable resources. They arebiomass in the marine environment [1]. They produce a primitive plants without any true root, stem and leaves.wide variety of chemically active metabolites in their They belong to the division of Thallophyta in plantsurroundings, potentially as an aid to protect themselves kingdom. Marine algae are classified into four groupsagainst the other settling organisms. These active namely Chlorophyceae (green algae), Phaeophyceaemetabolites, also known as biogenic compounds, such as (brown algae), Rhodophyceae (red algae) andhalogenated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, terpenoids Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae) based on the type ofare produced by several species of marine macro and pigments, morphological, anatomical and reproductivemicroalgae and have antibacterial, antialgal, structures.antimacrofouling and antifungal properties which are Seaweeds are plant like ocean organisms that areeffective in the prevention of biofouling and have other botanically classified as macrophytic marine algae.likely uses, as in therapeutics [2]. Edible seaweeds are often called "sea vegetables."

Seaweeds are the eukaryotic organisms that live in Seaweeds come in an amazing variety of beautiful shapes,salty water and recognized as a potential source of colors and sizes and found in all of the world’s oceans.bioactive natural products. Seaweeds have been used They are most abundant in shallow rocky coastal areas,since ancient times as food, fodder, fertilizer and as source especially where they are exposed at low tide. Coastalof medicine. Today, seaweeds are the raw materials for people around the world have been harvesting and eatingmany industrial productions like agar, algin and sea vegetables since the beginning of time. In the Unitedcarrageenan but they continue to be widely consumed as States and Europe, increasing numbers of people arefood in Asian countries [3]. In the sea, 3 types of plants learning that eating sea vegetables can provide a broadoccur and they are phytoplanktons, seaweeds or marine range of health benefits. Seaweeds contribute to primaryalgae and seagrasses. Phytoplanktons are microscopic production of the sea and hence seaweed beds areand free-floating forms; they are the primary producers of considered highly productive and dynamic ecosystem.

attached or freely floating plants. They form one of the

World J. Fish & Marine Sci., 6 (1): 01-15, 2014

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Seaweeds vegetation provides an ideal habitat, food and protect themselves and to maintain homeostasis in theirshelter to various marine animals. They act as breeding, environment. Some of these secondary metabolites offernursery and feeding grounds for many epiphytic fauna. avenues for developing cost effective, safe and potentThe hapteron or holdfast of marine algae binds the drugs. Nearly 50 lakhs species available in the sea aresediments together and prevents coastal erosion. virtually untapped sources of secondary metabolites.

Seaweeds in India: Seaweeds occur in the intertidal, providing valuable ideas for the development of newshallow and deep waters of the sea upto 180 m depth and drugs against cancer, microbial infections andin estuaries and backwaters. They grow on dead corals, inflammation [4] apart from their potentialrocks, stones, pebbles, other substrates and as epiphytes ecological/industrial significances such as controllingon seagrasses. Several species of green, brown and red reproduction, settlement/biofouling and feedingalgae with luxuriant growth occur along the Southern deterrents [5].Tamil Nadu Coast from Rameswaram to Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu has a geographical extent of 1, 30,058 m .covering 21 islands of Gulf of Mannar. In Gujarat coast, It can be divided into two divisions namely the Easternseaweeds occur abundantly in Okha, Dwarka, Porbandar, coastal plains and hills of North and East, which isVeraval, Diu and Gopnath areas. Rich seaweed beds are endowed with the varied coastal habitat like mangroves,present at Mumbai, Ratnagiri, Goa, Karwar, Varkala, corals, seaweeds, seagrass beds, salt marshes, mud flats,Vizhinjam, Visakhapatnam and coastal lakes of Pulicat and sand dunes etc. The coast of Tamil Nadu bears luxuriantChilka. Seaweeds also occur abundantly in Lakshadweep growth of seaweeds. More than two hundred species ofandaman and Nicobar Islands. More than 10,000 species seaweeds have found in this area. Indian seaweedof marine algae have been reported all over the world. industries depend on this coastline for raw materialsIn India, about 220 genera and 740 species of marine algae regarding production of agar and sodium alginate.were recorded of which 60 species are of economic value. They are consumed in the form of soups as well as salads.In Mandapam area 180 species of seaweeds are growing, The intake of seaweeds in the diet is said to prevent hairof which about 40 species are economically important. loss in men and women. It is also consumed by pregnant

It is estimated from the seaweed resources, survey and lactating mothers because of their rich iron content.conducted so far by the Central Marine Fisheries They are called the medical food of the 21 century [6].Research Institute, National Institute of Oceanographyand other research organizations at different maritime Nutritional and Medicinal Values of Seaweeds: Seaweedsstates of India and Lakshadweep that the total standing contain large amounts of polysaccharides, notably cellcrop of seaweeds in the intertidal and shallow waters is wall structural polysaccharides that are extruded by the91339 tonnes (wet wt.) consisting of 6000 tons of agar hydrocolloid industry: alginate from brown seaweeds andyielding seaweeds, 16000 tons of algin yielding seaweeds, agar from red seaweeds. Other minor polysaccharides areremaining edible and other seaweeds. The standing crop found in the cell wall: fucoidans (from brown seaweeds),of seaweeds in deep waters (5 to 22 m depths) from xylans (from certain red and green seaweeds) and ulvansDhanushkodi to Kanyakumari was estimated at 75373 tons in green seaweeds. Seaweeds also contain storage(wet wt.) in an area of 1863 km. The biomass of polysaccharides, notably laminarin ( -1,3- glucan) ineconomically important seaweeds of Gulf of Mannar was brown seaweeds and floridean starch (amylopectin likeestimated at 8445 tons (wet wt). glucan) in red seaweeds. When faced with the human

Marine algae are not only the primary and major intestinal bacteria, most of these polysaccharides (agars,producers of organic matter in the sea, but they also exert carrageenans, ulvans and fucoidans), are not digested byprofound effects on the density and distribution of other humans and therefore can be regarded as dietary fibersinhabitants of the marine environment. An understanding [7].of the wide range of behavioral relationships that exist Water-soluble and water insoluble fibers haveamong organisms would provide us with clues to been associated with different physiological effects.substances of biomedical interest. Marine secondary Many viscous soluble polysaccharides (pectins, guarmetabolites are organic compounds produced by gum, etc.) have been correlated with hypocholesterolemicmicrobes, sponges, seaweeds and other marine and hypoglycemic effects, whereas water insolubleorganisms. The host organisms biosynthesizes these polysaccharides (cellulose) are mainly associatedcompounds as non-primary or secondary metabolites to with a decrease in digestive tract transit time [8].

