INSTRUCTIONS

1. Records should be written neatly in ink on the right hand pages only, left hand being

reserved for diagrams, graph and observations.

2. Record should contain

a. The date

b. Number and name of the exercise as well as page number

c. The signature of the staff against each exercise

3. The record should be neat and tidy. The day to day exercises should be written on the

same day preferably before leaving the laboratory. Regularly get your record initialled by

the faculty.

4. Take the help of the faculty for your problems, if any and get your doubts clarified.

P.S.

The place where you are learning the art of dispensing of drug is pharmacy laboratory.

Remember that it is not a licensed dispensary. As such never take or advise anybody to

take the drugs prepared in the laboratory

No Date Name of the

experiment/exercise

Page

no.

Remarks

General considerations

Metrology

Posology

Equipments used in dispensing

pharmacy

Dosage forms in clinical practice

Experiments Mixtures

Sodium salicylate mixture

Alba mixture

Emulsions

Turpentine liniment

Castor oil emulsion

Dentifrices

Tooth powder

Tooth paste

Mouth washesPotassium permanganate mouth wash

PaintsMandl’s throat paint

The astringent gum paint

PrescriptionPrescription writing

AppendixLatin terms and abbreviations

commonly used in prescription writing

INDEX

Chapter I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Pharmacy

Pharmacy is the art of identifying, selecting, preserving, compounding and dispensing medicinal

substances for easy, effective and palatable administration.

Importance of pharmacy

a. As a Qualified Doctor one should know the art of the dispensing medicines for treatment.

b. Further advance in the pharmaceutical industry.

Pharmacopoeias: They are comprehensive books published under the authority of a recognized

body, generally constituted by law to ensure uniformity in composition and strength of

medicines, used in the treatment of diseases. They consist of approved therapeutic agents

defined with respect to their preparations, physical or chemical characteristics, standardization

and dosage.

Well known examples of Pharmacopoeias

1. British Pharmacopoeia (B P)

2. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I.P.)

3. United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)

4. International Pharmacopoeia (I.P)

National formulary

It is published by the American Pharmaceutical Association. The drugs included here are

according to their therapeutic merit rather than extent of use.

National Formulary of India (NF) is published by Govt. of India.

British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC) is like N.F. and is published by Pharmaceutical Society of

Great Britian.

Materia Medics is a division of pharmacology that deals with source, descriptions and

preparations of drugs.

Pharmacology in addition deals with Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and

Pharmacotherapeutics

Chapter II METROLOGY

It is science which deals with weights and measures.

Solids are weighed and liquids are measured. Metric system of weights and measure is now

official in

India. However, the apothecary system of weights and measures is widely used especially by

older practitioners.

The metric system

The basic weight of this system is kilogram and the basic measure of capacity is litre.

Weights:

1 Kilogram (Kg) - 1000 gms

1 Gram - 1000 milligrams (mg)

1 MG - 1000 micrograms (ug) or (mcg)

1 mcg - 1000 nanograms (ng)

Measures

1 Litre - 1000 millilitres

I cup 5-6 ounces (oz)

1 Glass - 8 ounces

I Wine glass - 2 ounces

1 Tumblerful - 240 ml

1 Tablespoonful - 15 ml

1 Teasponful - 5 ml

I ml - 20 drops

Apothecary (Imperial) system

Weight

I Pound (lb) - 12 ounces (oz)

I Ounce - 8 Drams (dr)

lDram. - 60 Grains (gr)

Measures

1 Pint (o) - 16 fluid ounces

I Fluid ounce - 8 fluid drams

I Fluid dram - 60 minims (m)

Approximate Equivalents

Apthecary Metric Domestic

1 Grain 65 mg -

1 Fl. ounce 30 ml 2 table spoons

1 minim 0.065 ml 1 drop

1 Dram 4 ml 1 tea spoon

2.2 pounds 1 Kg -

1 Ounce 30 gms (approx) -

Basic data for percentage calculations

1% W/W (Weight/Weight) - 1 gm of solute in 100 gm of solution

1% W/V (Weight/Volume) - 1 gm of solute in 100 ml of solution

1% V/V (Volume/Volume) - 1 ml of solute in 100 ml of solution.

Chapter III POSOLOGY

The term called DOSAGE which literally means "the method of dosing". The science that

deals with the study of dosage of medicines is referred to us the POSOLOGY

DOSE: It is the required amount of drug in weight, volume, moles or international units that is

necessary to provide a desired effect.

Doses for infants and children cannot be same as those for adults. They need to be calculated

separately. These doses may be found in the USP 'Drug information, the Pediatric Dosage Handbook'

and textbooks on pediatrics. Doses should not be calculated when it is possible to obtain actual infant or

child's dose.

Certain rules are followed for approximate doses for infants and children.

YOUNG’S RULE: applicable for children below 12 yrs of age.

Age of child

Pediatric dose = X adult dose

Age + 12

FRIED RULE: Based on age in months

Age (in months)

Pediatric dose = X adult dose

150

CLARK’S RULE: Based on body weight

Wt. of the child (lb)

Pediatric dose = X adult dose (70kg=150lb) OR

150

Wt. of the child (kg)

Pediatric dose = X adult dose

70

BASED ON BODY SURFACE AREA (BSA)

BSA (in sq. m)

Pediatric dose = X adult dose (BSA= W 0.425(kg) X H 0.725(cm) X 0.00718 )

1.8

PERCENTAGE OF ADULTS DOSE TO BE ADMINISTERED TO A CHILD = (1.5 Xwt in kg) + 10

OR (0.7 Xwt in lb) + 10

Chapter IV Equipments used in dispensing pharmacy

1. Dispensing balance.

2. Weight box.

3. Dispensing bottles.

4. Pestle and mortar,(wedge wood)

5. Pestle and mortar (glass)

6. Ointment slabs.

7. Ointment spatula.

8. Horn/bone spatula.

9. Beakers 250 ml and 100 ml

10. Measuring cylinders 5 ml, 10 ml and

100 ml.

11. Porcelain dish.

12. Glass funnel.

13. Glass rods.

14. Ointment jar/Jelly pot.

15. Wide mouth bottles,

16. Tripod stand.

17. Wire gauge.

18. Water bath.

19. Sand bath.

20. Suppository mould.

21. Suppository bath and cone.

22. Dusters.

Chapter V

Dosage forms of drugs based on route of administration

A dosage form of a drug is a product designed for administration to the body for the diagnosis ofr

for treatment of disease.

The need for dosage forms:

1- Accurate dose.

2- Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampules.

3- Protection from gastric juice.

4- Masking taste and odour.

