phase i archaeological survey of 2811 king street ...€¦ · stp and metal-detector survey ... the...

PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF

2811 KING STREET,

ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA

by

Mike Klein,

Danae Peckler,

Joseph R. Blondino,

and

Marco González

Prepared for

2811 King Street, LLC

Prepared by

DOVETAIL CULTURAL RESOURCE GROUP

December 2015

Phase I Archaeological Survey of 2811 King Street,

Alexandria, Virginia

by

Mike Klein, Danae Peckler,

Joseph R. Blondino and

Marco A. González

Prepared for

2811 King Street, LLC 12095 Gayton Road

Richmond, Virginia 23238

Prepared by

Dovetail Cultural Resource Group 300 Central Road, Suite 200

Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401

Dovetail Job #15-025

December 2015

December 21, 2015 Kerri S. Barile, Principal Investigator Date Dovetail Cultural Resource Group

This page intentionally left blank.

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ABSTRACT

Dovetail Cultural Resource Group (Dovetail) conducted a Phase IB archaeological survey of the property at 2811 King Street in the City of Alexandria, Virginia, on behalf of 2811 King Street, LLC. The Office of Historic Alexandria and Alexandria Archaeology requested the study of the 1.3-acre (0.56-ha) plot of land situated on the northeast side of King Street between Ivy Hill Cemetery and the Woodbine retirement community. An earlier study included documentary research and a reconnaissance survey to record the history of the property, develop a historic context for its interpretation, identify previously recorded and undocumented historic cultural resources within the immediate vicinity, and to make recommendations on the need for archaeological investigations related to this project. This report incorporates and builds upon the previous study and presents the results of the Phase IB archaeological survey.

Documentary research indicated that the circa-1926 Richard Garvey house was located on the property, and the circa-1879 Michael and Regina Garvey house possibly stood within the project area. The results of the shovel testing and metal-detector survey identify a single site (44AX0228) concentrated in the project area. The major concentration of positive shovel tests and metal-detector hits occurs within approximately 75-feet (22.9 m) of the adjacent parking area, though concentrations of artifacts were identified along King Street.

The archaeological survey suggested that the demolition of the circa-1926 Richard and Agnes Garvey House during the early 1980s and possibly other landscaping disturbed archaeological deposits associated with the Garvey family house or houses. In addition, a water line extended from King Street across the project area.

The assemblage of 124 artifacts returned to the lab consisted primarily of domestic refuse, with ceramics and container glass forming nearly half of the assemblage (n=61). Architectural debris (n=32) and miscellaneous metal items (n=25) constituted nearly all of the remaining artifacts. Diagnostic artifacts reflected nineteenth- and twentieth-century occupations.

All artifacts were recovered from near-surface, temporally comingled contexts. Based on the recovery of all artifacts from near-surface contexts, the presence of modern materials in contexts with historic artifacts, and the absence of information that improves significantly upon that gleaned from documentary sources, additional archaeological work at site 44AX0228 does not appear likely to contribute important new information about the history of Alexandria or the larger region. Therefore, site 44AX0228 is recommended not eligible

for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... i INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................... 3 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING .............................................................................................. 7

Geology ................................................................................................................................. 7 Soils....................................................................................................................................... 7

SURVEY METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 9 Archaeology Survey.............................................................................................................. 9 Laboratory Analysis ............................................................................................................ 10

BACKGROUND RESEARCH .............................................................................................. 11 Previously Recorded Historic Resources in the Project Vicinity ....................................... 11

Archaeological Resources ............................................................................................... 11 Architectural Resources .................................................................................................. 11

HISTORIC CONTEXT .......................................................................................................... 15 Prehistoric and Contact Period History............................................................................... 15

Pre-Clovis (?–13,000 B.P.) ............................................................................................. 16 Paleoindian Period (13,000−10,000 B.P.) ...................................................................... 16 Archaic Period (10,000–3200 B.P.) ................................................................................ 17 Woodland Period (3200–400 B.P.) ................................................................................. 18

European Settlement ........................................................................................................... 19 Settlement and Early National Period History (1700–1830) .......................................... 19 Antebellum and Civil War Period History (1830–1865) ................................................ 20 Reconstruction and Growth Period History (1865–1914) .............................................. 26 World War I to Present Period History (1914–1970) ..................................................... 29

RESULTS OF FIELDWORK................................................................................................. 33 STP and Metal-Detector Survey ......................................................................................... 33 Site 44AX0228 Description ................................................................................................ 36 Site 44AX0228 Evaluation ................................................................................................. 43 STP and Metal-Detector Survey ......................................................................................... 44 Site 44AX0228 Description ................................................................................................ 47 Site 44AX0228 Evaluation ................................................................................................. 56

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................... 59 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX A: ARTIFACT CATALOG ............................................................................... 69 APPENDIX B: STP CATALOG ............................................................................................ 75 APPENDIX C: PUBLIC RECORDS & CHAIN OF TITLE ................................................. 79

APPENDIX D: SITE FORM .................................................................................................. 81

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List of Figures

Figure 3: Boundaries of the 2811 King Street Project Area ..................................................... 4 Figure 4: Survey of 1,000-Acre Tract of Charles Alexander Sr., 1818 .................................. 21 Figure 5: “Sketch of the Seat of War in Alexandria and Fairfax County” V. P. Corbett, May

1861................................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 6: “Map of n. eastern Virginia and vicinity of Washington” ...................................... 24 Figure 7: “Map of the environs of Washington compiled from Boschkes' map of the District

of Columbia and from surveys of the U.S. Coast Survey…1861 to 1865” .................... 25 Figure 8: 2005 Aerial (USDA) of Area Overlaid with “Portion of 1865 Map of Environs of

Washington D.C. from Original Surveys in Engineers Department Showing Vicinity of the Project Area” ............................................................................................................. 25

Figure 9: Detail of Virginia Title Company’s “Map of Alexandria County, Virginia” ......... 27

Figure 10: Detail of “Map of Alexandria County, Virginia”. ................................................. 28 Figure 11: “Portion of the 1904 Baist Map of the Vicinity of Washington, D.C. Showing the

Project Vicinity and Neighborhoods Along Leesburg Turnpike” ................................. 28 Figure 12: Richard B. Garvey Deed of Dedication Filed October 9, 1950. ........................... 31 Figure 13: Current Tax Parcel Boundaries Overlaid on Modern Aerial ................................. 32 Figure 4: Plan Map Showing STPs and Metal-Detector Hits with Potential Historic Artifacts

......................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 5: Plan Map Showing Excavated/Total Metal Detector Hits by Blocks. .................... 35 Figure 6: Location of Site 44AX0228 on the United States Geological Service (USGS)

Alexandria, VA 7.5-Minute Quadrangle ........................................................................ 36 Figure 7: Profile Drawing of STP E-1. ................................................................................... 37 Figure 8: Profile Drawing of STP B-4. ................................................................................... 37

Figure 9: Profile Drawing of STP B-7. ................................................................................... 38 Figure 10: Project Area Boundaries Overlaid onto the 1937 Aerial Photograph and a Modern

Aerial............................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 4: Plan Map Showing STPs and Metal-Detector Hits with Potential Historic Artifacts.