Those compounds already isolated from seaweeds are

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Among polysaccharides, fucoidans were particularly Chaetomorpha antennina to investigate protein, aminostudied as they showed interesting biological acids, total sugars and lipid contents. Mineral content areactivities (anti -thrombotic, anti-coagulant, anticancer, shown to vary according to species, wave exposure,anti-proliferative, anti-viral and anti-complementary seasonal, annual, environmental and physiological factorsagent, anti-inflammatory). Seaweeds draw from the sea and the type of processing and method of mineralizationan incomparable wealth of mineral elements, macro [14-16].elements and trace elements. The mineral fraction of Manivannan et al. [17] reported the mineralsome seaweeds accounts for up to 36% of dry matter. composition of different groups of seaweeds such asThe brown seaweeds have been traditionally used for Chlorophyceae (Ulva lactuca, Enteromorphatreating thyroid goiter [9]. intestinalis) Phaeophyceae (Turbinaria ornata, Padina

Seaweeds are known as an excellent source of gymnospora) and Rhodophyceae (Hypnae valentiae,vitamins and minerals, especially sodium and iodine, due Gracilaria folifera) from Mandapam coastal regions andto their high polysaccharide content that could also imply they found that Padina gymnospora showed thea high level of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber [10]. maximum content of mineral composition such as copper,Muthuraman and Ranganathan [11] selected six species of chromium, iron, lead, sulphur, calcium and potassiummarine macro algae viz., Caulerpa scalpelliformis, content than other seaweeds. Hypnea valentiae observedCladophora vagabunda, Enteromorpha compressa, the minimum level of mineral content such as cadmium,Halimeda macroloba, Ulva fasciata and Chaetomorpha iron, magnesium and calcium.antennina to investigate protein, aminoacids, total sugars Karthikai Devi et al. [18] observed the elementand lipid contents. Venkatesalu et al. [12] investigated concentration of various seaweeds such asfatty acid composition in Ulva lactuca, Caulerpa Chlorophyceae (Codium tomentosum, Enteromorphachemnitzia, Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum clathrata, Enteromorpha compressa), Phaeophyceaelongifolium, Acanthophora spicifera and Gelidium (Turbinaria conoides, Colpomenia sinuosa, Sargassummicropterum collected from Mandapam coast. tenerimum, Sargassum wightii) and Rhodophyceae

The protein content of brown seaweeds is generally (Acanthophora spicifera) from Gulf of Mannarsmall (average: 5 - 15% of the dry weight), whereas higher marine biosphere reserve, Southeast coast of India.protein contents are recorded in green and red seaweeds The Sargassum wightii showed the highest level of(on average 10 - 30% of the dry weight). Lipids represent element composition such as chromium, copper,only 1-5% of algal dry matter and show an interesting manganese, nickel, lead and zinc content than otherpolyunsaturated fatty acid composition particularly seaweeds. Acanthophora spicifera recorded the lowestregarding with omega 3 and omega 6 acids which play a level of element content such as chromium, copper, leadrole in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, and zinc.osteoarthritis and diabetes. The green algae show Seaweeds offer a wide range of therapeuticinteresting levels of alpha linolenic acid. The red and possibilities both internally and externally. The termbrown algae are particularly rich in fatty acids with 20 seaweeds refer only to macrophytic marine algae, bothcarbon atoms: eicosapentanoic acid and arachidonic acid. wild and cultivated, growing in saltwater. Seaweeds were

Seaweeds are potentially good sources of proteins, considered to be of medicinal value in the orient as earlypolysaccharides and fiber [7, 13]. Studies on the as 3000 B.C. Carrageenam may be useful in ulcer therapy.biochemical constituents such as protein, carbohydrate Extracts from Chondrus criseus and Gelidium cartilagiumand lipid in green and brown marine algae have been have been found to be active against influenza B andcarried out from different parts of Indian coast [14, 11]. mumps virus [19]. The iodine rich seaweeds such asMuch work has been done on algal fatty acids both micro Asparagopsis toxiformis and Sarconema sp. can be usedalgae as well as on the fatty acid composition of for controlling goiter disease [20]. It is now wellseaweeds. Seaweeds are known as an excellent source of established that sea is rich source of biologically activevitamins and minerals, especially sodium and iodine, due materials. Seaweeds has been a source for the productionto their high polysaccharide content, which could dietary of a variety of major metabolites such as polysaccharides,fiber, Muthuraman and Ranganathan [11] selected six lipids, proteins, carotenoids, vitamins, sterols, enzymes,species of marine macro algae viz., Caulerpa antibiotics and many other fine chemicals [21]. The algalscalpelliformis, Cladophora vagabunda, Enteromorpha dietary fiber, ranged from 33% to 75% of dry weight,compressa, Halimeda macroloba, Ulva fasciata and mainly consists of soluble polysaccharides having


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important functional activities such as antioxidant, activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonellaanticoagulant, antimutagenic and antitumour activity and sp. Elatol showed equal and better antibacterial activityhave an important role in the modification of lipid compared with tested commercial antibiotics while iso-metabolism in human body [22]. obtusol only equaled the potency of commercial