5- Placement of drugs within body tissues.

6- Sustained release medication.

7- Controlled release medication.

8- Optimal drug action.

9- Insertion of drugs into body cavities (rectal, vaginal)

10- Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs.

The important dosage forms are as follows:

I. Dosage form for oral administration

II. Dosage form for parenteral administration

III. Dosage form for local and/or external application

IV. Inhaled dosage form

V. Newer ones

Dosage forms for oral administration

The dosage forms for oral administration can be sub-divided into:

a Liquid dosage forms or wet preparations.

b Solid dosage forms

Liquid dosage form

Aromatic water are very weak aqueous saturated solutions of volatile substances usually volatile

oils. They are use as solvents for drugs and as vehicles in prescriptions intended for digestive

disorders, Eg. Camphor water.

Syrups are solutions of flavouring or medicinal substances in a saturated solution of sucrose in

water. Syrups are demulcents to the mucous membrane of the throat and used as vehicles as well

as presevative for drugs, Eg. Syrup of tolu, syrup of codeine phosphate.

Elixirs are hydro alcoholic solutions of medicinal substances sweetened and flavoured containing

about 22 % alcohol. Elixirs are excellent solvents for many drugs and mask the disagreeable odour

and taste of many substances dissolved in them, Eg. Phenobarbital elixir.

Tinctures are alcoholic or hydro alcoholic extractive preparations of vegetable drugs. When made

from potent drug they represent 10% of the drug from which they are prepared. e.g iodine tincture

Fluid Extracts are alcoholic or hydro alcoholic extractive preparations of vegetable drugs prepared

of such strength that 1 ml of the fluid extract usually represents 1 gm of the air dried drug. Eg.

Cascara sagrada fluid extract.

Dry Extracts are obtained by evaporating the solvent from tinctures or fluid extracts. They are

dried and powdered. Eg. Cascara sagrada dry extract.

Oral solutions are clear Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients

dissolved in a suitable vehicle.

Oral emulsions are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain

dissolved solids.e.g castor oil emulsion

Oral suspensions are Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients

suspended in a suitable vehicle. Oral suspensions may show a sediment which is readily dispersed

on shaking to give a uniform suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct

dose to be delivered. paracetamol suspension

Linctuses are viscous, liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the relief of cough.

They usually contain a high proportion of syrup and glycerol which have a demulcent effect on the

membranes of the throat. The dose volume is small (5ml) and, to prolong the demulcent action,

they should be taken undiluted.

Oral drops are Liquid preparations for oral use that are intended to be administered in small

volumes with the aid of a suitable measuring device. They may be solutions, suspensions or

emulsions.

Solid dosage forms

Powders are dosage forms which contain one or more ingredients in a dry and finely divided state.

The powder must weight at least 100 mg. Powders are:

1.Simple

2. Compound

3. Powders enclosed in capsules, sachets, or bisachets

4. Effervescent

5. Aerosols

6. Standardized powders

Pills: When powdered drugs are mixed with adhesive substances like glucose or honey, they may

be kneaded into a firm and adhesive mass which can be cut into desirable weights, and moulded

into spherical or oval forms called pills. In recent years the pills have been gradually replaced by

tablets and capsules.

Tablets : are solids of various shapes prepared by compressing granules of one of more drugs by a

tablet punching machine. Tablets may be coated with chocolate, gelatin, sugar, etc. for improving

their taste.

Enteric Coated Tablets: Tablets are sometimes coated with a special type of coating, such as

keratin, shellac or cellulose acetate phathalate, which carries the medicament, unafftected through

acidic stomach to the intestine where it disintegrates, releasing the active ingredients.

Sublingual and buccal medications are administered by placing them in the mouth, either under

the tongue (sublingual) or between the gum and the cheek (buccal). The medications dissolve

rapidly and are absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth, where they enter into the

bloodstream. Avoid the acid and enzymatic environment of the stomach and the drug metabolizing

enzymes of the liver. Examples of drugs administered by this route: e.g. vasodilators, steroidal

hormones.

Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets that generally contain acid substances (citric and tartaric

acids) and carbonates or bicarbonates and which react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing

carbon dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before use providing:

Very rapid tablet dispersion and dissolution and pleasant tasting carbonated drink.

Capsules: Consists of a body and a cap made of gelatin. Although quite hard they readily soften

and dissolve on swallowing with water. Capsules are:

o Hard

o Soft (may be round or oval in shape containing liquids or semiliquids)

o Enteric (Made of the gelatin and formaldehyde)

Delayed action capsules: A useful dosage form for drugs has been achieved by coating particles of

the active ingredients with an agent which provides intermittent release of the drug in the gut.

Thus a number of tiny particles of beads are incorporated in one capsule. This dosage form

provides a uniform medication over a period of 10 to 12 hours, and are designated by different

manufacturers as a spansules, repeatabs, lontabs, etc.

Lozenges It is a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum, the latter giving strength and

cohesiveness to the lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament. It is used to medicate

the mouth and throat for the slow administration of indigestion or cough remedies.

Dental Cones: A tablet form intended to be placed in the empty socket following a tooth

extraction, for preventing the local multiplication of pathogenic bacteria associated with tooth

extractions. The cones may contain an antibiotic or antiseptic.

II Dosage form for parenteral administration

Injections: are a class of sterile liquids or suspensions which are packaged in containers which

will maintain the sterility and are intended for parenteral administration.

Pellets: These ale usually inserted subcutaneously and often contain a hormonal preparation

which is absorbed slowly over a period of days

III Dosage forms for local / external application

Lotions: are liquid preparations for local application to skin or to the mucous membrane or washes

like mouth washes, gargles, urethral and vaginal irrigations. Eg. Calamine lotion, KMn04 solution

Liniments: are liquid medicament meant for external use to be applied with friction Eg. Turpentine

liniment.

Powders for external use: Dusting powders, snuffs, insufflations, tooth powders etc.

Ointments: are mixtures of various substances with fats, waxes, or hydrocarbons intended to be

applied to the skin on lint for other material, or to be applied upon the skin directly with or without

friction. Eg. Sulphur ointment.

Pastes: These differ from ointment in having a non-greasy base and are stiffer in consistency

Plasters: are of two types: 1. Diachylon plaster.

2. Self adhesive plaster

o Diachylon plaster: is a resinous plaster mass containing reactive products of lead oxide,

vegetable oil, and active ingredient. Eg. Belladona plaster.

o Self adhesive plaster: is a soft and self adhesive mass containng a sticky cohesive

material such as Indian rubber, colophony and active ingredient Eg. Cantharidin plaster.