......................................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 5: Plan Map Showing Excavated/Total Metal Detector Hits by Blocks.. ................... 46 Figure 6: Location of Site 44AX0228 on the United States Geological Service (USGS)

Alexandria, VA 7.5-Minute Quadrange.......................................................................... 47 Figure 7: Profile Drawing of STP E-1. ................................................................................... 48 Figure 8: Profile Drawing of STP B-4. ................................................................................... 48 Figure 9: Profile Drawing of STP B-7. ................................................................................... 49 Figure 10: Project Area Boundaries Overlaid onto the 1937 Aerial Photograph and a Modern

Aerial............................................................................................................................... 53

Figure 19: Project Area Boundaries Overlaid onto 1937 Aerial Photograph.. ....................... 55

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List of Tables Table 1: Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Within 0.5 Miles (0.8 km) of the Project

Area. ................................................................................................................................ 11 Table 2: Previously Recorded Architectural Resources Within the Current Project Area. ... 12 Table 1: Artifacts Recovered from STPs. ............................................................................... 38 Table 2: Artifacts Recovered from Metal Detector (MD) Hits. .............................................. 39 Table 1: Artifacts Recovered from STPs. ............................................................................... 49 Table 2: Artifacts Recovered from Metal Detector (MD) Hits. .............................................. 50

List of Photos Photo 1: View Northwest of the Project Area and King Street. ............................................... 3 Photo 2: View West Showing the Water Main in King Street and the Marked Water Line in

the Project Area................................................................................................................. 5 Photo 3: View West along the Southern Edge of the Project Area Showing the Adjacent

Parking Lot........................................................................................................................ 5 Photo 4: A Sample of Artifacts Recovered During the Archaeological Survey. .................... 43 Photo 4: A Sample of Artifacts Recovered During the Archaeological Survey. .................... 54 Photo 4: A Sample of Artifacts Recovered During the Archaeological Survey. .................... 56

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INTRODUCTION

Dovetail Cultural Resource Group (Dovetail) conducted a Phase IB archaeological survey of the property at 2811 King Street in the City of Alexandria, Virginia, on behalf of 2811 King Street, LLC. The Office of Historic Alexandria and Alexandria Archaeology requested the study of the 1.3-acre (0.56-ha) plot of land situated on the northeast side of King Street between Ivy Hill Cemetery and the Woodbine retirement community. An earlier study included documentary research and a reconnaissance survey to record the history of the property, develop a historic context for its interpretation, identify previously recorded and undocumented historic cultural resources within the immediate vicinity, and to make recommendations on the need for archaeological investigations related to this project. This report incorporates and builds upon the previous study and presents the results of the Phase IB archaeological survey.

Documentary research indicated that the circa-1926 Richard Garvey house was located on the property, and the circa-1879 Michael and Regina Garvey house possibly stood within the project area. The results of the shovel testing and metal-detector survey identify a single site (44AX0228) concentrated in the project area. The major concentration of positive shovel tests and metal-detector hits occurs within approximately 75-feet (22.9 m) of the adjacent parking area, though concentrations of artifacts were identified along King Street.

The archaeological survey suggested that the demolition of the circa-1926 Richard and Agnes Garvey House during the early 1980s and possibly other landscaping disturbed archaeological deposits associated with the Garvey family house or houses. In addition, a water line extended from King Street across the project area.

The assemblage of 124 artifacts returned to the lab consisted primarily of domestic refuse, with ceramics and container glass forming nearly half of the assemblage (n=61). Architectural debris (n=32) and miscellaneous metal items (n=25) constituted nearly all of the remaining artifacts. Diagnostic artifacts reflected nineteenth- and twentieth-century occupations.

All artifacts were recovered from near-surface, temporally comingled contexts. Based on the recovery of all artifacts from near-surface contexts, the presence of modern materials in contexts with historic artifacts, and the absence of information that improves significantly upon that gleaned from documentary sources, additional archaeological work at site 44AX0228 does not appear likely to contribute important new information about the history of Alexandria or the larger region. Therefore, site 44AX0228 is recommended not eligible

for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Phase IB archaeology survey examined a property in northwest Alexandria, Virginia, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the intersection of King Street and Braddock Road. King Street, also known as Route 7, Middle Pike, Middle Road, and the Leesburg Turnpike, runs along the southeastern boundary of the parcel (Photo 1 and Figure 1, p. 4). A fence separates the project area from Ivy Hill Cemetery to the north. The remaining boundary of the project area, located approximately 25 feet (7.6 m) grid north of the parking lot for the Woodbine Rehabilitation & Healthcare, extends northeast from King Street to meet the northern boundary adjacent to Ivy Hill Cemetery, forming a triangular property. A buried water line perpendicular to King Street crosses the project area (Photo 2 and Photo 3, p. 5). The project area, currently identified as 2811 King Street, includes land previously split among 2805, 2807, 2807A, and 2811 King Street. Because the property is slated for development, the current project was designed to identify archaeological resources and to assess the NRHP eligibility of any resources located within the property.

Photo 1: View Northwest of the Project Area and King Street.

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Figure 1: Boundaries of the 2811 King Street Project Area (Esri 2015).

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Photo 2: View West Showing the Water Main in King Street and the Marked

Water Line in the Project Area.

Photo 3: View West along the Southern Edge of the Project Area

Showing the Adjacent Parking Lot.

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ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The project area is located in the City of Alexandria, Virginia, on the north side of King Street. The property currently contains an undeveloped grassy plot of land that is dotted by several mature trees and bordered by a poured-concrete sidewalk along King Street. Ivy Hill Cemetery, established in the mid-nineteenth century, borders the northwestern side of the property, and a mid-twentieth century retirement community known as Woodbine Rehabilitation and Health Center, borders the east side. Timber Branch Run passes through the eastern portion of the cemetery, and is situated northeast of the project area. Taylor Run flows just west of the King Street property.

Agricultural since the seventeenth century, this property was historically part of the District of Columbia before being annexed by Alexandria County in 1846. In 1920, Alexandria County changed names to become Arlington County, and in 1930 the project vicinity was annexed by the City of Alexandria. Since that time, the area surrounding the 2811 King Street property has increasingly developed into a suburban residential neighborhood. The project area is one of the few open lots remaining in the vicinity.

Geology

Situated along the Potomac River in the northeastern portion of Virginia, the City of Alexandria is bordered by Arlington County to the north, the Potomac River and District of Columbia to the east, and Fairfax County to the south and west. Geologically, Alexandria lies within the western-most section of the Coastal Plain province in the Fall Zone separating the Coastal Plain from the adjacent Piedmont province to the west. Underlying bedrock is composed primarily of igneous and metamorphic rock which originated during the Cambrian and Ordovician periods between approximately 400 and 500 million years ago (Fleming 2008). This bedrock is unconformably overlain in most areas by thick packages of sediment laid down during the Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary periods.

The project area sits atop the ancient stream terrace known at the Beverly Hills Terrace (Figure 2, p. 8). This Quaternary terrace is composed primarily of coarse gravels and cobbles within a weathered loam matrix. Clayey silt caps the low-relief areas of the terrace. The sedimentary deposits of the Lower Cretaceous Potomac Formation underlie the Beverly Hills Terrace soils and lie unconformably over crystalline basement rocks. In the vicinity of the project area, the Potomac Group is exposed primarily along slopes and drainages (Fleming 2008).

Soils

Fertile, well-drained soils attracted both humans and game over millennia. Moreover, the wild grasses, fruits, and seeds consumed by people both before and after the adoption of agriculture flourished in such settings. As a consequence, numerous archaeologists have

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cited the correlation between the distribution of level to gently sloping, well-drained, fertile soils and archaeological sites (e.g., Lukezic 1990; Potter 1993; Turner 1976; Ward 1965). Soil scientists classify soils according to natural and artificial fertility and the threat posed by erosion and flooding, among other attributes. Soil classes 1 and 2 represent the most fertile soils, those best suited for not only agriculture but for a wide range of uses. Of course, soil productivity must be considered in relation to the productivity of the surrounding soils as well.