Substances that currently receive most attention from antibiotics against Klebsiella pneumoniae andpharmaceutical companies for use in drug development or Salmonella sp.from researchers in the field of medicine related research Sanaa Shanab [26] determined the antioxidant activityinclude sulphated polysaccharides as antiviral by free radical scavenging (DPPH-decolorization method)substances, halogenated furanones from Delisea pulchra and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in three species ofas antifouling compounds and kahalalide F from a species seaweeds [Sargassum dentifolium, Laurencia papillosaof Bryopsis as a possible treatment of lung cancer, and Jania corniculata]. Extraction of each algal speciestumours and AIDS. Other substances such as was carried out by aqueous ethanol or dichloromethanemacroalgal lectins, fucoidans, kainoids and aplysiatoxins and different concentrations were prepared.are routinely used in biomedical research and a multitude Dichloromethane extract of each algal speciesof other substances have known biological activities. demonstrated greater antioxidant activities than theFucus vesiculosus is brown seaweed that grows on the ethanol extract using both bioassays. Maximum freeNorthern coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and radical scavenging activity was exhibited by higherthe North and Baltic seas. This species is often included concentration of dichloromethane extract of Sargassumin kelp preparations along with other types of seaweed. dentifolium followed by Laurencia papillosa and JaniaAs an herbal medicine, seaweed has been used for corniculata. Also, higher concentration oftraditional cosmetics, treatments for cough, asthma, dichloromethane extract of Laurencia papillosa hadhaemorrhoid, boils, goiters, stomach ailments and urinary the maximum anti-lipid peroxidation activity followeddiseases and for reducing the incidence of tumors, ulcers by Sargassum dentifolium and Jania corniculata.and headaches [23]. All extracts showed antibiotic activity against four

Del Val et al. [24] studied the production of bacterial and two fungal species. Spectrophotometric andsecondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity of four chromatographic determination of the active compoundsmarine algal species. They also explore the possibility of revealed that the antioxidant and antibiotic activitiesoptimizing the production of biologically active might be attributed to algal content of chlorophylls,compounds by culturing the seaweeds in bioreactor under carotenoids and free phenols as well as fatty acids.different conditions and to test whether this approach Jayanta Kumar Patra et al. [27] investigated the freecould be also applied to seaweeds to obtain bioactive radical scavenging potentials (DPPH radical and hydroxylmetabolites with pharmacological properties. radical), inhibition of lipid peroxidation and glutathione-

Charles Vairappan [25] found that the Red algae S-transferase and antimicrobial properties of Sargassumgenus Laurencia are known to produce a wide range of sp. The tested extract exhibited a dose dependent freechemically interesting secondary halogenated radical scavenging action against DPPH radical andmetabolites. This investigation delves upon extraction, hydroxyl radical and antimicrobial activity. In addition,isolation, structural elucidation and antibacterial activity inhibition of lipid peroxidation and glutathione-S-of inherently available secondary metabolites of transferase activities were also observed. The overallLaurencia majuscula collected from two locations in results have established that this seaweed could be usedwater of Sabah, Malaysia. Two major halogenated against several diseases and in the food processingcompounds identified as elatol and iso-obtusol. industry, to preserve foods.Structures of these compounds were determined from Luis Villarreal-Gomez et al. [28] evaluated thetheir spectroscopic data such as IR, H-NMR, C-NMR antibacterial and anticancer activities of extracts from the1 13

and optical rotation. Antibacterial bioassay against seaweeds like Egregia menziesii, Codium fragile,human pathogenic bacteria was conducted using disc Sargassum muticum, Endarachne binghamiae,diffusion method. Elatol inhibited six species of bacteria, Centroceras clavulatum and Laurencia pacifica.with significant antibacterial activities against They obtained the organic extracts from bacteria, freeStaphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and algae and from surface-associated bacteria. PathogenicSalmonella sp. while iso-obtusol exhibited antibacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellaactivity against four bacterial species with significant pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas


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aeruginosa were used to test antibacterial activity the rapid test to evaluate the antioxidant activity ofand HCT-116 colon cancer cells for anticancer natural compounds. The compounds showing the bandsactivity. Thirty five bacterial strains were isolated from at Rf = >10, 25 and 94 of both the seaweed extracts andthe surface of seaweeds and identified as the phyla Rf = 52 in Ulva sp. alone were proved to be havingFirmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria by antioxidant activity. The results of antimicrobial activity16S rDNA sequencing. The strains Centroceras by the well diffusion assay also clearly expressed thatclavulatum, Sargassum muticum and Endarachne Ulva fasciata has high concentration of active principlesbinghamiae showed anticancer activity with IC values when compared to the Chaetomorpha antennina.50

of 6.492, 5.531 and 2.843 µg mL respectively. Likewise, Seaweeds have become a recognized potential natural1

the extracts from the seaweeds associated bacteria product in pharmaceutical industries. The Gelidiuminhibited the growth of the Gram-negative bacterium acerosa contain large amount of valuable phytochemicalsProteus mirabilis. like sapononins, flavinoids and alkaloids etc., which are

Renuka Bai [29] screened the marine red alga, known for its medicinal uses. The preparations of theGracilaria fergusonii for preliminary phytochemical seaweeds are also useful for the common ailments,analysis (coumerins, phenols, quinones, steroids and includes dysentery, hypertension, urinary tracttannins). Coumerins, phenols, quinones and steroids were infection and some other microbial infections amongpresent and tannin was absent in the alga investigated. people. The extracts of seaweeds are prepared with threeDifferent organic solvent extracts viz., acetone, different solvents like ethanol, methanol and acetone andchloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol and methanol were tested against bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus,evaluated for antibacterial activity, employing Gram Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiellanegative (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungus likeaeruginosa) and Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, AspergillusStaphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The ethanol extract of fumigatus, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis.the alga was found to be active against Pseudomonas In their study, ethanolic extract showed a varying degreeaeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. of inhibition to the growth of tested organisms, than