Suppositories: are solid uniformly medicated masses intended for administration to body cavities

through natural orifices other than mouth. They are rectal (1.2gms) vaginal (Pessaries 4.8 gms),

and urethral (Bougles 1 gm)

Paints are liquids for application to the skin or mucous membranes. Skin paints contain volatile

solvent that evaporates quickly to leave a dry resinous film of medicament. Throat paints are more

viscous due to a high content of glycerol, designed to prolong contact of the medicament with the

affected site.

Eye, Ear, and Nasal drops.

IV inhaled dosage forms

Inhalers are solutions, suspensions or emulsion of drugs in a mixture of inert propellants held

under pressure in an aerosol dispenser. Release of a dose of the medicament in the form of

droplets of 50 um diameter or less from the container through a spring-loaded valve incorporating

a metering device. The patient then inhales the released drug through a mouthpiece.In some types,

the valve is actuated by finger pressure, in other types the valve is actuated by the patient

breathing in through the mouthpiece. It is commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory

problems.

A nebulizer is a device used to administer medication to people in forms of a liquid mist to the

airways. It is commonly used in treating asthma, and other respiratory diseases. It pumps air or

oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient.

V Some newer drug delivery systems/dosage forms

Recently membranes have been used for controlled release of drugs. The total amount of the drug

is enclosed with a special membrane and a constant amount is released per unit time.

Occusert: This is an elliptically shaped unit consisting of the active drug reservoir surrounded by a

permeable membrane, placed into the cu-desac of the eye and release constant amount of the drug

over a period of days. Eg. Pilocarpine in glaucoma.

Progestasert is an intrauterine device consisting iof a polymer outer membrane over a progesterone

impregnated core, anmd delivers about 50 to 65 ug. of progesterone daily.

Trans dermal drug delivery system (TDDS): Patches made of a new multilayer polymer adhesive

impregnated with drug molecules are pressed on to the skin. Unlike a pill the patch transmits the

drug through the body directly to the target organ and unlike an injection, it releases the drug

slowly over a of days. Eg. Vasodilators for heart diseases

Chapter VI EXPERIMENTS

MIXTURES

A mixture is a liquid preparation intended for oral administration in which drug or drugs are

dissolved, suspended or dispersed in a suitable vehicle and generally several doses are contained

in a bottle. When only one dose is dispensed it is known as draught.

Mixtures differ from solutions that the mixtures may be homogeneous or heterogeneous and are

for oral administration whereas solutions are homogeneous and are for external or internal use.

Mixtures are extemporaneously prepared and they are supplied in such doses that whole of the

mixture is used up within a few days. If need arises then fresh mixture is prepared.

Advantages of mixtures

1. They are more quickly effective than solid dosage forms which require previous disintegration

in the body before absorption can take place.

2.Certain substances can only be given in liquid form because they are inconvenient to administer

in any other form due to their liquid nature and large dose e.g. castor oil, liquid paraffin, aromatic

waters etc.

3.Certain substances like potassium iodide and potassium bromide may cause pain in the stomach

if given in the solid form as a powder or a tablet.

4.Certain substances are useful when they are administered in a suspension form e.g. light kaolin

and bismuth salts, because in suspension form they afford large surface area for the absorption of

toxic substances in the gut.

5. Mixtures are easy to administer and economical as compared to other oral preparations.

Disadvantages

1.They are comparatively less stable than solid dosage forms.

2.Incompatibility is more in liquid preparations as compared to solid ones.

3. They are more bulky and difficult to carry.

Classification

Mixtures may be classified as follows:

1. Simple mixures

2. Mixtures containing diffusible solids.

3. Mixtures containing indiffusible solids.

Simple mixtures

A simple mixture is one which contains only soluble ingredients e.g. carminative mixture,

diaphoretic mixture, cough expectorant etc.

Mixtures containing diffusible solids

Diffusible solids are those substances which do not dissolve in water, but on shaking. they can be

mixed with it and remain evenly distributed throughout the liquid for sufficient long time allowing

uniform distribution of the drug in each dose. However, on. standing, the insoluble solids settle at

the bottom of the bottle which require re-shaking of the bottle each time whenever a dose is to be

measured. Hence the bottle containing the diffusible mixture must be labelled "Shake the bottle

before use".

Diffusible solid include: aromatic chalk powder, bismuth carbonate, light kaolin, magnesium

oxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium trisilicate, phenolphthalein and rhubarb powder.

Mixtures containing indiffusible solids

Indiffusible solids are those substances which do not dissolve in water and they do not remain

evenly distributed throughout the vehicle, even after shaking they immediately settle at the bottom

therefore it becomes difficult to measure the dose. The indiffusible substances are made diffusible

by increasing the viscosity of the vehicle by adding suitable suspending agent i.e. compound

tragacanth powder or tragacanth mucilage. The former is used at the rate of 2 gm/100 ml and later

at the rate of 1/4th of the volume of mixture to be prepared.

Compound tragacanth powder must be used as suspending agent when the vehicle is medicinally

active because tragacanth mucilage is prepared by using chloroform water as vehicle which may

replace certain amount of medicinally active vehicle-thereby decreasing its medicinal and

flavouring properties. The indiffusible mixture must also be labelled "Shake the bottle before use".

Indiffusible solid include: prepared chalk powder, sulfadimidine, acetyl salicylic acid

Exp No 1 Date :

SIMPLE MIXTURE

SODIUM SALICYLATE MIXTURE (SODA SOL MIXTURE)

Aim : To prepare and dispense 15ml of soda sol mixture

Date:

Name:

Age:

Sex: Address

R

Sodium salicylate 1.0 gm

Sodium bicarbonate 1.0 gm

Sodium metabisulphite 0.01 gm

Chloroform water to 15.0 ml

Fiat: Make a mixture and dispense

S i g : T w o t a b l e s p o o n f u l l t o b e t a k e n 3 t i m e a d a y a f t e r f o o d .

Dr.

Reg. no

Type Simple mixture.

Theory

When sodium salicylate comes in contact with hydrochloric acid present in stomach, salicylic

acid is formed which gets precipitated and leads to irritation in the stomach. Hence when

sodium salicylate is prescribed it is usually prescribed with sodium bicarbonate which will

temporarily neutralize the gastric secretion and thus minimize the formation of salicylic acid.

Sodium salicylate in solution form, especially when it is alkaline in nature, absorbs oxygen and

solution becomes brownish black. Though the therapeutic value is not changed but it may lead

to confusion in the mind of the patient that the mixture has spoiled and he may not like to use

the mixture. Therefore to prevent the air oxidation, sodium metabisulphite is used as an

antioxidant which will considerably retard the change in colour.