Soils underlying the project area are mapped as belonging to the Sassafras-Neabsco complex (National Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] 2013). These soils occur on flat uplands, where they form on clayey to gravelly ancient Coastal Plain sediments. Seasonally perched water tables are common due to the relative impermeability of the more clay-rich soils of this complex. That said, these soils are well-suited for construction provided that good drainage is provided and basements properly waterproofed, although wet yards may occur and septic fields are problematic (Department of Public Works and Environmental Services 2011). With regard to agricultural use, these are considered Class 2 soils and, while not prime farmland, have only moderate limitations in terms of crop choice (NRCS 2013).

Figure 2: Geologic Map of City of Alexandria, Showing

Project Area Location (Fleming 2008).

Project Area

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SURVEY METHODOLOGY

This project consisted of a Phase IB level archaeological investigation. The goals of the survey were to identify all archaeological sites more than 50 years old within the project area. The survey methods employed to meet these goals were chosen with regard to the project’s scope (i.e., the project’s potential to affect significant resources, should they be present), the potential of the project area to contain significant archaeological resources, and local field conditions. Based on the environmental setting of the project area, the previously recorded archaeological sites and architectural resources within 1 mile (1.6 km), and a previously-completed archaeological assessment of the study corridor, the probability of discovering archaeological resources was thought to be moderate to high (Peckler and Blondino 2014).

Archaeology Survey

The archaeological survey consisted of both a pedestrian survey and subsurface testing augmented by a metal-detector survey. The goals of the metal detector survey were to identify Civil War-era archaeological deposits within the project area and to assess the distribution of other historic metal materials within the interstices of the STP grid.

Archaeologists performed the pedestrian survey to identify disturbed portions of the project area and locate any cultural features with surface visibility. Subsurface testing involved the excavation of STPs within the defined project area. STPs were excavated at 50-foot (15.6-m) intervals across the testable portions of the project area.

Shovel tests were given alphanumeric designations with a letter transect designation and shovel test number (e.g., STP A-4). STPs measured approximately 1.25 feet (38.1 cm) in diameter and were excavated to penetrate at least 0.3 feet (10.2 cm) into sterile subsoil or to the practical limits of excavation. All soils excavated from STPs were passed through 0.25-inch (0.6-cm) hardware mesh cloth. Distinct soil strata were given sequential stratum designations that increased with depth (e.g., Stratum I, II, III). All artifacts were recovered and bagged by stratum to the extent possible. The STP designation, level, excavator, date, and material recovered were recorded on field tags for each level. Soil conditions, weather information, and notations on disturbances were recorded within field notes.

Because Civil War-specific resources possibly exist within the project area, Dovetail conducted a metal-detector survey to search for these materials; the metal detecting also provided information on the distribution of artifacts across the project area. Metal detecting was conducted along transects spaced at 25-foot (7.62-m) intervals. The metal-detector results also provided insight into the distribution of historic metal artifacts not directly associated with Civil War-era military activity. A Whites 9500 pro/psi metal detector was used to conduct the survey in a zig-zag pattern along and midway between transects to ensure maximum coverage. Positive contacts were identified with pin flags. A sample of the metal-detector hits was excavated to determine if the contact was

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positive for historic ferrous and/or non-ferrous metal artifacts. The location of historic artifacts discovered during the metal detecting was mapped. Marco González served as the primary metal detector operator for this project. Mr. González has 8 years of experience metal detecting for archaeological investigations.

Laboratory Analysis

Archaeological specimens collected during the Phase IB survey were transported to the Dovetail laboratory in Fredericksburg, Virginia for processing and analysis. Prior to washing, each bag was cross-referenced with the field log to confirm provenience information and contents. Stable objects were washed with tap water and a soft brush with special attention paid to edges of ceramics and glass to better aid in identification. After washing, the artifacts were grouped by provenience and placed on a drying rack.

Once dry, the artifacts were cataloged for analysis. Specific characteristics were described using currently accepted terminology and were entered into an Excel database. After cataloging, diagnostic artifacts were pulled and directly marked with their provenience information or accession number.

Specific ware types and manufacture dates were identified using Adams (2002), Bartoviks (1980), Greer (1970), Nelson (1968), Noël Hume (1991), Pittman et al. (1987), and South (1977). Non-tool prehistoric lithics were identified using Andrefsky (1998), Odell (2004), and Whittaker (1994). Hafted bifaces and prehistoric ceramics, if recovered, were assigned types using standard regional typologies (i.e. Coe 1964; Custer 1989; Ritchie 1971).

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BACKGROUND RESEARCH

Prior to conducting fieldwork, the potential of the project area to contain archaeological resources and architectural properties eligible for listing on the NRHP was assessed by searching the DHR site file maps and records, historic map projections, and examining the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) maps for the area. The CWSAC maps did not show any major Civil War battles in the immediate vicinity of the project area. The property, nevertheless, is situated in the area that was encompassed by the ring of forts comprising the Federal defenses of Washington, and King Street (Leesburg Turnpike) was used extensively as a corridor for troop movement.

Previously Recorded Historic Resources in the Project Vicinity

A review of DHR records indicated that four archaeological sites and 50 architectural resources have been previously recorded within 0.5 miles (0.8 km) of the parcel under study.

Archaeological Resources

The four archaeological sites located within the project vicinity have not been formally evaluated for the NRHP (Table 1). Two of the four resources have prehistoric components (44AX0017 and 44AX0175), while three of the four contain historic features. Of the three historic sites, two contained standing structures when initially surveyed. One of the historic sites, an antebellum dwelling and Civil War-era hospital (44AX0144), is associated with African Americans.

Table 1: Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Within 0.5 Miles (0.8 km) of the Project Area.

DHR # Type Temporal Period Eligibility

44AX0017 Temporary Camp Native American/Prehistoric Not Evaluated

44AX0175 Farmstead, Fort, Single Family Dwelling

Native American/Prehistoric Euro-American/4th quarter 18th

century; 19th century Not Evaluated

44AX0122 Single-Family Dwelling Euro-American/2nd half 19th century; 1st half 20th century Not Evaluated

44AX0144 Hospital, Circa-1840 Single-Family Dwelling

African and Euro-American/2nd quarter 19th century Not Evaluated

Architectural Resources

Five of the 50 previously recorded architectural resources located within the project vicinity have been formally evaluated by the DHR, and four of these five properties were found to be listed on or determined eligible for the NRHP (Table 2, p. 12). NRHP-listed resources include a series of circa-1792 stone markers delineating the District of Columbia’s boundaries (000-0022), and a sizable early-twentieth-century residential

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neighborhood known as the Rosemont Historic District (100-0137). This district contains more than 456 dwellings, most of which are single-family residences constructed between 1908 and 1940.

The home of President Gerald Ford (100-0165), a NRHP-listed Ranch house and National Historic Landmark (NHL), is also located within 0.5 miles (0.8 km) of the study parcel. The George Washington Mason Memorial (100-0128) has been determined eligible for the NRHP by DHR staff. One of the five evaluated resources, a late-nineteenth century dwelling located at 406 Highland Place (100-0166), was determined to be not eligible for the NRHP in 1993.

Of additional interest are two properties that mention the Hohenstein family, former owners of the project area, by name: the House at 2605 King Street (100-0200) and House at 403 West Masonic View Avenue (100-0221). Another historic property, Ivy Hill Cemetery (100-0203) is located adjacent to the study property. All three of these resources were initially surveyed by the local Department of Planning and Zoning in 1995, and have not been revisited since that time.

Table 2: Previously Recorded Architectural Resources Within the Current Project Area.