Rahila Najam et al. [30] studied the pharmacological acetone and methanolic extracts and the presences ofactivity of methanol extracts of Hypnea musciformis on phytochemicals in Gelidium acerosa was confirmed [32].rabbit and mice. Hypnea musciformis significantly Many species of algae have been investigated fordecreased the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and antibacterial and antiviral properties in the highly volatilelow-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of rabbits. fractions of the genera Asparagopsis, BonnemaisoniaThe level of glucose was increased after the and Pcilonia, belonging to to the familyadministration of Hypnea musciformis, which could be a Bonnemaisoniaceae a great variety of halogenatedtransient increase only, through action on glucagon and alkanes, saturated and unsaturated ketones, aldehyde,could also be attributed to the fact that the Hypnea alcohols, epoxides and halogenated derivatives of aceticmusciformis contain many amino acids, which may and acrylic acids have been deducted for antibioticform glucose. Administration of Hypnea musciformis activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus sp.,significantly increased the level of dopamine. Fusarium sp. and Vibrio sp. was shown for theThe possible effect of Hypnea musciformis on dopamine halogenated heptanones [33].and other brain biogenic amines indicate that Hypneamusciformis probably have psychotropic and anxiolytic Antimicrobial Activity of Seaweeds: Selective utilizationprofile. of marine algae as potential source of pharmaceutical

Premalatha [31] conducted the preliminary agents has been increasing in recent years. Many of thephytochemical analysis and concluded the presence of seaweeds possess bioactive components, which inhibitextra phytochemical in Ulva fasciata and Chaetomorpha. the growth of some Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-In the DPPH scavenging assay, both the seaweed extracts negative bacterial pathogens. The algal extracts were usedshowed high antioxidant activity. The Ulva fasciata as a curative and preventive agent for various diseasessamples have more effective antioxidant activity when such as antibiotics, antihelminthics, cough remedies,compared to the Chaetomorpha antennina and the antihypertensive, antitumour and antidiarrhoea. Recently,percentage of scavenging was found to be about 83.95% many researchers have embarked on the chemicalfor Ulva fasciata and 63.77% for Chaetomorpha investigation of marine algae with a special accent on theirantennina sample. The rapid TLC assay is considered as bioactive properties [34].


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Seaweeds are considered as such a source of Yolanda Freile-Pelegrin and Juan Luis Morales [41]bioactive compounds as they are able to produce a great evaluated the antibacterial activity of ethanolic andvariety of secondary metabolites characterized by a broad lipid-soluble extracts from 21 marine algal species againstspectrum of biological activities. Compounds with pathogenic microbes. All species with antibacterialcytostatic, antiviral, antihelmintic, antifungal and activity were active against the Gram-positive bacteriaantibacterial activities have been detected in green, brown (Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecalis andand red algae [35, 36]. There are numerous reports Micrococcus luteus) and most of the algal speciesconcerning the inhibiting activities from macroalgae exhibited activity against Bacillus subtilis (89% inagainst human pathogens, fungi and yeasts, but only few ethanolic soluble extracts and 94% in lipid-solublecontain data about effects against fish pathogens [37]. extracts). The lipid-soluble extract of Ceramium nitens

Zheng Yi [38] tested the crude extracts of seaweeds exhibited the highest activity among the species tested.for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Among them, The results are significant because no antibacterialthe ethanol extract showed the strongest activity against activity has been found in previous research on this, orthe bacteria and fungi tested. Four species of the any other, species from this genus. The antimicrobialRhodophyta (Laurencia okamurai, Dasya scoparia, activities associated with extracts from different thallusGrateloupia filicina and Plocamium telfairiae) showed regions (apical, basal and stolon) of selected Caulerpaa wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. Every solvent species (Caulerpa ashmeadii, Caulerpa paspaloides andextract from the four species was active against all the Caulerpa prolifera) were also evaluated. Resultsbacteria tested. The test bacterium Pseudomonas generally indicated that the stolon of Caulerpa has thesolancearum and the fungus Penicilium citrinum were highest antibacterial activity.most sensitive to the extracts of marine algae. In general, Prakash et al. [42] studied the antibacterial activity ofthe extracts of seaweeds inhibited bacteria more strongly 45 extracts of nine algae namely Sargassum weightii,than fungi and species of the Rhodophyta showed the Chaetomorpha antenna, Ulva fasciata, Amphiroagreatest activity against the bacteria and fungi tested. fragillisima, Gracilaria edulis and Enteromorpha

Joseph Selvin and Aaron Premnath Lipton [39] tested sp. against the pathogens. The Otitis media infectedthe secondary metabolites of seaweeds Ulva fasciata and bacterial pathogens were isolated from 25 infectedHypnea musciformis for biotoxicity potential. Both patients. The isolated bacterial species were Gramspecies showed potent activity in antibacterial, brine positive and Gram negative such as Haemophilusshrimp cytotoxicity, larvicidal, antifouling and influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcusichthyotoxicity assays. The green alga Ulva fasciata pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxellaexhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity whereas catarrhalis. Bioassay was carried out with 45 extractsthe red alga Hypnea musciformis showed narrow Halymedia floresia crude was found to produce maximumspectrum antibacterial activity. The brine shrimp growth inhibition against the bacterial pathogens. Fivecytotoxicity profile indicated that the seaweeds were solvents were used for the extraction of antimicrobial ofmoderately toxic. The overall activity profile indicated that which butanol showed maximum extraction ofUlva fasciata contained more biological potency than antimicrobials.Hypnea musciformis. Choudhury et al. [43] screened the organic

Oranday [40] screened the biological activity of solvent extracts of three marine algae showedGracilaria tikvahiae, Ulva lactuca, Ulva fasciata and species-specific activity in inhibiting the growth of sixSargassum fluitans. In a preliminary assessment, polar virulent strains of bacteria pathogenic to fish viz.,and non-polar extracts of four species of marine protoctist Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio alginolyticus, Pseudomonasform were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa andproperties against seven microorganisms by the diffusion Aeromonas hydrophila. Three methanol extracts ofmethod, non-polar extracts of Sargassum fluitans and Cynometra iripa were active against all the sixpolar extracts of Gracilaria tikvahiae inhibited the pathogens, whereas Aegiceras corniculatum andgrowth of more than four microorganisms. Extracts were Aglaia cucullata were active against four of theseparated using chromatography column and fractions pathogens. The chromatographic fractionation of activewere tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida extracts of Aegiceras corniculatum, Cynometra iripa andalbicans. The eighty fraction of petroleum ether of Gracillaria corticata resulted in enriched fractions withSargassum fluitans exhibited high activity against wide spectrum activity and lowered values of minimumCandida albicans. inhibitory concentration.