Procedure

Dissolve the weighed quantities of sodium salicylate and sodium bicarbonate in 3/4th of the

measured out vehicle. To this dissolve sodium metabisulphite. Filter if any foreign particles are

present. Incorporate more of vehicle to produce the required volume. Transfer the mixture to a

bottle, cork, label and dispense.

Uses

This preparation is used as an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-rheumatic mixture.

Packing: Amber colored bottle with white snap on cap.

Storage instructions:

Store below 30°C out of direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children. Do not use continuously

for more than 10 days. Shake well before use

Exp No:2 Date:

ALBA MIXTURE

Aim : To prepare and dispense 15 ml of alba mixture

Date:

Name:

Age:

Sex: Address

R

Magnesium sulphate 30mg

Light magnesium carbonate 4mg

Peppermint water to 180ml

Fiat: Make a mixture and dispense

Signs: T w o t a b l e s p o o n f u l l t o b e t a k e n i n t h e m o r n i n g b e f o r e b r e a k f a s t .

Dr.

Reg. no

Type Mixture containing diffusible solid.

Theory

Magnesium sulphate is a soluble substance whereas light magnesium carbonate is a diffusible

substance so method for mixtures containing diffusible solids will have to be followed.

Magnesium sulphate acts as purgative in large doses but in small doses it acts as an antacid.

Light magnesium carbonate acts as an adjuvant and potentiates the action of magnesium

sulphate, It is also used as an antacid. Peppermint water acts as a flavouring agent.

Procedure

Mix the calculated quantities of magnesium sulphate and light magnesium carbonate in a

mortar. Measure 3/4th of the vehicle. Out of this add small amount of vehicle to the powders.

Triturate thoroughly so as to form a smooth cream. Then add remainder of the vehicle. Strain

through a piece of muslin if foreign particles are present. Incorporate more of vehicle to produce

the final volume. Transfer the mixture to a bottle, cork,and dispense

Uses

This preparation is used as a saline purgative

Label "Shake the bottle before use" “Keep away from children”.

EMULSIONS

Emulsions are the biphasic liquid dosage form of medicament in which two immiscible liquids

(generally one of which is water and the other is some lipid or oil) are made miscible by The

addition of a third substance known as emulsifying agent or emulgent.

Milk is an example of natural emulsion.

An emulsion may also be defined as a mixture of two immiscible liquids in which one liquid is

dispersed as minute globules into the other. The liquid that is broken up into globules is called

dispersed phase or internal phase and the liquid in which the globules are dispersed is khown as

continuous phase, external phase or dispersion medium. The globules remain dispersed only for a

short time, separation takes place quickly upon standing. Therefore a third substance known as

emulsifying agent is added to the system which forms a film around the globules of the dispersed

phase thereby the globules remain scattered indefinitely in the continuous phase and a uniform,

stable product is formed.

Purpose of Emulsification

1. Cartain medicinal agents having an unpleasant taste and odour can be made more palatable for

oral administration in the form of emulsions which are otherwise difficult to take e.g cod

liver oil, shark liver oil, castor oil etc.

2. To prepare a homogeneous product containg immiscible liquids (oil and water).

3. The activity of certain drugs can be increased and action prolonged by emulsifying the drug in a

suitable vehicle.

4.Sterile, stable intravenous emulsions containing fats, carbohydrates and vitamins all in one

preparation can be administered to the patients who are unable to take these vital substances by

oral route.

Dermatological preparations like liniments, lotions and creams help in quick absorption of drugs

from skin surfaces when applied externally.

Types of emulsions:

There are two types of emulsions.

1. Oil in water type (o/w) emulsions.

2. Water in oil type (w/o) emulsions.

In oil in water type emulsions the oil is in the dispersed phase whereas water is in the continuous

phase. Oil in water type emulsions are preferred for internal use because the unpleasant taste and

odour is masked by emulsification and oil being in a finely dispersed state is more quickly

assimilated in the body. Some of the o/w type emulsions can also be used externally.Water in oil

type emulsions, the water is in the dispersed phase whereas oil is in the continuous phase. These

types of emulsions are mainly used externally.

Emulsions can be prepared by the following methods:

1. Dry gum method.

2. Wet gum method

3.Bottle method.

In dry gum method the oil is triturated with gum and then water is added to make a primary

emulsion whereas in wet gum method the gum is triturated with water to form mucilage first and

then oil is added for the preparation of primary emulsion.

For extemporaneous compounding of emulsions by dry gum method and wet gum method the

most efficient apparatus used is mortar and pestle. Wedge wood or porcelain mortar and pestle is

used which should be flat bottomed and rough on the inner surface so as to produce fine particles

of the dispersed globules. Glass mortars should not be used because of their smooth surface

which will not produce a good emulsion.

The quantities of oil, gum and water required for primary emulsion are as follows:

Proportion of oil : Water : Gum

Fixed oils 4 : 2 : 1

Volatile oils 4 : 4 : 2

The most commonly used fixed oils include castor oil, cod liver oil, shark liver oil, olive oil,

almond oil and liquid paraffin (mineral oil).

The volatile oils include turpentine oil, sandal wood oil, cinnamon oil and peppermint oil.

1. Dry Gum Method

This method is also known as 4 : 2: 1 method because these figures represent the proportions of

oil, water and gum acacia required for the preparation of primary emulsion. Measure the given

quantity of oil with a clean and dry measure and transfer it to a dry mortar, To this add the

calculated quantity of acacia and triturate rapidly so as to mix them. To this incorporate

water required for primary emulsion and triturate rapidly without ceasing till a clicking sound is

produced and the product becomes white or nearly white. At this stage the emulsion is known as

primary emulsion. Then add more of water to produce the required volume. If any soluble

ingredient is also to be incorporated that must be dissolved in the second part of water to be

added after making the primary emulsion and to produce the final volume.

2. Wet Gum Method

The proportion of oil, water and gum are same as for dry gum method. in this method the

calculated quantity of gum is triturated with water required for primary emulsion, to form a

mucilage. Then the given amount of oil is incorporated in small portions with rapid trituration

until a clicking sound is produced and the product becomes white or nearly white. Add more of

vehicle to produce the final volume.

3. Bottle Method

The bottle method is used for the preparation of emulsions of volatile and other non-viscous

oils. The emulsions can be prepared by both dry gum and wet gum methods. Because of low

viscosity the volatile oils require greater amount of gum for emulsification than fixed oils.