DHR # Name Description Eligibility

000-0022

Boundary Markers and Jurisdiction Stones of

the District of Columbia

Circa-1792 stone markers delineating District

boundaries

NRHP:1992/02/12; 1991/01/28;

VLR:1990/08/2; DHR Staff: Eligible

1990/01/18

100-0001 Alms House Circa-1800, 2.5-story brick dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0128 George Washington Masonic National

Memorial

Circa-1932, Classical Revival stone memorial and

meeting hall

DHR Staff: Eligible1998/04/02

100-0137 Rosemont Historic District

84-acre (34 ha) trolley suburb featuring 456

dwellings built between 1908–1940

NRHP:1992/9 /24; VLR: 1991/12/11

100-0165 President Gerald R. Ford, Jr., House

Circa-1955, 2-story, brick dwelling

VLR: 1997/03/19; NRHP:1985/12/17; NHL: 1985/12/17

100-0166 House, 406 Highland Place

Circa-1870, 2-story, frame, Folk Victorian dwelling

DHR Staff: Not Eligible 1993/7 /16

100-0170 House, 111 West Alexandria Ave.

Circa-1909, 2-story, Second Empire dwelling Not Evaluated


Circa-1896, 2-story, frame, Neoclassical dwelling Not Evaluated


Circa-1930, 2-story, frame, Folk Victorian dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0175 House, 305 West Braddock Road

Circa-1810, 2-story, frame, Italianate dwelling Not Evaluated

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100-0190 House, 202 High Street Circa-1918, 2.5-story, frame, Queen Anne

dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0191 House, 303 High Street Circa-1900, 2.5-story, frame, Queen Anne


100-0192 House, 1001 A Janney's Lane


100-0193 George Smoot

residence; House, 406 Janney's Lane

Circa-1856, 2-story, frame, vernacular dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0194 House, 604 A Janney's Lane

Circa-1820, 2-story, brick, Federal dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0198 House, 2413 King Street

Circa-1920, 2-story, brick, Neoclassical dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0199 Eastern View; House, 2525 King Street



Circa-1879, 2-story, frame, Federal dwelling Not Evaluated




Circa-1906, 2-story, frame, Queen Anne dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0203 Ivy Hill Cemetery ; House, 2823 King

Street

Circa-1870, 2-story, frame, Italianate dwelling &

cemetery Not Evaluated


Circa-1820 2-story, brick, Federal dwelling and barn Not Evaluated








Circa-1888, 2.5-story, frame, Folk Victorian



Circa-1920, 2.5-story, frame Foursquare dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0214 House, 210 Locust Lane

Circa-1900, 2.5-story, frame, Folk Victorian


100-0216 House, 200 North Longview Drive

Circa-1824, 2-story, frame, Federal dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0218 House, 205 West Mason Avenue

Circa-1920, 2.5-story, frame, Queen Anne


100-0219 House, 207 West Mason Avenue

Circa-1918, 2-story, Foursquare dwelling Not Evaluated

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100-0221 Hohenstein House, 403

West Masonic View Avenue


100-0222 House, 104 West Monroe Avenue



Circa-1899, 2-story, frame, Queen Anne dwelling Not Evaluated


Circa-1918, 2.5-story, frame, vernacular dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0229 House, 117 West Nelson Avenue


100-0232 Jason McGraw

Residence, 1400 Orchard Street

Circa-1878, 2.5-story, brick Italianate dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0233 House, 1510 Orchard Street

Circa-1920, 2.5-story, vernacular dwelling Not Evaluated


Circa-1906, 2.5-story, frame, Colonial Revival







Circa-1918, 2.5-story, Foursquare dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0259 House, 1200 Russell Road

Circa-1900, 2.5-story, frame, Colonial Revival



Circa-1910, 2.5-story, frame Queen Anne




100-0271 House, 1502 Stonewall Road

Circa-1920, 1.5-story, frame Queen Anne


100-0273 House, 418 West Summers Drive


100-0275 House, 501 Upland Place

Circa-1905, 2.5-story, brick, vernacular dwelling Not Evaluated

100-0276 House, 1105 Vassar Road

Circa-1930, 1.5-story, brick, Colonial Revival


100-0279 House, 1608 Stonewall Street


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HISTORIC CONTEXT

A primary goal of the documentary research was to determine the occupation, use, and ownership of the 2811 King Street property (Peckler and Blondino 2014). This information and additional archival data was compiled and analyzed to develop a historic context.

A previous investigation, conducted in 2004 by Thunderbird Archaeology, detailed the parcel’s ownership and general patterns of land use that impacted it during the historic period (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004). This study identified three historic trends of particular relevance to the property’s development over time, including construction of the Leesburg Turnpike, impacts resulting from the area’s Union occupation during the Civil War, and the property’s associations with the German and Irish immigrant community in Alexandria.

Thunderbird’s report identified the parcels that comprise the 2811 King Street property as “the Garvey Property” for the historical association this land had with Michael and Regina Garvey and their descendants over the course of little more than 100 years (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004). The Garvey property had previously belonged to Regina’s parents, Frederick and Rachel Hohenstein (also spelled Hoenstein, Hohenstine, and Holstein)—German immigrants who purchased a small 23-acre (9.31 ha) farm property in 1839 by mortgaging it from another German immigrant. Many of Regina Garvey’s siblings and their families lived on portions of their parent’s property into early-twentieth century; Michael and Regina Garvey’s descendants occupied the site as late as the 1970s.

Peckler and Blondino’s (2014) study extended the earlier work, but continued the focus on the historic themes identified in the previous study, including settlement and development along Leesburg Turnpike, the Civil War years, and the Hohenstien/Garvey families’ tenure of the property as immigrant farmers in the area from the mid-nineteenth to early-twentieth century.

Prehistoric and Contact Period History

During the prehistoric period, Native Americans hunted and temporarily inhabited land in the vicinity of what is now the City of Alexandria. The areas around Timber Branch Run and Taylor Run were particularly attractive to wildlife and hunters alike. Early European settlers frequently relied upon Native American trading routes and animal pathways for early overland transportation, as was the case for the original course of the Leesburg Road (Washburn 2004:97). Much of the “…corridor that became Leesburg Turnpike was originally part of an extensive trail system formed by early explorers and Native Americans that ran from Georgia up to New York” (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:4).

Virginia’s Native American prehistory typically is divided into three main periods, Paleoindian, Archaic, and Woodland, based on changes in material culture and settlement systems. Recently, the possibility of a human presence in the region that pre-dates the Paleoindian period has moved from remote to probable; for this reason, a Pre-Clovis discussion precedes the traditional tripartite division of Virginia’s Native American history. The seventeenth-through-twentieth-century historical overview follows the

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Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) guidelines (DHR 2011). The cultural context, as defined by the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and the DHR (2011), provides the historic social and environmental information required for evaluation of any archaeological and architectural resources present within the project area.

Pre-Clovis (?–13,000 B.P.)

The 1927 discovery, at Folsom, New Mexico, of a fluted point in the ribs of an extinct species of bison proved that ancient North Americans had immigrated during the Pleistocene. It did not, however, establish the precise timing of the arrival of humans in the Americas, nor did it adequately resolve questions about the lifestyle of those societies (Meltzer 1988:2–3). Recent discoveries imply that humans occupied the Americas, including Virginia, prior to the appearance of Clovis fluted points in the archaeological record. Both the stratigraphic record and the radiocarbon assays from the recently excavated Cactus Hill site in Sussex County suggest the possibility of human occupation of Virginia well before the fluted point makers appeared on the scene (McAvoy and McAvoy 1997). Buried strata at the Cactus Hill Site, in Sussex County, Virginia, have returned radiocarbon dates of 15,000 years ago from sandy strata situated below levels containing fluted points (McAvoy and McAvoy 1997:165).