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Unci Ney et al. [44] studied the antimicrobial activity (MIC 1 mg/ml). The methanol insoluble extract inhibitedof methanol, acetone, diethyl ether and ethanol extracts of the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes at11 seaweed species against Candida sp., Enterococcus concentration of 2 mg/ml. In contrast, ulvans did notfaecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus show any in vitro activity towards all test organisms.epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia Wendy Stirk et al. [47] collected seven seaweeds,coli by disc diffusion method. Diethyl ether extracts of Caulerpa racemosa var. laetevirens, Codium capitatum,fresh Cystoseira mediterranea, Enteromorpha linza, Halimeda cuneata, Ulva fasciata, AmphiroaUlva rigida, Gracilaria gracilis and Ectocarpus bowerbankii, Amphiroa ephedraea and Dictyotasiliculosus showed effective results against all tested humifusa for testing the antifungal, antibacterial andorganisms. However, diethyl ether extracts of some acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. Nospecies, such as Padina pavonica, Colpomenia sniosa, seasonal variation was observed in antifungal activity,Dictyota linearis, Dictyopteris membranacea, Ceramium with Dictyota humifusa extracts being the most active.rubrum and Acanthophora nojadiformis gave different The seaweed extracts inhibited the growth of the Gram-results. A significant difference in antimicrobial activity positive bacteria, with Bacillus subtilis being morewas not observed between the acetone and methanol susceptible than Staphylococcus aureus. Dictyotaextracts of each algae. humifusa was the only seaweed able to inhibit the Gram-

Rossana Aguiar Cordeiro [45] obtained a protein negative Escherichia coli. Seasonal variation infraction which is rich in lectin, from the red seaweed antibacterial activity was observed with the extractsHypnea musciformis by precipitation with ammonium generally having no activity in summer and havingsulfate (F40/70) was screened for chitinase and -1,3- antibacterial activity in late winter and early spring.glucanase activity and assessed for antifungal potential Dictyota humifusa was the most effective seaweedagainst the human pathogen yeasts Candida albicans species, having antibacterial activity throughout the year.and Candida guilliermondii. The F40/70 fraction showed All the extracts tested had AChE inhibitory activity, withchitinase and -1, 3-glucanase enzymes, with specific no seasonal variation in the levels of activity. Dictyotaactivities of 276.43 and 1880.7 Units mg protein, humifusa extracts were the most effective at inhibiting1

respectively. It was capable of inhibiting the growth of AChE activity.Candida guilliermondii at the concentrations of 45, 100 Taskin et al. [48] studied the antibacterial activity ofand 450 µg protein/ml but it showed only a discrete methanolic extracts of six marine algae belong toinhibition against Candida albicans irrespective of the Rhodophyceae (Corallina officinalis), Phaeophyceaetested concentrations. The inhibitory action was shown (Cystoseira barbata, Dictyota dichotoma, Halopteristo be fungistatic and the presence of the glycoprotein filicina, Cladostephus spongiosus) and Chlorophyceaefetuin. (Ulva rigida) against pathogenic microbes, 3 Gram

Roberta Paulert et al. [46] studied the antimicrobial positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteusactivity of cell-wall polysaccharides and crude extracts and Enterococcus faecalis) and 3 Gram negative bacteriafrom the seaweed Ulva fasciata against filamentous fungi, (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes andyeast and bacteria. The antibacterial activity was Escherichia coli). Extracts of all the test marine algaeassessed by agar diffusion assay and by means of the except Corallina officinalis showed inhibition againstbroth dilution method estimating the minimum inhibitory Staphylococcus aureus. On the other hand, highestconcentration (MIC). The following human bacterial and inhibition activity among all the extracts was shown toyeast strains were tested: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus aerogens by Corallina officinalis. TheStaphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, extract from Cystoseira barbata has shown broaderBacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus and Candida activity spectrum against all the test organisms.albicans and two plant pathogens: Xanthomonas Kandhasamy and Arunachalam [49] studied thecampestris and Erwinia carotovora. MIC was determined antibacterial activities of seaweeds belong tofor the fungi Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Chlorophyceae (Caulerpa racemosa and Ulva lactuca),Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. Rhodophyceae (Gracillaria folifera and HypneaBoth methanol soluble and methanol insoluble extracts musciformis) and Phaeophyceae (Sargassumwere active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, myricocystum, Sargassum tenneerimum and PadinaXanthomonas campestris and Erwinia carotovora. The tetrastomatica) against both Gram negative and Gram-highest activity of extracts was observed against Erwinia positive pathogenic bacteria. Methanolic extract of all


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seaweed extracts exhibited broad spectrum of antibacterial Pavlova lutheri (13.17%). These five microalgal strainsactivity. Chlorophyceae members showed high were investigated to examine concentration dependentantibacterial activity than other members of the algae microbicidal activity using tube dilution method.tested in the present investigation. Escherichia coli alone Microalgal strains were also investigated with agar wellresistant to all the seaweed extracts except Sargassum diffusion method to understand the efficacy oftenneerimum. antimicrobial principles against various bacterial

Chinnadurai Sreenath Kumar et al. [50] carried out the pathogens. The findings of their study revealed thatantimicrobial screening of 12 different seaweeds extracts optimal activity was maintained by butanol extract onnamely Chaetomorpha antennina, Dictyota dichotoma, Gram positive bacteria; ethanol and petroleum etherEnteromorpha flexuosa, Laurencia obtusa, Gracilaria extract on both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria;corticata, Gracilaria verrucosa, Grateloupia lithophila, methanol extract on Gram-negative organisms. ChloroformPadina boergesenii, Sargassum wightii, Turbinaria extract, on the other hand did not show any significantconoides, Halimeda tuna and Ulva lactuca. The crude antimicrobial activity.extracts were tested against the phytopathogenic Aseer Manilal et al. [53] examined 15 seaweedsbacterium Pseudomonas syringae causing leaf spot belong to 13 families and 6 orders of the Rhodophyta fordisease of the medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre. in vitro antimicrobial activity against six pathogenicThe methanolic extract of Sargassum wightii showed Vibrio strains isolated from moribund tiger shrimpmaximum activity followed by ethyl acetate compared to (Penaeus monodon), six type cultures of prominentthat of other organic solvent extracts. Thus, their shrimp Vibrio pathogens, 10 multidrug resistant clinicalinvestigation throws fresh light on the appropriate usage pathogens, four species of Candida obtained fromof solvent extraction method in preparing potent pulmonary TB patients and four species of plantbiopesticide. pathogenic fungi to evaluate their potency to be used as