In the preparation of majority of emulsions it is necessary to prepare first the primary emulsion

which is diluted afterwards with more of vehicle. It is very difficult to mix whole of the oil with

whole of water all at once because the volume of the liquid becomes quite large and the

shearing force required to cut the dispersed phase into suitable size of globules is difficult to

obtain. However, if the oil is first emulsified with only a small portion of water and

emulsifying agent, a primary emulsion is formed by suitably reducing the size of oil globules,

which can be diluted afterwards with more of water. The entire process of emulsion formation

depends on the proper preparation of primary emulsion. Better the primary emulsion formed

better will be the emulsion.

Liniments

Liniments are the liquid preparations meant for external application to the skin. They are

applied with friction and rubbing of the skin. They should not be applied to the broken skin.

Liniments should be dispensed in coloured gutted bottles in order to distinguish from

preparations meant for internal use. The bottle should be labelled "for external use only" and

"shake the bottle before use".

Exp No: 3 Date

TURPENTINE LINIMENT

Aim : To prepare and dispense 30 ml of the turpentine liniment

Date:

Name:

Age:

Sex: Address

R

Soft soap 90 gm Turpentine o i l 6 5 0 ml

Camphor 50 gm Purified water q.s to 100 ml

Fiat: Make an emulsion

Sig : To be applied externally to the affected part with friction.

Dr.

Reg.no

Type : Emulsion type liniment made with alkali soap.

Theory

1. Irritants are the agents or substances which do not directly destroy the tissues but cause

inflammation in the area to which they are applied.

2. Rubefacients are the substances which produce congestion and redness of the area to which

they are applied, producing the initial symptoms of irritation.

3. Counter-irritants are the agents or drugs which are applied locally to irritate the intact skin

thus re ducing or relieving another irritation or deep seated pain. They seem to work by

producing an inflammation, thus increasing the flow of blood to the affected area. Physical

counter-irritants include: hot water bottles, radient heat, short wave diathermy and galvanic

electric current. Chemical counterirritants include: volatile substances like turpentine oil,

camphor, menthol, thymol and methyl salicylate.

4 Since turpentine oil is a volatile oil which is not miscible with water, to make them miscible

with each other soft soap has been used which acts as an emulsifying agent.

5.Turpentine oil is a volatile oil obtained by the distillation and rectification of turpentine which

is an oleoresin obtained from various species of pines.

6. Camphor is a volatile substance obtained from wood of cinnamonium camphors. It can be

prepared synthetically. Externally it acts as a-mild analgesic and rubefacient. It is used as a

counter-irritant in the treatment of fibrositis and neuralgia.

Procedure

Dissolve the calculated amount of Camphor in turpentine oil in a dry container. Separately

dissolve soft soap in small amount of purified water in a mortar. To this gradually add the

camphor solution with thorough triturating after each addition until a thick creamy emulsion is

formed. Add sufficient purified water to produce the required volume. Transfer the preparation

to a bottle, label and dispense. Apply the secondary label "for external use only" and "Shake the

bottle before use."

Uses

It acts as an irritant, counter- irritant and rubefacient.Liniment of turpentine is applied externally

to the patients suffering from arthralgia (pain in the joints), myalgia (muscular pain), fibrositis

(ligamental pain) and sprain.

Precautions

Liniments are not to b e applied to the broken skin-because they may produce excessive

irritation of the skin.

Label "for external use only" and "Shake the bottle before use." and “ not to be applied to

broken skin.

Exp No 4 Date

CASTOR OIL EMULSION

Aim; To preprare and dispense 15 ml 0f castor oil emulsion

D a t e :

N a m e :

A g e :

S e x : A d d r e s s

R

Castor oil 8 ml

Water ad 30 ml

Fiat: Make an emulsion

Signs: Administer during morning

Dr.

Reg. no

Type: o/w type emulsion for internal use.

Theory

Castor oil is a fixed oil and is not miscible with water. To make it miscible a third substance

known as emulsifying agent in the ratio of 4 : 2 : 1 i.e. oil: water: gum will be used for the

preparation of primary emulsion. Gum acacia will be used as emulsifying agent because

emulsions prepared with gum acacia remain stable for sufficient long time.

Formula for primary emulsion:

Oil Water Gum

4 ml 2 ml 1gm

8 ml 4 ml 2 gm

Procedure

Wet gum method:

Thoroughly clean and dry a pestle and mortar. Weigh out 2 gm gum acacia and transfer it to the

mortar. Measure 4 ml water and triturate it with gum so as to form a mucilage. To this add 8 ml

castor oil in small quantities at a time with thorough trituration after each addition. Triturate

briskly without ceasing until a clicking sound is produced and the product becomes white or

nearly white. At this stage the emulsion is known as primary emulsion. Add about 10 ml more

of vehicle in small quantities at a time with constant trituration so as to get a homogeneous

product. Transfer the emulsion to a measure, add more of vehicle to produce the final volume 30

ml, stir thoroughly so as to forma uniform emulsion. Transfer the preparation to a bottle, cork,

polish the bottle to remove finger prints, label and dispense.

Attach the secondary label "Shake well before use."

Uses

Castor,oil is used as purgative.

Precautions

Because of its prompt action castor oil should not be administered at bed time, preferably it

should be given early in the morning.

Label

The most important auxiliary label is "for oral use"," shake well before use" avoid excessive

use" the shelf life is one month. The storage condition is “store in cool and dry place, avoid

freezing” Keep away from children.

DENTIFRICES

POWDERS

Powders are the solid dosage form of medicament in which the drug or drugs are dispensed in a

finely divided state. They are available in crystalline or amorphous form. Whenever crystalline

substances are to be dispensed in powder form, they must be reduced to a fine powder before

mixing them with other substances. Powders may be dispensed as divided powders (single

doses) by wrapping individually in suitable size papers or as bulk powders in suitable

containers.

Exp No 5 Date

TOOTH POWDER

Aim: To p repa re and d i spense 10 gm of too th powder a s pe r NFI

Date:

Name:

Age:

Sex: Address

R

Quantity required for 50gm

Thymol 0.6 gm

Sodium bicarbonate 7.2 gm

Saccharine sodium 2.4gm

Hard soap 7. 2gm

Calcium carbonate 32.6 gm

Fiat: Prepare and dispense the powder

Sig: Use regularly with a tooth brush

Dr.

Reg.no

Theory:

Powders used to clean the teeth are called dentifrices. It is applied with a tooth brush.

Packaging: Sifter top metallic or plastic container. Divided powders (i.e. single dose) each dose is

separately enclosed in a piece of paper. (1) For wrapping divided powders, white glazed paper

(demy paper) is generally used.The powder wrappers are stacked in a paper box and dispensed.