The artifacts recovered from the sub-fluted-point levels present a striking contrast with the tool kit relied on by Paleoindians. Rather than relying on extensively finished chert knives, scraping tools, and spear points, the pre-Clovis peoples used a different but highly-refined stone technology. Prismatic blade-like flakes of quartzite, chipped from specially prepared cobbles and lightly worked along one side to produce a sharp edge, compose the majority of the stone cutting and scraping tools. Sandstone grinding and abrading tools, possibly indicating production of wood and bone tools, also occurred in significant numbers in the deepest artifact-bearing strata. Because these tools do not possess unique characteristics which immediately identify them as dating to the Pleistocene, archaeologists recognize the possibility that 15,000-year old sites have been overlooked for years.

Paleoindian Period (13,000−10,000 B.P.)

The Paleoindian settlement-subsistence pattern revolved around hunting and foraging in small nomadic bands. Evidence for this occupation is manifest in fluted projectile points used for hunting. Fluted points are rare and often identified as isolated occurrences. While these discoveries are infrequent, the eastern half of the United States has some of the highest concentrations of these finds. Almost 1,000 known fluted projectile points have been discovered in Virginia (Anderson and Faught 1998). While the fluted Clovis and Folsom projectile points are the best known of the Paleoindian point types, others include Hardaway-Dalton and Hardaway Side-Notched (Barber and Barfield 1989). Most large Paleoindian Period sites in the southeastern United States are quarry or quarry related (Meltzer 1988:21). Though the full range of available lithic resources was used to manufacture fluted points (e.g., Phelps 1983), a number of studies have noted a focus on

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cryptocrystalline materials (e.g., chert, jasper, chalcedony) (Gardner 1974, 1989; Goodyear 1979). The Paleo tool kit included scrapers, gravers, unifacial tools, wedges, hammerstones, abraders, and other tools used for chopping and smashing (Gardner 1989).

Archaic Period (10,000–3200 B.P.)

The Archaic Period is generally divided into three phases, Early (10,000–8800 B.P.), Middle (8800–5500 B.P.), and Late (5500–3200 B.P.). There does not appear to be a dramatic change in the tool kits of the Early Archaic and their Paleoindian predecessors. Actually, their settlement and subsistence patterns appear to be very similar (Anderson et al. 1996; Cable 1996). The transition into the Archaic Period is marked by an increase in site size and artifact quantity, as well as an increase in the number of sites (Egloff and McAvoy 1990). Diagnostic artifacts of the Early Archaic Period include the Kirk Corner-Notched and Palmer Corner-Notched projectile points (Coe 1964; Custer 1990). In addition, some bifurcated stem points such as St. Albans and LeCroy appear to be associated with the increased use of hafted endscrapers (Coe 1964). The Early Archaic also marks the first appearance of ground stone tools such as axes, celts, adzes and grinding stones. At the close of this Period, we see a shift to an increased reliance on a wider range of lithic resources.

While there appears to be a relatively high degree of cultural continuity between the Early and Middle Archaic Periods, sites dating to the Middle Archaic Period are more numerous, suggesting an increase in population, and sites appear to be occupied for longer periods of time. The Middle Archaic Period coincides with a relatively warm and dry period that may have resulted in widespread population movements (Delcourt and Delcourt 1987; Stoltman and Baerreis 1983). Projectile points diagnostic of the Middle Archaic Period include Stanley Stemmed, Morrow Mountain Stemmed, Guilford Lanceolate, and Halifax Side-Notched.

The Late Archaic Period is often seen as the culmination of trends that began during the Early and Middle Archaic (Dent 1995:178). Mouer (1991:10) sees the primary cultural attributes of the first half of the Late Archaic as “small-group band organization, impermanent settlement systems, infrequent aggregation phases, and low levels of regional or areal integration and interaction.” Dent (1995:178) suggests that the Late Archaic is “a time that contains both the ends of one way of life and the beginnings of a significant redirection.” The artifact assemblage is dominated by bifacial tools; however, expedient flake scrapers, drills, perforators and utilized flakes also characterize of Late Archaic assemblages. Groundstone tools, including adzes, celts, and axes, are seen during this period with the grooved axe making its first appearance during the Late Archaic (Dent 1995:181–182). Holmes points appear near the end of the Late Archaic period (Dent 1995; Mouer 1991).

The period of time from approximately 4500 B.P. to 3200 B.P. is referred to as the Transitional Period by some (Mouer 1991), while others argue that due to the lack of pottery it is more accurately classified as an extension of the Late Archaic (Dent 1995:180). By the early portion of this time period, glacial retreat led to higher sea levels on the Atlantic seaboard. This allowed for the development of large estuaries and tidal

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wetlands that were conducive to the development of coastal resources such as fish and shellfish. Sites dating to this time period are often located in areas where populations could exploit these types of resources, such as river valleys, the lower portion of the coastal plain tributaries of major rivers, and near swamps. This has led archaeologists to postulate that fish began to play a larger role in the subsistence system. Platform hearths seen during this period are interpreted as being associated with fish processing (Dent 1995:185).

Transitional Period sites tend to be larger than those of the Archaic Periods, likely reflecting an increase in population. Dent (1995) argues that the larger sites may be misinterpreted as reflecting longer term occupation and may simply be sites that were revisited for short period on many occasions. Material culture associated with the Transitional Period includes soapstone vessels and broadspears. Broadspears associated with the later portion of the Late Archaic or Transitional Period include the Savannah River, Susquehanna, and Perkiomen projectile points. (Dent 1995; Mouer 1991).

Woodland Period (3200–400 B.P.)

The Woodland Period is divided into three phases, Early (3200 B.P.–2300 B.P.), Middle (2300–1100 B.P.), and Late (1100–400 B.P.). The introduction of pottery, agriculture, and a more sedentary lifestyle mark the emergence of the Woodland Period. The population surge that began in the Archaic continues in this period. The concurrent development of agriculture and pottery led early theorists to posit that they were linked; however few still support this position. Alternatively, the evolution of technological and subsistence systems as well as various aspects of pan-Eastern interaction are currently believed to underlie the evolution of ceramic vessels (Egloff 1991).

Steatite-tempered Marcey Creek pottery, dating to the Early Woodland Period, is thought to be the earliest ceramic ware in Virginia’s Piedmont. Marcey Creek wares, considered experimental, are typically shallow, slab built forms (Dent 1995; McLearen 1991). Another steatite-tempered ware, Selden Island, followed Marcey Creek and soon other temper types appear in the archaeological record (McLearen 1991). At approximately 1100 B.P. there is a shift from the earlier slab-construction techniques to coil-made conoidal or globular vessels. This shift is accompanied by the introduction of surface treatments such as cord marking and net impression (Dent 1995; McLearen 1991). Projectile points associated with the Early Woodland Period include teardrop points sometimes classified as the Rossville and Piscataway types (Dent 1995; Mounier and Martin 1994).

The Middle Woodland is marked by the rise of “interregional interaction spheres, including the spread of religious and ritual behaviors which appear in locally transformed ways; localized stylistic developments that sprung up independently alongside interregional styles increased sedentism and evidence of ranked societies or incipient ranked societies” (McLearen 1992:55). While there is a degree of commonality among Middle Woodland peoples, one of the striking characteristics of this period is the rise of regional trends, particularly in pottery. Coastal Plain and Piedmont ceramic styles can be distinguished, as well as north–south differences that correspond to river drainages that

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drain into the Chesapeake Bay or Albemarle Sound. The diversity of surface treatments increases after 1500 B.P., and analysis of the regional pottery indicates that the Potomac, the Rappahannock, and Upper Dan were slightly different cultural subareas in the physiographic province of the Piedmont (Hantman and Klein 1992). The Middle Woodland Period also sees the introduction of the triangular Levanna projectile point.

