1. PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGYS

2. Presenters':S Makeisha BonnerS Sheralda Small S Marshawn Young S Monique Williams 3. What is Psychopharmacology? Pharmacology comes from a classical Greekword pharmakos, meaning medicine or drug and Logus meaning study. Psychopharmacology is the interdisciplinaryfield combining Psychology with Pharmacology, and is the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behaviour. 4. Drugs? Use Ingestion of drugs without the experience of anynegative consequences. Misuse When a person experiences negativeconsequences from the use of drugs. Abuse Continued use drugs in spite of negativeconsequences. Dependence / Addiction Compulsive use of drugsregardless of the consequences. 5. Drug is... S an exogenous chemical thatsignificantly alters the function of certain bodily cells. S medication to treat a disease S A chemical that can be abused 6. S Drugs have effects and sites of action:S Drug Effects is defined as the changes thatcan be observed in an animals physiological process and behaviour.S Sites of action are the points at which drugmolecules interact with molecules located in or on cells of the body, affecting some biochemical process of these cells. 7. Routes of drug administrationS 8. Intravenous (I.V)S Intravenous simply means into the vein. S The most common form of administration S Drug is administered through an hypodermic needle S Is immediately absorbed by the bloodstreamS Reaches the brain within seconds 9. Injection 10. Via catheter (drip) 11. Intraperitoneal (I.P) injection S Is rapid but not as rapid as an I.V injection S It is injected through the abdominal wall into theperitoneal cavity S The Peritoneal cavity is the space between the twomembranes that separate the organs in the abdominal cavity from the abdominal wall. S Is the most common route for administering drugs toanimals 12. Peritoneal cavity 13. Intramuscular injection (I.M) S Injected directly into a large muscle eg, upper arm, thighor buttocks. S It is absorbed through capillaries that supply the muscle S If slow absorption is desired, the drug maybe mixed withanother drug such as ephedrine to do so. Ephedrine constricts blood flow. S Morphine and penicillin is administered intramuscularlyas well as sex hormones such as testosterone and estradiol valerate 14. Capillaries 15. Subcutaneous injection (SC) S Injected into the space beneath the skin S This method is only useful if a small dosage is what isneeded because a large amount would be painful S Fat soluble drugs can be dissolved in vegetable oil andadministered, this allows the drug to seep through the deposit of oil over a period of time. S If slower absorption is required the drug may be placed ina silicone capsule and implanted beneath the skin 16. Oral administrationS The most common form of administering drugs tohumans. S Amphetamines are taken orally. 17. Sublingual administration S Done by placing drugs beneath the tongue and allowing itto dissolved. S It is absorbed into the bloodstream by capillaries S Diffused into the blood through tissues under the tongue S Steroids, vitamins and minerals aretaken sublingually 18. Intrarectal administrationS Suppositories- inserted into the rectum S Rectal suppositories are used to administer drugs thatmay upset the stomach and cause emesis S It is absorbed by the bodys circulatory system and bloodvessels in the rectum. S An enema is administered this way 19. Inhalation or aerosol drugs administration S Drug is inhaled and absorbed by the lungs S Most commonly used in asthmatic conditions or specific lungconditions that cause difficulty in breathing. Diseases including emphysema, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease S The route from the lungs to the brain is very short thereforerecreational drugs such as marijuana and nicotine takes almost immediate effect. 20. Topical administrationS Drug is absorbed directly through the skin or mucousmembrane S In the form of creams, gels, lotions and/or oitment S Cocaine is absorbed in the mucus membrane andprovides rapid delivery to the brain. 21. Drug Effectiveness S Drugs vary in effectiveness and the best way to measure theeffectiveness of a drug is to plot a dose-response curveS Different drugs have different sites of action S The Affinity of the drug with its site of action 22. Effects of Repeated Exposure S Tolerance > whenever a drug isrepeatedly administered, there is a decrease in its effectiveness.S Sensitization > in other cases, themore a drug is repeatedly administered, there is an increase in its effectiveness. 23. Placebo EffectsS A placebo is a substance given in the placeof a psychologically active drug that in truth has no psychological effect, that is used in experiments to control the mere effects of administering a drug. 24. Benefits of Psychopharmacology S 1) Medication can provide quick relieffrom symptoms. This is useful if the patient's problem is severe but occurs only rarely (e.g. seizures or occasional panic attacks), or if the patient is in immediate physical danger (suicide risk). 25. 2) Some disorders (typically those with aclear biological basis) don't respond to therapy and can only be treated pharmacologically. Again, seizures are an example. 3) Medication is cheaper and less time consuming than therapy. 26. 4) Medication is, to an extent, effective regardless of the patient's attitude. The patient gets better without facing difficult personal issues they would rather ignore. 27. The Roles of the Pharmaceutical Industry S Promote health care technology.S Play a central role in new drugdevelopment, designing of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that provide the data required to support efficacy and novel treatments. 28. S Initiating requests for labelling indicationsand safety warnings. S Influencing consumer patterns of newproducts by health care providers and the public. 29. Criticisms of Psychopharmacology S Though it facilitates human enhancement,it is still debatable whether pharmacology does more harm than good. In the not so distant future it is possible for us to see some aspects of pharmacology spiral into phenomenons such as cloning in order to create more efficient human beings. 30. S -Fictional book Brave New World byHuxley who creates a world where human beings are no longer just that, they become almost super-human. With most babies made in tubes and natural born babies viewed as inferior. 31. S Any chemical entity that alters body &brain function or structure when administered is a drug, that includes everyday pills that we take for headaches and the common flu . 32. Example: Narcotics - Pain pills Used to control moderate to severe pain, however it builds up physiological tolerance over time, whereby more is needed to get the same effect. Physical dependence is also a side effect with people experiencing discomfort if the suddenly stop. 33. S Alarming rates of addiction toprescribed narcotics is now visible in society today. Methadone and codeine are two popular types of prescribed medications that may lead to addiction though they are prescribed to deal with pain. 34. Did you know? One of the most addictive drug was: First introduced by a pharmaceutical company as a legitimate fairly well researched drug S Dispensed as medication S More powerful than any other commonly usedpain drug S Cheaper to manufacture S Caused no lingering cravings 35. Other factors to consider when critiquing psychopharmacology S -Does the costs outweigh the benefits? S -Placebo effect S -Dealing with the symptoms rather than thecause S -Over prescribing active drugs