Some time double wrapping is required, especially if the powder is hygroscopic. In this case

waxed paper is used as inner wrapper, then the demi wrapper as the outer wrapper.

1. Thymol: Antiseptic , irritant , deoderant, sialogogue( which increases salivary

secretion)

2. Sodium bicarbonate: Mucolytic agent and an alkalie which neutralizes acid and

prevents acid destruction of tooth and caries formation. It acts as an oral antacid.

3. Saccharin sodium: Sweetening agent

4. Hard soap: Detergent, cleaning agent, lubricating agent

5. Calcium carbonate: It is an abrasive which cleans and polishes the teeth. It helps in

loosening and removal of food particles and stains from teeth.

Procedure:

Calculated amount of thymol, sodium bicarbonate, saccharine sodium, hard soap, and calcium

carbonate are weighed separately and taken in a clean dry mortar. Powder well by trituration.

Transfer the preparation to a paper pack, label and dispense.

Uses

To clean and polish teeth

To remove dental plague and stains from teeth

To maintain good oral hygiene

To prevent tartar formation

PASTES

Pastes are the semi-solid preparations meant for external application to the skin, They differ

from ointments that they generally contain a large amount of finely powdered solids such as

starch, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate etc. They are quite thick and stiff than ointments but are

less greasy than ointments.

Exp No 6 Date:

TOOTH PASTE

Aim: To prepare and dispense 10g of toothpaste as per NFI

Date:

Name:

Age:

Sex Address

R

Quantity required for 100g

Calcium carbonate 52 gm

Soft soap 4 gm

Glycerine 20 ml

Saccharine sodium 2 gm

Methyl salicylate 2ml

Starch 4 gm

Distilled water 15 ml

Fiat: Prepare and dispense the tooth paste

Sig: Use regularly with a tooth brush

Dr,

Reg. no

Theory

Calcium carbonate- An abrasive which cleans and polishes teeth.It helps in loosening and removal of food

particle and stain from the mouth

Soft soap- Detergent and cleansing agent

Glycerine- Used as solvent or vehicle in which other medicaments are dissolved. It is a hygroscopic agent

and keeps the area moist. Because of its viscous nature it retains the medicament in area for sufficient time

rendering prolonged action. It is demulcent and smoothens, softens the oral mucosa.

Procedure

Calculated amount of Calcium carbonate , soft soap, starch are weighed separately and taken in a dry and

clean mortar. Powder it. Calculated amount of saccharine, glycerin, methyl salicylate, and distilled water are

added. Triturate it well. Transfer to an oil paper. Label and dispense.

Uses

1. To maintain good oral hygein

2. To polish and clean teeth

3. To prevent tartar formation

4. To prevent halitosis

MOUTH WASH

A mouth wash is an aqueous solution with a pleasant taste and odour used for rinsing,

deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic action. The medicated mouth washes should not be

indiscriminately used by a normal person, the continuous use may prove harmful.

Exp No: 7 Date:

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE MOUTH WASH

Aim: To prepare and dispense 100ml of 1:5000 potassium permanganate mouth wash

Date:

Name:

Age:

Sex: Address

R

Quantity required for 100ml of 1:5000 Kmno4 mouth wash

Pottassium permanganate 20 mg

Sodium chloride 900 mg

Distilled water 100ml

Fiat: Prepare and dispense the mouth wash

Sig:1. Dilute it with an equal volume of warm water before use.

2. Rinse the mouth in morning and night after brusing.

Dr.

Reg.no

Theory

Normal Saline (0.9% Nacl) - used for cleaning of wounds and dehydration

Potassium permanganate- antiseptic, deodorant, astringent (Mechanism: When it comes in

contact with substance, it releases nascent oxygen, which kills the microbes.

Procedure

Add 100mg of potassium permanganate to 100ml of distilled water and stirr well. Take 20ml of

this add .0.9gm NaCl. Transfer it to a measuring jar, add distilled water to make the volume

100ml. Solution is transferred to an amber coloured bottle because potassium permanganate is

decomposed by sunlight. Bottle is labeled properly.

Uses

Mouth wash(1:5000)- pharyngitis, tonsillitis

Cleansing of wounds , ulcers

Disinfection of water

Cleaning of vegetables

Used in antral wash in sinusitis

Stomach wash (gastric lavage) in case of alkaloid poisoning

In case of snake bite

For dressing exudative dermatitis

Label : “FOR DENTAL USE” Not to be swallowed Keep out of reach of children

PAINTS

Throat paints are viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and throat infections. Glycerin is

commonly used, because it is very viscous and it adheres well to the mucous membrane of mouth

and throat. It also gives a sweet taste and warm sensation to the inflamed area.

Examples: Compound iodine paint (Mandl’s paint), boric acid glycerin, phenol glycerin, tannic

acid glycerin.

Exp No:8 Date:

MANDL’S THROAT PAINT

Aim: To prepare and dispense 10 ml of Mandl’s paint

Date:

Name:

Age:Sex Address

R

Potassium iodide 25g

Iodine 12.5g

Alcohol 90%v/v 40ml

Water 25ml

Peppermint oil 4ml

Glycerol upto 1000ml

Fiat : make a throat paint and dispense 10 ml

Sign : to be applied on the affected part 2-3 times a day with a cotton swab.

Theory

Iodine – antiseptic, antifungal and anti viral

Potassium iodide – helps to dissolve the iodine

Distilled water as solvent

Peppermint oil – flavoring agent

Alcohol mild antiseptic and dissolves peppermint oil

Glycerine – act as vehicle, adherent, soothening agent and demulsent

Method of preparation

(i) Take potassium iodide and iodine in clean and dry glass mortar and powder well and add

distilled water and mix it well to form KI3 (or higher iodides).

(ii) Peppermint oil is dissolved in alcohol 90%v/v and the alcoholic solution is added to the

iodine solution.

(iii) Volume is made up with glycerin.

USES: Pharyngitis, tonsilitis and gingivitis

Container

Containers: Air-tight, light resistant (required for peppermint oil), fluted bottle.

Label: “FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY’

Not to be swallowed in large amount.

Storage: Stored in a cool place.

Exp No:9 Date:

THE ASTRINGENT GUM PAINT

Aim: To prepare and dispense 10 ml of astringent gum paint

Date:

Name:

Age:

Sex Address

R

Tannic acid 5 gm

Potassium Iodide 10 gm

Iodine 5 gm

Glycerine up to 100ml

Fiat : Make and dispense 10 ml

Sign : Put a drop or two of gum paint on the tip of the finger and rub gently on to the affected

areas every 3-4 hours.