The Late Woodland Period is marked by an increased reliance on agriculture, attendant population growth, larger villages and increased sociocultural complexity (Turner 1992). Ceramic types of the Late Woodland Period in the project vicinity include the Albemarle, Potomac Creek, and Townsend types (Hantman and Klein 1992). The trend towards sedentary settlements continues throughout the Late Woodland Period. In the early portion of this period, settlements consist of small clusters of houses with little to no internal organization. However, by 300 B.P., larger villages are observed. Features associated with these villages include palisades, houses, hearths, storage pits, and burials (Hantman and Klein 1992). The smaller Madison triangular projectile point is generally associated with the Late Woodland Period.

During the period of initial European intrusion, the Potomac River fall line was “a dynamic cultural boundary” (Potter 1993:154). Non-violent social interaction resulted in the exchange of various goods by peoples residing upstream and downstream from the falls of the river (Potter 1993:158–161). Namoraughqend, the northernmost Potomac Valley settlement depicted on Smith’s (1624) Virginia Discouvered and Discribed, was affiliated with the downstream Algonquian-speading Nacotchtank. Namoraughqend was located within present-day Alexandria, Virginia.

European Settlement

European settlers spread up the Potomac Valley during the seventeenth century As the population of newcomers expanded, the Algonquin-speaking Piscataway along the Potomac River to the west. In 1749, Alexandria, a tobacco trading post, was founded. Alexandria initially flourished as a port, became a railroad hub and supply center for the Union Army during the Civil War, and an important Washington suburb. The remainder of the historic context focuses on the project area and surrounding vicinity.

Settlement and Early National Period History (1700–1830)

The land that became 2811 King Street was part of a large tract that was “…first patented in 1669 and consequently sold to John Alexander that same year,” though tax records suggest that Alexander and his descendants did not make improvements to the land for some time (DHR Property File 100-0166). The Alexander family is one of several early residents of Alexandria and Arlington County; part of the family’s “Preston” plantation has been recently excavated along with the City’s Potomac Yard (Adams 1996).

The land containing the current project area may have been part of the inheritance Frances Swann received from her parents, Charles and Frances (Brown) Alexander. A plat filed in association with the allotment of Frances Alexander’s dower in 1818

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indicates that a portion of her husband’s estate stretched from the Potomac River west to include land on either side of the Washington and Alexandria Turnpike, Leesburg Road, and Timber Branch (Arlington County Chancery Court [ACCC], Alexander v. Alexander 1830-015) (Figure 2, p.21).

Construction of the Leesburg Turnpike through a portion of this property may be attributed to Frances Swann’s connections to at least two of the founding members of the Leesburg Turnpike Company: Thomas Swann and her brother, Charles Alexander, Jr. (Artemel 1992:195). Established in 1808, the Leesburg Turnpike Company sought to more directly connect the town of Alexandria on the Potomac River with the town of Leesburg to better facilitate commerce between the western lands and East Coast and international markets (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:5). Legislation, passed by Congress and the state of Virginia attempted to supplement this private construction effort in the 1810s, but construction of the road did not begin until 1818 and continued to 1838 (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:5–6).

Antebellum and Civil War Period History (1830–1865)

In April 1839, Frances (Alexander) Swann, a descendant of John Alexander, sold nearly 23 acres (9.31 ha) of land on the north side of the new Leesburg Turnpike, also known as Middle Pike or Middle Road, to a German-born farmer named David Betzold for $712.11 (Alexandria/Arlington County Deed Book [ACDB] R3:186). At that time, Swann conveyed two tracts of land, one a little more than 15 acres (6.07 ha) and another 7 acres (2.83 ha) that she shared an interest in with her brother, Gustav B. Alexander.

Across the new road to Leesburg, Hugh Smith, a well-known china and glass merchant, was dividing his larger farm property into smaller lots as well (Ziegler and Bodor 1998:7). In 1835, Smith sold two lots containing a total of 21.5 acres (8.7 ha) to James Atkinson, a successful blacksmith from Alexandria. Just four years later, in 1839, Atkinson bought another 4 acres (1.62 ha) on the south side of the new roadway from Frances Swann (ACDB E3:438; Ziegler and Bodor 1998). This pattern of division and development appears to have been common in the area at this time as more and more market farmers and gardeners were able to make a living by delivering fresh produce along improved the roadways into the growing urban population of Alexandria.

According to later deeds and court records, months after purchasing the property from Swann, David Betzold entered into a mortgage agreement with German immigrant, Frederick Hohenstein. David Betzold does not appear to have ever lived at the King Street property. The 1850 Federal Census identified him as a 67-year-old famer owning approximately $4,500 in real estate in Fairfax County. Betzold continued to hold title to the property until his death in the winter of 1856. Shortly after his death, Hohenstein brought suit against his heirs in Chancery Court to obtain proper title to the property and paid them $400 to settle the remaining debt on his mortgage (ACCC, Hoenstein v. Lieberman etc. 1859-016; ACDB Q3–T3:514).

In 1840, Frederick Hohenstein, aged 30 to 40 years, is listed among citizens of the District of Columbia in the County of Alexandria, outside “the limits of the Corporation

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of Alexandria” (Ancestry.com [Ancestry n.d.]). At that time, his household contained two boys under the age of five, a girl, aged five to ten, and a woman, aged 20 to 30 years. By the time of the 1850 Federal Census, the Hohenstien family had grown to contain four daughters (Sarah, Rachel, Caroline, and Mary) and two sons (Frederick and William) (Family Search 1850). The 49-year-old Frederick was identified as a “gardener and farmer” (Ancestry n.d.). Three other gardeners are listed living around him, but most of his neighbors identified themselves as farmers and natives of Virginia or Maryland (Ancestry n.d.).

Figure 2: Survey of 1,000-Acre Tract of Charles Alexander Sr., 1818 (ACCC, Alexander

v. Alexander, 1830-015).

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At the time of the census, Alexandria farmers were growing corn, oats, potatoes, barley, hay, buckwheat, and “various types of fruit in orchards…” (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:8). Hohenstein, and other farmers with less than 25 acres (10.12 ha) in land, were in the minority of those counted in Alexandria County at that time. As a market farmer, he also reported less than average numbers of livestock and crops, owning one horse, two cows, and two pigs, and growing about 50 bushels of corn and $50 worth of market produce in the previous year. Although neighboring farmers may have produced a greater variety of farm goods, the majority of them reported growing between $30 and $2000 worth of market garden produce in 1850 (Ancestry n.d.).

Frederick and Rachel Hohenstein, with David Betzold, began selling portions of their property as early as 1855. In his first sale of property, Frederick Hohenstien partnered with Betzold to convey a lot fronting roughly 80 feet (24.4 m) along the Middle Turnpike, and otherwise surrounded by Hohenstien’s land, to George L. Baumgardner on June 16 1855 (ACDB Q3–T3:40). Listed next to Hohenstein in the 1860 Census, George Baumgardner (also spelled Bumgardner and Baumgartener) was identified as a butcher by trade, and is believed to have married Hohenstein’s eldest daughter, Sarah, around the same time that Hohenstein sold him the lot (Ancestry n.d.).

Partnering with David Betzold again in a deed dated October 29, 1856, Hohenstein conveyed one-acre, one rod, and seven-and-a-half perches of land to George H. Smoot (ACDB Q3–T3:203). Smoot was noted as a resident of the city at that time, but by the 1860 Census, two young butchers by the names of Thomas and James Smoot are listed in separate dwellings next to Frederick and Rachel Hohenstein (Ancestry n.d.).