Santhanam Shanmughapriya [51] collected fourteen natural antibiotics in pharmaceutical and agriculture field.seaweeds and tested against ten human pathogen Bioactivity was analyzed from crude extract of fresh andbacteria and one human pathogen fungus using the well dried samples prepared from different polar and non-polardiffusion test in the casitone agar medium. In their study, solvents. Of these, four species of red algaemethanol:toluene (3:1) was found to be the best solvent (Asparagopsis taxiformis, Laurencia ceylanica,for extracting the antimicrobial principles from fresh algae. Laurencia brandenii and Hypnea valentiae) were foundHowever, the ethanolic extract showed no antibacterial to be highly active. Broadest and highest activity wasactivity. Acrosiphonia orientalis showed activity against observed in the crude extract of Asparagopsis taxiformis.70% of the tested organisms. Stocheospermum Among the pathogens tested, shrimp pathogenic Vibriosmarginatum was the only seaweed that showed activity were the most susceptible organisms whileagainst Klebsiella pneumoniae. The extract from phytopathogens were found to be little resistant.Gracilaria corticata was highly active against Proteus Saeidnia et al. [54] evaluated the cytotoxic,mirabilis, a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium. Their antibacterial and antifungal activity of two red algae,findings revealed that the tested seaweeds were highly Gracilaria salicornia and Hypnea flagelliformis. Ethylactive against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive acetate extracts of both algae showed a potent cytotoxicbacteria. The antimicrobial principle from seaweed was effect against Artemia salina nauplii (LC = 3 and 4 µgfound to be a lipophilic compound. The compound mL , respectively). Aqueous methanol (50%) extractswas stable over a wide range of temperature (30 - 60°C). were also effective. None of the methanol and aqueousThe active principles of highly active seaweeds methanol extracts of the algae showed antifungal andAcrosiphonia orientalis and Stocheospermum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,marginatum were bactericidal. Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus

Srinivasakumar and Rajashekhar [52] tested ten niger by the broth dilution method. Only the ethyl acetatemicroalgae cultured under controlled condition for their extract exhibited antibacterial activity (MIC = 2 µg mL )antimicrobial activity against the selective bacterial on Staphylococcus aureus.pathogens incompliance with paper disc method. Rajasulochana et al. [55] determined the antibacterialIsochrysis galbana showed overall inhibition of (16.22%) activities of marine seaweeds against different types offollowed by Chlorella marina (14.43%), Nannochloropsis bacteria using disc diffusion method. Methanol was usedoculata (14.07%), Dunaliella salina (13.91%) and for inhibition of different bacterial isolates such as

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Pseudomonas fluorescence, Staphylococcus aureus, flexneri, Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli) and twoVibrio cholerae and Proteus mirabilis in the case of red Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillusalgae. In their study, they observed that the kappaphycus brevis). The results revealed that the chloroform and ethylexhibited maximum activity against Pseudomonas acetate extracts were active against most of the pathogensfluorescence, Staphylococcus aureus and less whereas methanol and ethanol extracts were active onlyinhibition on Vibrio cholerae and Proteus mirabilis. against Shigella flexneri.Benzene, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, chloroform: Chiheb Ibtissam et al. [59] evaluated the antibacterialmethanol solvents were used for inhibition of activity of methanolic extracts from 32 macroalgae for theStaphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It was production of antibacterial compounds againstnoted that chloroform: methonol was the best solution for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcusextracting the effective antibacterial materials from the faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcusbrown algae species. The chloroform: methanol solvent faecalis. Their results indicated that these species offurther used for antibacterial activity against eleven seaweed have the antibacterial activities, which makespathogenic bacterial isolates. It was observed from the them interesting for screening for natural products.experiments that the extract residues of algae recorded Bouhlal Rhimou et al. [60] screened the antibacterialmaximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus with activity of extracts from 26 marine Rhodophyceae toan inhibition zone compared to other bacterial isolates. assess their potential in the pharmaceutical industry.The extract residues of brown algae did not show any Their bioactivity was analyzed from crude methanoliceffect on the growth of Proteus vulgaris and extracts of dried samples against three Gram positivePseudomonas aeruginosa. bacteria and two Gram negative bacteria using the disc

Vallinayagam et al. [56] screened the antibacterial diffusion technique. The 96% of extracts were activeactivities of four important seaweeds namely Ulva against at least one of the five tested microorganisms.lactuca, Padina gymnospora, Sargassum wightii and Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptibleGracilaria edulis against human bacterial pathogens microorganism. Methanolic extracts of all seaweedStaphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella extracts tested exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterialdysentriae, Shigella boydii, Salmonella paratyphi, activity with inhibition diameters ranging from 10 to 35Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. mm. An extract of Hypnea musciformis exhibited highThe maximum activity was recorded from the extract of antibacterial activity against all the bacteria.Gracilaria edulis against Staphylococcus aureus and Melika Nazemi et al. [61] conducted in vitrominimum by Ulva lactuca against Pseudomonas antibacterial screening tests against selected clinicalaeruginosa. isolates of bacteria. Methanolic and diethyletter extracts