THEORY

Tannic acid has been used as an astringent for the mucus membranes of the mouth and throat.

Gum paint, provides cooling, soothing, astringent effect. Similarly, ingredients like

iodine, potassium iodide have germicidal, fungicidal, anaesthetic and healing

properties. Menthol provides the cooling effect and also it possesses local

anesthetic action. Glycerine helps the healing of the ulcer as well as it has antiinflammatory

property.

PROCEDURE

Required quantities of iodine, potassium iodide and tannic acid are weighed and transferred into a

china dish and kept on a water bath and mixed with a glass rod cool it to room temperature and

transferred to an amber colored bottle and labeled and dispense.

Uses: Stomatitis, Glossitis, Peridontitis, Gingivitis and Aphthous Ulcers.

Label: “FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY’

Not to be swallowed in large amount.

Storage: Stored in a cool place

Chapter VII PRESCRIPTION

Prescription is an order written by a physician, dentist or any other registered medical practitioner

to a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the patient.

The order is accompanied by directions for the pharmacist that what type of preparation is to be

prepared and how much is to be is prepared. It is also accompanied with the directions for the

patient that how much medicament is to be taken, how many times or at what time and how it is to

be taken.

Prescriptions were generally written in Latin language which was understood allover the world, so

that the ingredients of the prescriptions remain unknown to the patient to avoid self medication.

Still the use of Latin abbreviations in the prescription writing is very common especially in dosage

instructions.

The modern tendency in prescribing drugs is to make prescriptions simple. Instead of prescribing a

mixture of numerous drugs, the prescription of a single drug with definite and specific action is

desired.

More stress is laid on the readymade preparations which are available in the market.

Stepwise Procedure:

Prescriptions are generally written in English language but Latin words or abbreviations are some

times used. So it becomes necessary for Pharmacist to become familiar with the Common Latin

terms and abbreviations.

Parts of the prescription:

1. Prescriber's office information:

It gives information about the prescriber, his/her clinic with address and phone number.

2. Date:

Date helps a pharmacist to find out the date of prescribing and date of presentation for filling.

Prescription of Narcotic or other habit-forming drugs must bear the date.

3. Name, age, sex and address must be written because it serves to identify the prescription. It

also helps the pharmacist to check the prescribed dose of medication in case of children.

4. Superscription:

It is represented by a symbol Rx which is written before writing the prescription. It is an

abbreviation of Latin word Recipe which means 'You take ' (Take Thou). In olden days, the

symbol was considered to be originated from the sign of Jupiter, God of healing.

5. Inscription:

This is the main part of the prescription order, contains the Name and Quantities of the prescribed

ingredients. The name of each ingredient is written on a separate line along with its quantity.

Inscription can be divided into different parts like Base, Adjuvant and Vehicle. For example in

above format sodium bicarbonate is an antacid drug (maximum dose: 5 gm), compound tincture

of cardamom for flavour, simple syrup as sweetener and water as vehicle.

6. Subscription:

It gives direction to the pharmacist for preparing the prescription and number of doses to be

dispensed.

7. Signetur (Signa):

This consists of directions to be given to the patient regarding administration of the drug. For

example direction given above can be translated into English as: One tablespoonful to be taken

three times a day after meals.

8. Refill:

Number of authorized refills is indicated to prevent misuse of prescription.

9. Signature, address and registration number of the prescriber:

It is important in order to avoid misuse of the preparations.

Modern method of prescribing:

Though above information describes traditional way of prescribing, with flow of time many

changes have taken place. For example, now a days majority of drugs are available in the market

as readymade formulations which are more suitable considering sterilization, container suitability,

very small size (micro, nano) of drug molecules etc. Thus there is no need to dispense the drugs by

the pharmacists. So prescriptions by physicians generally contain the generic name, trade name,

dose size, dosage forms, etc. The language use of English terms instead of Latin, metric system

weights and measures instead of grains and minims, use of computers for storage of patients

related information are salient features.

A student has to adopt above changes in his career of professional life, as these are the existing

ways. In view of above there are some prescriptions in this manual containing metric system,

English language etc. But to learn the basic things and to be perfect in all angles, old ways are

retained in few prescriptions.

DENTAL COLLEGE

MUVATTUPUZHA Ph. - 04852222222

Date: --/-- /----

Name---------------------------------- Age----yrs Sex---

Address--------------------Body surface area----sq. m. Wt --- kg

R (Superscription)

Fiat: Mistura (subscription)( make a mixture)

Signa. Cochleare magnum ter in die post cibos sumenda (Signature)

(Take one tablespoon full t.i.d after the meals)

Refill:-----------

LABEL

The following information should be written on all the labels:

(i) Type of the preparation: The mixture, The Emulsion, The powder etc. It's quantity should also

be mentioned.

(ii) For: Name of the patient, age and sex.

(iii) Registration no.

(iv) Date of dispensing.

(v) Expiry date if any.

(vi) Direction for its use.

(vii) Storage conditions.

(viii) Name and address of the pharmacy.

(ix) In case of liquid preparations which require previous shaking e.g. emultions, suspensions,

liniments, lotions etc. must be attached with secondary label "Shake the bottle before use".

(Signature) Sdl- Dr. --------------Regd. No. -

INSCRIPTIONSodium bi-carbonate 3 gm

Compound tincture of cardamom 2 ml

Simple syrup 6 ml

Water quantity sufficient 90 ml

(x) The prescriptions meant for external use e.g. liniments, lotions, ointments, eye drops, ear drops

etc. must be attached with secondary label "for external use only".

Sample label

THE POWDER

(5 x 250 mg)

For:Mrs X.Y.Z. Age: 25 yrs (Y) Sex

Regd. no. "47

Date of dispensing:

Directions: One to be taken when the pain is severe.

Dispensed by-.

Name and address of pharmacy.

Chapter VIII PRECRIPTION WRITING

Write the rational prescriptions for the following and justify it?

