Pharmacology

Roles of Professionals

• ( )- prescribes drug to be filled– 60% of visits to Dr. result in prescription

• ( )- dispenses or distributes drug– Gives instructions how and when to take– Ensures that the prescribed therapy is safe,

effective, and correct

History of Pharmacology

• Ancient civilizations recorded use of drugs more than 2000 years ago

• 16th century the Chinese created first pharmacopeia• Serious illnesses were considered to be supernatural of

origin– Spells cast on victim by enemy, demons, gods

• Shamans/sorcerers used frog bile, pig teeth, spider webs, and sour milk to treat

• Some natural remedies became basis for certain modern medicines– Digitalis plant (foxglove) is bases of cardiac med digoxin

Drug Standards

• Assure consumers they are receiving safe medications• All drugs with same name/ dosage must be same strength,

quality, and purity• Manufacturers must meet standards set in United State

Pharmacopeia- National Formula– ( )- type and conc. of a chemical substance present in drug– ( )- strength; concentration of active ingredients– ( )- ensures consumers receive meds that achieve

the standards required– ( )- the ability of a drug to produce desired chemical

change in the body• Vitamins and herbal supplements not enforced by FDA

– Department of Agriculture

( )

• Established the word narcotic and required use of a stamp on container of these drugs

• Regulated importation, manufacture, sale, and use of opium, codeine, and their derivatives

( )

• Safety testing on all drugs• FDA formed• Required pharmaceutical firms to report

adverse effects• All new drugs tested for toxicity before

approval

( )

• Prescription labels must have an Rx on label• All prescriptions must be labeled: Caution:

Federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription

• OTC drugs that were considered safe did not require a prescription

• Warning labels on drug packaging

( )

• Passed because drug companies were making large profits on misleading/false drug promotions

• Required proven effectiveness before marketing

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

• Regulated manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of drugs with potential for abuse

• Required security of ( )

• Provided for prevention of drug abuse and drug dependence– Treatment and rehab programs

Poison Prevention packaging Act of 1970

• Created standards to ensure prescription and OTC meds were in ( )

OBRA• Required OTC be considered part of the medical record

Food and Drug Administration

• Approves and removes products on the market

• Regulates labeling and advertising of prescription drug

• ( ) drug manufacturing practices

• Postmarketing surveillance to detect unanticipated ( )

( )

• Enforces laws against unlawful drug activities• Assigns ID numbers to those that prescribe

and dispense and manufacture scheduled drugs

• Monitors scheduled drugs for need to change possible ( )

5 BASIC CATEGORIES OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacognosy

• Origins of drugs• Five basic sources:– ( )

• Opium poppy- morphine, codeine• Belladonna- atropine, scopolamine• Willow bark- aspirin

– ( )• Animal thyroid glands- thyroid hormone

– Minerals- magnesium, calcium, zinc– Synthetic/ chemical substances

• Oral contraceptives, Demerol

– ( )• Insulin

( )

• How the body processes drugs- how it moves through the body– Absorption– Distribution– Metabolism– Excretion

( )

• Movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

• Rate is directly related to route of administration and the drug’s solubility ( )

• Dependent upon form of drug and amount of blood flow• Primary sites of absorption:

– Mucosa of mouth– Lungs– Stomach– Small intestines– Rectum– Blood vessels in muscles and SC tissues

Factors affecting Absorption

• Incorrect administration• pH- drugs that are acidic are easily absorbed in acidic

environments; alkaline-alkaline environments• Food in stomach- slows absorption rate and decreases

irritation• Fat or lipid solubility- drugs that are highly fat soluble are

easily absorbed by ( )• Length of contact- contact time w/skin, size of contact area,

skin thickness, hydration of tissues• Inhalation factors- one of most rapid forms• Drug concentration- higher conc. tend to absorb faster

Absorption

• Fastest to slowest– Syrups/ liquids– ( )– Powders– Capsules– ( )– Coated tablets– Enteric-coated tablets– Time-release capsules

Enteral Routes Absorption

• Oral: ( ) minutes• Sublingual: several seconds-several min. • Buccal: several min.• Rectal: ( ) minutes

Parenteral Routes Absorption• Subcutaneous: 20-30 min• Intramuscular: 15-25 min• Intravenous: approx. 1 min.• Intrarterial: approx. 1 min

Percutaneous/Mucosal

• Transdermal: ( ) minutes• Inhalation: approx. 1 min.• Topical: approx. ( )

( )

• Movement of a drug from blood into tissues and cells• Areas with more supply receive drug quicker• Two factors that influence:

– Fat solubility– Protein binding

Metabolism• Physical and chemical alteration of drug in the body• Liver is primary site• Half-life: time the body takes to metabolize half of available

drug• Older adults, impaired liver or renal function

( )

• Elimination/ removal of waste products of drug metabolism from body

• The functionality of ( ) determines how quickly it occurs

( )

• How a drug works or its mechanism of action in the body

• Four major drug actions:– Depressant- reduces activity of body function– ( )- increases body function– Irritant- produces symptoms of inflammation at

site of application– ( )-soothing action for

irritation

Pharmacotherapuetics

• Effect of drugs• ( )- relieve symptoms, fight

illnesses, reverse disease processes• Diagnostic- aid in diagnosing diseases and

examination of patient• ( )- destroy cells and tissues• Pharmacodynamic- alter normal body function• Prophylactic- prevent occurrence of illnesses or

diseases

Toxicology

• Poisonous effects of drugs on the body• ( ) may be given• ( )-problems or

symptoms more severe than side effects• ( )- severe, potentially fatal

adverse reaction occurring a short time after a drug is administered to a person who is allergic