Karthigai Devi et al. [57] collected some commonly demonstrated activity against Escherichia coli andoccurring green algae Codium adherens, Ulva reticulata Bacillus subtilis microbes tested. Minimum inhibitoryand Halimeda tuna and evaluated its antibacterial activity concentration and minimum bactericidal concentrationby agar diffusion method. Seven different solvents were determined using bacterial broth dilution methods.namely acetone, methanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethyl The extracts showing good antimicrobial activity areacetate, ethanol and petroleum ether were used for undergoing further analysis to identify the activeextraction. The ethanol extract showed the better results constituents.when compared to for the other extracts. Some extracts Taskin et al. [62] assessed the antitumoral andfound more effective than the commercial medicine. antimicrobial activities of five algal extracts obtained fromThe maximum antibacterial activity was noted in ethanol the marine algae Scytosiphon lomentaria, Padinaextracts showed activity against Staphylococcus sp. and pavonica, Cystoseira mediterranea (Phaeophyceae),the minimum was recorded in methanol extracts against Hypnea musciformis and Spyridia filamentosaEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp., Proteus sp., (Rhodophyta) against the human breast adenocarcinomaStreptococcus sp. and Enterococci sp. cell line MCF–7 and the human prostate carcinoma

Patra et al. [58] studied the antibacterial activity of epithelium like cell lines DU 145, LNCaP, PC3 using theorganic solvent extracts of three marine macroalgae viz., cytotoxic assay, in vitro. The crude extract of SpyridiaChaetomorpha linum (Mell) Kuetzing, Enteromorpha filamentosa showed strong cytotoxic activity against thecompressa (L) Greville and Polysiphonia subtilissima DU-145 cell line and it showed less than 10% cell viabilityMont. against of three Gram negative bacteria (Shigella after treatment. Antimicrobial activities of the crude


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extracts of algae (with the exception of Hypnea Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Mucor indicus. The zonemusciformis) were also tested by disc diffusion assay of inhibition ranged between 56 – 58 mm in aqueousagainst three Gram positive and five Gram negative extract and 54 – 56 mm in methanolic extract. The maximumbacterial strains and against the yeast pathogen Candida activity (56 mm) was recorded from 200mg of aqueousalbicans. Among the extracts, Scytosiphon lomentaria extract of Ulva lactuca against Aspergillus flavus andextract (prepared with methanol) inhibited highly minimum (8 mm) by Gracilaria corticata against MucorGram-negative bacterium Salmonella typhimurium indicus at 50 mg level whereas, the methanolic extractgrowth while Candida albicans growth was only showed the maximum activity (56 mm) was recorded frominhibited by Cystoseria mediterrranea extract. 200 mg of Ulva lactuca against Aspergillus niger and

Subba Rangaiah [63] investigated the antimicrobial minimum (4 mm) by 50 mg of Ulva reticulata againstpotentiality of the marine algae, two species of brown Aspergillus flavus.algae namely Sargassum ilicifolium, Padina Eisha Soliman El-Fatimy and Alaa Abdel-Moneim [66]tetrastromatica and one red algae Gracilaria corticata identified the antibacterial activity of the most dominantby agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition was species (Padina pavonia) and compared with somemeasured for all the different crude algal extracts antibiotics. Thirty four marine algal species were collected(chloroform, ethanol, methanol and water) against six and identified. Two species (5.88%) of the collected algaestrains of Gram positive, Gram-negative bacterial and (Lyngbia and Rivularia) were belonging to Cyanophyta,fungal isolates. Crude extracts revealed a wide range of six species (17.65%) belong to Chlorophyta, thirteenantimicrobial activity against tested pathogens. Seaweed species (38.24%) belonging to Phaeophyta and thirteenextracts in different solvents exhibited different species (38.24%) belonging to Rhodophyta. The R/P ratioantimicrobial activities. In case of Sargassum ilicifolium, was 1.00 which indicated the rough weather of this area.Padina tetrastromatica, of the various solvents used for Padina pavonia was the most dominant species at allseaweed extractions, maximum inhibition was noticed with samples, methanolic crude extract were tested againstethanol extracts and minimum with chloroform crude Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria andextracts while in case of Gracilaria corticata, maximum matched with some famous antibiotics. All of theinhibition was noticed with methanol and minimum with treatments were affected Escherichia coli, they couldchloroform extracts. statistically ranked dissentingly as Ci > E15 > Sxt at the

Mohamed Elanwar Osman et al. [64] evaluated the first rank and Te30 > Padina extract at the second rankantimicrobial activity of ethanol, methanol and acetone while P10 came at the third rank with significant values.extracts of nine marine macroalgae against pathogenic Meanwhile, Staphylococcus aureus was affected only bymicrobes (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and E15 antibiotic.Streptococcus pyogenes as Gram-positive bacteria) and Lavanya and Veerappan [67] tested the in vitro(Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella antibacterial activity of six selected marine algae. Extractspneumoniae as Gram-negative bacteria) and one yeast of six seaweed samples namely Codium decorticatum,strain Candida albicans. The best results were obtained Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Gracilaria crassa,by acetone extracts with inhibition activity (36.7%), Acanthophora spicifera, Sargassum wightii andfollowed by the methanol extracts (32.9%) and then Turbinaria conoides were selected for antibacterialethanol extracts (30.2%) for all tested microorganisms. activity against selected human pathogens such asThe tested species of Chlorophyta were the most active species Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella sp.,followed by Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta. The most Shewanella sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiellaactive seaweeds were Ulva fasciata against all tested pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcusmicroorganisms. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pandurangan Aruna [65] screened the antifungal and Proteus mirabilis. All the seaweeds extracts haveactivities of six seaweeds namely the green seaweed shown moderate antibacterial activity <10 mm of zone ofCladophora glomerata, Ulva lactuca and Ulva inhibition, out of which only methanolic extract hasreticulata, the red seaweed Gracilaria corticata and shown significant activity. The results of their researchKappaphycus alvarezii and the brown seaweed showed that the higher antibacterial activity was found inSargassum wightii against fungal pathogens Aspergillus Acanthophora spicifera and the minimum was found inniger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Codium decorticatum.