I. Problems encountered in clinical practice

1. Prescribe drugs for chronic bronchial asthma

2. Prescribe drugs for 50 year old patient diagnosed for hypertension(140/95)

3. Prescribe drugs for severe congestive heart failure.

4. Prescribe drugs for acute angina.

5. Prescribe drugs for recurrent case of peptic ulcer.

6. Prescribe drugs for bacillary dysentery

7. Prescribe drugs for pseudo membranous colitis

8. Prescribe drugs for type II diabetes mellitus

9. Prescribe drugs for diabetic coma

10. Prescribe drugs for osteoarthritis

11. Prescribe drugs for anaphylaxis

12. Prescribe drugs for status asthmaticus

13. Prescribe drugs for status epilepticus

14. Prescribe drugs for iron deficiency anaemia

15. Prescribe drugs for pernicious anaemia

II. Problems encountered in dental practice.

1. Prescribe drugs for acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

2. Prescribe drugs for acute herpetic gingivitis

3. Prescribe drugs for acute stomatitis

4. Prescribe drugs for acute gingival abscess

5. Prescribe drugs for pericoronal abscess

6. Prescribe drugs for dental caries

7. Prescribe drugs for aphthous ulcers

8. Prescribe drugs for hypersensitive dentine

9. Prescribe drugs for dentoalveolar abscess

10. Prescribe drugs for xerostomia

11. Prescribe drugs for acute tooth ache

12. Prescribe drugs for post operative pain

13. Prescribe drugs for post extraction pain with swelling

14. Prescribe drugs for oral candidiasis

15. Prescribe drugs for scurvy

Appendix

LATIN TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS COMMONLY USED IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING

DOSAGE FORMS

Latin Name Abbreviation English Name

Auristille

Capsula

Cataplasma

Charta

Collutorium

Collyrium

Cremor

Emulsio

Haustus

lnjectio

lnsufflatio

Linctus

Linimentum

Liquor

Lotio

Mistura

Naristillae

Nebula

Pasta

Pilula

Pulvis

Solutio

Suppositorium

Tabletta

Unguentum

auristill.

caps.

cataplasm

chart.

collut.

collyr.

crem.

emul.

ht.

inj.

insuff.

linct.

lin.

liq.

lot.

m,mist

narist.

neb.

past.

pil.

pulv.

sol.

suppos

tab.

ung.

Ear drops

A Capsule

A poultice

A powder

A mouth wash

An eye wash

An cream

An emulsion

A draught

An injection

An insufflation

A linctus

A liniment

A solution

A lotion

A mixture

Nasal drops

A spray solution

A paste

A pill

A powder

A solution

A suppository

A tablet

An ointment

TIME OF ADMINISTRATION

Latin Name Abbreviation English Name

Semel in die

Bis in die, Bis d

Ter in die

Quater in die

Sexies in die

Sem in die

b.i.d., b.d.

t.i.d., t.d.

q.i.d., q.d.

Sex.i.d.

Once a day

Twice a day

Three times a day

Four times a day

Six times a day

METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION OR APPLICATION

Latin Name Abbreviation English Name

Addendus

Applicandus

Capiendus

Dandus

Deglutiendus

lnfricandus

inhaletur

Miscendus

Signa

Sumendus

Utendus

addend.

applicand.

capiend.

dand.

deglut.

infricand.

inhal.

miscend.

sig.

S or sum.

U or utend.

To be added

To be applied

To be taken

To be given

To be swallowed

To be rubbed in

Let (it) be inhaled

To be mixed

Label

To be taken

To be used

OTHER TERMS

Dolore urgent

Frequenter

Lente

More dicto

Modo dicto

Si opus sit

Statim

Tussi urgent

dol.urg.

f req

m.d.

m.d.

S.O.S.

stat.

tuss.Urg.

When the pain is severe

Frequent

Slowly

As directed

When required or When necessary

Immediately

When the cough is troublesome

PARTS OF BODY

Auris dexter

Auris laevus

Brachio

Corpori

Jugulo

Naso

Oculis dexter

Oculis laevus

Os, oris

Pro oculus

Sterno

a.d.

a.1.

brach,

Corp

jug.

------

0.d.

0.1.

O.S.

pro.ocul.

Stern

To right ear

To left ear

To the arm

10 the body

To the throat

To the nose

To right eye

To left eye

To mouth

For the eyes

To the chest

DIFFERENT TIME OF THE DAY

Primo mane

Mane

Omni mane

Omni nocte

Inter noctem

Nocte

Jentaculum

Nocte et mane

Nocte maneque

Omini hora

Omini Quarta ho

Singulis horis

Alternis horis

Tertis horis

Quartis horis

Sextis horis

Ante cibos

Post cibos

Inter cibos

prim.m.

m

0.m.

0.n.

Inter noct

n

jentac

n.et.m.

n.m.

0.h.

0.q.h.

Sing. hora

Alt. hor.

Tert.hor

Quart.hor.

sext. Hor

a.c

p.c

i.c

Early in the morning

In the morning

Every morning

Every night

During the night

At night

Breakfast

Night and morning

Night and morning

Every hour

Every fourth hour

Every hour

Every two hours

Every three hours

Every four hours

Every six hours

Before meals

After meals

Between meals

VEHICLE USED AND MEANS OF APPLICATION

Cocheare amplum

Cocheare magnum

Cocheare maximum

Cochleare medium

Cochleare minimum

Cum

Cum duplo

Cum parte aequale

Cum tanto

Cyathus amplus

Cyathus magnus

Cyathus vinosus

E.lacte

Ex.aqua

Coch amp

Coch mag

Coch max

coch. med.

coch. min.

c.c.

c. dup.

c. pt. aeq.

c. tant.

cyath. amp.

cyath. mag.

cyath. vin.

e. lact.

ex. aq.

One tablespoonful

One dessertspoonful

One teaspoonful

With

With twice as much

With an equal quantit

With as much

A tumbler

A tumbler

A wine glass

With milk

With water

MISCELLANEOUS

Ana

Ante

Aqua

Aqua distillate

Cibos

Fiat

Gutta, guttae

Hora

Laevo

Misce

Mitte

Mitte tales

More dicto

Omni

Pro dosi

Quantum sufficiat

Recipe

Semi

Solve

Talis, tales

aa

a

aq

aq.dest

cibos

ft .

gtt.

h

L

m

mitt.

mitt tal

m.dict.

omn

-----

q.s.

R

SS

-----

Tal

Of each

Before

Water

Distilled water

Meals, food

Make, let (it) be made

A drop, drops

An hour

Left

Mix, let it be mixed

Send

Send such

In the manner prescribe

Every

As a dose

As much as is sufficient

Take

Half

Dissolve

Such

NUMERALS

Unus

Duo

Tres

Quatuor

Quinque

Sex

Septem

Octol Octem

Novem

Decem

Undecim

Duodecim

Quatuordecim

Quindecim

Viginti

Quinquaginta

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

XIV

XV

XX

L

One

Two

Three

Four

Five

Six

Seven

Eight

Nine

Ten

Eleven

Twelve

Fourteen

Fifteen

Twenty

Fifty

Centum C One hundred