Both the population and Agricultural Census of 1860 report Hohenstein as owning real estate valued at $1,000. The Agricultural Census revealed that Hohenstein had 20 acres (8.09 ha) of land, 10 improved and 10 unimproved land. Compared with the information collected in 1850, Frederick Hohenstein appears to have added different crops to his farm (20 bushels of Indian corn, 15 bushels of oats, and 200 bushels of Irish potatoes), and increased the market produce grown there as well, then valued at $600, up from $50 worth in the previous decade (Ancestry n.d.).

According to local records, Hohenstein’s second daughter, Regina, also known as Rachel, married an older Irish immigrant named Michael Garvey in St. Mary’s Catholic Church on June 14, 1860 (Family Search 1860; Pippenger 1994:90). The couple is absent from both the population and agricultural census in 1860, suggesting that they may have initially left the area to build a life elsewhere. Later records indicate that Michael Garvey immigrated to America in 1844 at the age of 25 (Ancestry n.d.).

During the war years, many area residents vacated their homes to avoid the toll that came with occupation as well as frequent troop and supply movements:

Alexandria's strategic importance as a railroad center and port meant that Federal troops lost no time in invading the town on the morning of May 24, 1861. The Federal occupation forever changed the social, cultural and economic fabric of the old seaport town. For four years, the city endured

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the longest military occupation by Union troops of any town during the conflict. Although there was little fighting near Alexandria, the influx of so many soldiers meant that residents would no longer experience the peace of the antebellum period. Approximately two-thirds of the local population fled the city. Private houses, churches, and local public buildings were commandeered for military barracks, hospitals and prisons (Historic Alexandria 2013).

One illustration, made in May 1861 by V. P. Corbett, reflects the early occupation of the area and shows the dramatic rise in topography along the Leesburg Turnpike as it leaves the City of Alexandria (Figure 3). This map shows the roadway as it passes through Shooters Hill, Alexandria Heights, and Seminary Hill, but it also depicts the presence of a temporary camp of Zouaves, a regiment of the Union Army, in the approximate location of the study parcel.

Figure 3: “Sketch of the Seat of War in Alexandria and Fairfax County” V. P. Corbett, May 1861 (Zeigler and Bodor 1997:15). Area marking Zouave campsite and general

vicinity of study parcel highlighted in yellow.

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Other maps of Alexandria and the project vicinity created during the Civil War indicate that Hohenstien/Garvey property was located north of Fort Ellsworth and Shooters Hill (also spelled Shuters Hill), southeast of Fort Blenker and Fort Ward, and east of Fort Worth (Figure 4; Figure 5, p. 25). A map dated 1865, depicts Hohenstein’s farmstead and drive as located directly opposite Janney Lane, and another short drive, leading east from Leesburg Turnpkie along what appears to be the southern boundary of Ivy Hill Cemetery (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:Figure 2) (Figure 6, p. 25).

Figure 4: “Map of n. eastern Virginia and vicinity of Washington” (Young and

Hesselbach 1862).

The land within Ivy Hill Cemetery is known to have been temporarily occupied during the war years. The 37th New York was depicted as camping in the cemetery on plate 6 of the Official Military Atlas of Civil War, while a Pennsylvania militia, the 11th Massachusetts, and the 1st Michigan militias were also situated along the Leesburg Turnpike in the vicinity of the study property (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:16). Originally sold by the heirs of Hugh C. Smith to a conglomerate of businessmen in September 1854, the Ivy Hill Cemetery Company was formally established in February 1857 when Samuel Miller, William N. McVey and others sold their interest in the estimated 22 acres (8.9 ha) of Smith’s land to the corporation (ACDB Q3–T3:313; R3:181). Following the war, a local committee petitioned the Federal Government in May 1866 for “damages sustained by the cemetery from Federal Troops” (Brunch and Sullivan 1982:xi).

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Project Area Vicinity

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Figure 5: “Map of the environs of Washington compiled from Boschkes' map of the

District of Columbia and from surveys of the U.S. Coast Survey…1861 to 1865” (Barnard 1865).

Figure 6: 2005 Aerial (USDA) of Area Overlaid with “Portion of 1865 Map of Environs

of Washington D.C. from Original Surveys in Engineers Department Showing Vicinity of the Project Area” (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:Figure 2).

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Given Union troops’ occupation of the neighboring Ivy Hill Cemetery, it is likely that the Hohenstein, Garvey, and Baumgardner families were among those residents that fled the area. However, no archival evidence has been uncovered to identify their exact whereabouts during this period.

Reconstruction and Growth Period History (1865–1914)

Following the end of the Civil War, Frederick and wife (identified as Virginia Hohenstien) gifted a portion of their land to their second eldest son, William A. Hohenstien, on November 28, 1865 (ACDB U3–W3:429). It is not clear if Michael and Regina Garvey were living on the family property at that time, but this deed made reference to Garvey’s line, suggesting that Frederick Hohenstein had previously surveyed and divided the land between his heirs. Furthermore, this deed noted that William Hohenstein was residing on the parcel that was being conveyed to him. Since the Federal Census of 1870 reported William, a butcher by trade, to be living within his 70-year-old father’s household along with his young wife, Caroline, and their two small children, it is likely that William may have inherited his father’s house (Ancestry n.d.).

Regina and Michael Garvey did not obtain legal possession of the land allotted to them until after her father died in 1877. In his will, Frederick Hohenstein divided his property equally among his surviving children (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:19). Each appears to have received approximately four acres (1.62 ha) of land, with Regina inheriting two separate lots (Arlington County Will Book 2:84A). The smaller of these lots, containing roughly 1.4 acres (0.57 ha), is the parcel of study, now known as 2811 King Street. The larger lot, containing approximately 2.6 acres (1.05 ha), was geographically separated from the first by the four-acre (1.62 ha) lot given to William A. Hohenstein. These lots are more clearly distinguished in a circa 1900 map of Alexandria for the Virginia Title Company (Strum 1900) (Figure 7, p. 27).

Although this division in Hohenstien’s land was platted by Thomas N. Carter in 1869, it does not appear that all of his children occupied their allotted land (Arlington County Will Book 2:84A). Published in 1879, G. M. Hopkins’ map of Alexandria County depicts three or four dwellings on the Hohenstein family land, two of which appear to be on or very close to Regina Garvey’s parcels (Figure 8, p. 28). A later map, dated 1904, notes “M. Garvey” with a house adjacent to the cemetery and the roadway, suggesting that Regina and Michael Garvey resided on the small lot of land and also the parcel of study (Figure 9, p. 28).

The 1870 Census appears to have mistakenly labeled the Garveys as Michael and Rachel Grover. As aforementioned and observed in the 1850 population census, Regina Garvey also went by the name of Rachel and even later, Virginia. The household of “Michael Grover” immediately follows that of George Baumgardner and Fred Hohenstein, and reports that Michael was a native of Ireland working as a Laborer with real estate valued at $600 (Ancestry n.d.). The couple had four children in their household at that time, ranging in age from nine to two years old: Jennie, Belle, Annie, and Fred Garvey. Adjacent to the Garveys was another Irish-born laborer named J. Fitzgerald, living with his family in a separate dwelling (Ancestry n.d.). A decade later, the Fitzgerald family

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continued to reside next to Michael and Regina Garvey, with their elder son James working as a grocer, and the younger son, John, listed as a farmer (Ancestry n.d.).

Figure 7: Detail of Virginia Title Company’s “Map of Alexandria County, Virginia”

(Strum 1900). Parcel of study highlighted in red.