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Vijayabaskar and Shiyamala [68] tested the Priyadharshini et al. [70] evaluated the in vitromethanolic extracts of brown algae, Sargassum wightii antimicrobial and haemolytic activity of marine macroalgaeand Turbinaria ornata against various Gram positive and Ulva fasciata. Methanol, butanol and aqueous extractsGram-negative human pathogenic microbes. The finding were tested against selected fish pathogens, Aeromonasenvisages that methanol extracts of Turbinaria ornata hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Proteus sp.,could be utilized as a good source of antimicrobial agent Vibrio alginolyticus and Enterobacter sp. and fungalin pharmaceutical industry. pathogens Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus

Hebsibah Elsie et al. [32] screened the secondary sp., Aspergillus niger and Candida sp. The extract wasmetabolites like, alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, subjected to TLC to determine the presences of peptidesglycosides protein and amino acids, phytosterol, phenolic and amide groups and the haemolytic activity wascompound, flavonoids, terpinoids, tannins. Antimicrobial assayed. Maximum of 16 mm inhibition zone was observedactivities of ethanolic and acetone extracts of Gelidium against Vibrio alginolyticus and the minimum 12 mmacerosa against human pathogens like Staphylococcus against Enterobacter sp., respectively. Ulva fasciataaureus, Bacillus aureus, Micrococcus leutus, Klebsiella showed poor activity against the fungal pathogens. Theirpneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa results showed the use of seaweeds as antimicrobialand fungi like Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, agents for pharmacology or as a health promoting foodAspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Candida for aquaculture. The screening results confirmed thattropicalis. Ethanolic extracts of Gelidium acerosa these seaweeds need further studies and used as possiblepresented the highest antimicrobial activity and was source of antimicrobial compounds.effective against all pathogens tested than acetoneextracts. Gelidium acerosa of ethanolic extracts shows Uses of Seaweeds: Seaweeds contain different vitamins,presence of maximum number of secondary metabolites, minerals, trace elements, protein, iodine and bioactivethan acetone extract. substances. They are the only source for the production

Salem et al. [69] screened the methanolic and ethyl of phytochemicals such as agar (China grass),acetate extracts from eight different seaweeds for their carrageenan and algin. Agar is extracted from red algaeantibacterial activities against both Gram-positive bacteria such as Gelidiella, Gracilaria, Gelidium and(Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram- Pterocladia. Some other red algae viz., Bucheuma,negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus Chondrus, Hypnea and Gigartina are used for thefaecalis, Salmonella sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). production of carrageenan. Algin was manufactured fromThe antibacterial activities were expressed as zone of brown algae like Sargassum, Turbinaria, Cystoseira,inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentrations. Lalllinaria, Macrocystis and Ascophyllum. TheEthyl acetate extracts of Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa phytochemicals from these seaweeds were used asfragile and Padina gymnospora; methanolic extracts of gelling, stabilizing and thickening agents in food,Padina gymnospora and Caulerpa fragile showed higher pharmaceutical, confectionary, dairy, textiles, paper, paint,antibacterial activities than other members of the tested varnish industries.etc. Other chemical products such asalgae. The most resistant bacteria was Enterococcus mannitol, iodine, laminarin, fucoldinare also obtained fromfaecalis against both solvents extracts of Sargassum marine algae.dentifolium, Cystoesira myrica and Actinotrichia fragilis Many protein rich seaweeds like Ulva sp.,while, Salmonella sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were Enteromorpha sp., Caulerpa sp., Codium sp.,resistant to methanolic extracts of Caulerpa racemosa, Monostroma sp., Sargassum sp., Hydroclathrus sp.,Sargassum dentifolium and Actinotrichia fragilis. On the Laminaria sp., Undaria sp., Macrocystis sp., Porphyraother hand, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and sp., Gracilaria sp., Eucheuma sp., Laurencia sp. andEscherichia coli were the most sensitive to all seaweed Acanthophora sp. are used as human food in countriesextracts. The susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria to like Japan, China, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia,the algal extracts was more than those of Gram-negative Philippines and other South East Asian countries in thebacteria. The activities of ethyl acetate extracts were form of soup, salad, curry, etc. In Japan, China and Korea,higher than those of methanolic extracts and the most Ulva sp., Enteromorpha sp., Monostroma sp. andpowerful inhibitory extract was ethyl acetate extract of Porphyra sp. are added in soup and Undaria sp. andCaulerpa racemosa. Laminaria sp. are eaten in dried form. In Philippines,


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Caulerpa lentiifera is consumed as salad while Codium seaweed fertilizer. The seaweed resources oftomentosum, Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus Mandapam area should also be made use for thealvarezii in the form of curry. The seaweed food products production of other phytochemicals such as carrageenan,such as jelly from Gelidiella sp. and Gracilaria sp; jam seaweed food products like jam, jelly, pickle and feed forfrom Ulva sp. and Enteromorpha sp; pickle from farm animals.Gracilaria sp., Hypnea sp., Acanthophora sp. andLaurencia sp. can be prepared and marketed. REFERENCES

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Seaweeds are cheap source of minerals and trace 4. Elena, M., Y. Francisco and K.L. Erickson, 2001.elements. Hence, meal could be prepared by grinding the Mailiohydrin, a cytotoxic chamigrenedi bromohydrincleaned and washed seaweeds. It can also be mixed with from a Phillippine laurencia species. Journal offishmeal and used in different parts of the world as Natural Products, 64(6): 790-791.fertilizer for various land crops. In India, freshly collected 5. Selvin, J., 2002. Shrimp disease management usingand cast ashore seaweeds are used as manure for coconut secondary metabolites isolated from marineplantation either directly or in the form of compost in organisms, Ph.D. Dissertation, Manonmaniamcoastal areas of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Seaweed manure Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India, pp: 204.has been found superior to farm yard manure. The high 6. Isnansetyo, A. and Y. Kamei, 2003. MC21-A, aamount of water-soluble potash, other minerals and bactericidal antibiotic produced by a new marinetrace elements present in seaweeds are readily bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas phenolica againstabsorbed by plants and they control deficiency diseases. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.The carbohydrate and other organic matter present in the Antimicrobial Agents and Chmotherapy, 47: 480-488.marine algae alter the nature of soil and improve the 7. Lahaye, M., 1991. Marine algae as sources of fibres:moisture retaining capacity. Determination of soluble and insoluble dietary

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