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Figure 8: Detail of “Map of Alexandria County, Virginia” (Hopkins 1879). The name “G.

Hohenstein” is likely a typographic error, but this map depicts four houses on the property belonging to Frederick Hohenstein and his descendants.

Figure 9: “Portion of the 1904 Baist Map of the Vicinity of Washington, D.C. Showing

the Project Vicinity and Neighborhoods Along Leesburg Turnpike” (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004: Figure 5).

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The 1880 population census notes that Michael Garvey continued to work as a laborer at the age of 65, while a 36-year-old Regina kept house with eight children living at home. Three of Regina’s siblings lived nearby, including her brother, Frederick Hohenstein, and sister, Sarah Ann Baumgardner. Both Hohenstein and George L. Baumgardner were identified as Market Gardeners at that time, as was another neighbor, a German immigrant named Henry Abity (Ancestry n.d.). Given their stated occupation, it is odd that the 1880 Agricultural Census did not identify these men with any amount of orchard products or valuation of market garden produce (Ancestry n.d.). It did report Hohenstein, Garvey, and Baumgardner as having four acres of improved land each. Henry Abity was listed with 4 acres (1.62 ha) of improved land as well as two unimproved acres (0.81 ha). Baumgardner and Garvey’s farmland, fences, and buildings were each valued at $400, while that belonging to Abity and Hohenstein was worth $500 each (Ancestry n.d.).

Michael Garvey shares a headstone with his wife at St. Mary’s Catholic Church Cemetery in Alexandria (Pearce 2013). The gravestone indicates that he died in 1900. Since he and Regina Garvey were recorded in the population census of 1900 Census, it is believed that he passed sometime after the first of June that same year at the age of 81. According to the data collected during the 1900 Census, Michael Garvey never became an American citizen despite having lived in this country since 1844, but neither did his brother-in-law, George Baumgardner, who immigrated from Germany to America in 1856 (Ancestry n.d.).

According to previous investigations, beginning in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, much of the area around Leesburg Turnpike and on the fringes of the City began to develop into residential suburbs. The decreasing number of farms and farmers is seen in the 1900 Agricultural Census of Jefferson Township, where just two of the eight properties recorded contain more than 14 acres (5.67 ha) of land (Ancestry n.d.). “By 1894, neighborhoods, such as Spring Park and Northwest Alexandria, had been established outside the city… and in close proximity to the Garvey farm… Northwest Alexandria, later renamed Braddock Heights, was situated directly behind the Garvey farm to the east” (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:9). “Between 1900 and 1910, seventy subdivisions were recorded in Alexandria County (Massey and Maxwell 1991). This trend in residential development continued into the early-twentieth century, gradually filling much of the small farm properties that surrounded Alexandria.

Although the property of study was not officially incorporated into the City Limits until 1930, Regina Garvey, Frederick Hohenstein, and George Baumgardner first appeared in the Alexandria City Directories of 1910–1911 (Alexandria Clerk of Court n.d.; Ancestry n.d.). By the time of the 1910 Census, very few residents in the project vicinity were identified as working on a farm—most owned their homes and worked an array of blue-collar jobs, including bricklayers, carpenters, grocers, domestic servants, and laundresses.

World War I to Present Period History (1914–1970)

After Michael Garvey’s death, Regina continued to live on the property, but many of her children, nieces, and nephews had moved off the property. According to city directories, several moved to newly developed subdivisions or into the City proper (Ancestry n.d.).

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For the decade in which Regina Garvey is listed in the local directory, no occupation is identified with her name.

Michael and Regina had ten children together that survived to adulthood, the youngest of which was Richard, born in 1885. Richard Bernard Garvey was 32 years old when he registered for the Draft during World War I (Ancestry 2010). At that time, he was working as a Locomotive Engineer for the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad (RF&P) and living with his wife, Agnes, in the newly developed suburb of Potomac in Alexandria County. Several years later, the 1920 Census reported Richard B. Garvey, a fireman for the RF&P, to be living in his mother’s household with their three children (Ancestry). At this time, a 74-year-old Regina Garvey, then identified as “Virginia,” was listed between her nephew, Frederick W. Hohenstein, and a widowed African-American woman employed as the Sexton at Ivy Hill Cemetery, named Minnie Arnold (Ancestry n.d.). Minnie was the wife of Edward Taylor Arnold who worked as superintendent of the Ivy Hill Cemetery prior to his death in the summer of 1916 “…at his residence, Ivy Hill, Alexandria” (The Washington Herald, July 9, 1916).

Regina Garvey died the following year at her home on King Street “after a long illness” (The Washington Post, June 6, 1921). Without a will, her estate passed through probate court and resulted in a public auction on December 22, 1922. A description of the property was published in the Alexandria Gazette describing only the deed courses and acreage in Garvey’s two lots (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:20). Richard B. and Agnes Garvey purchased the smaller lot at a price of roughly $2,037 an acre, owning this land until 1979, while John D. Normoyle bought the larger parcel at approximately $1,432 an acre (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:21). The larger lot allocated to Regina Garvey currently contains the First Christian Church, built circa 1956 (Nationwide Environmental Title Research [NETR] 2011).

Previous investigations did not identify conclusive evidence as to the location of Regina Garvey’s house. Given the price that was paid for this smaller parcel, is it likely that some improvements existed on that site, but no such description was provided in the newspaper prior to the property’s auction. Land Assessment records of 1965 observed that the dwelling on Richard and Agnes Garvey’s property was a frame house built circa 1926 (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:21).

The 1965 tax assessment noted that the Garvey house rested on a cement-block foundation and had seven rooms, one bath, plastered walls, softwood floors, and an asphalt-shingled roof. Furthermore, it was equipped with water, one flush toilet and one washstand, copper pipes, electric lighting and an oil burner for heat. At that time, the lot also reportedly contained a detached, brick, two-car garage (Flahive and Jirikowic 2004:21).

Although the image was not reproducible for the present report, an aerial photograph taken in 1949 depicts the Richard and Agnes Garvey house and a garage behind it. This image also shows the same tree-lined boundary dividing the Garvey property and Ivy Hill cemetery that is present today. The 1949 aerial further reveals that Regina Garvey’s second lot was largely wooded and undeveloped at that time. Situated between Regina

31

Garvey’s lots is another dwelling located on William Hohenstien’s land. Behind this dwelling is a landscape feature that appears to be a short racetrack and a small gabled building. Just southeast of this undeveloped parcel, another dwelling appears on the land willed to Frederick Hohenstein (Jr.). Directly across King Street from the Garvey and Hohenstein houses are a number of recently constructed dwellings that make up a new Post-war subdivision.

In October 1950, Richard and Agnes Garvey subdivided their land, creating four smaller lots in a Deed of Dedication (ACDB 307:17) (Figure 10 and Figure 11, p. 32). In this plat, a rectilinear dwelling with a full-length front porch, back porch, and small projecting bay (southeast elevation) is depicted in conjunction with measurements for the proposed widening of King Street and new parcel divisions. The Garvey house fills the south end of Lot 1, which contained little more than 0.5 acre (0.2 ha).

Figure 10: Richard B. Garvey Deed of Dedication Filed October 9, 1950

(Flahive and Jirikowic 2004: Figure 8).

32

Figure 11: Current Tax Parcel Boundaries Overlaid on Modern Aerial (City of

Alexandria Tax Maps n.d.; Alexandria GIS 2012; USDA 2005;).

Richard B. Garvey died in 1954, and his children promptly conveyed their interest in the lot to their mother by deed on July 19, 1954 (ACDB 387:330). Agnes appears to have lived in the house for some time after his death. In December 1977, Agnes Garvey partnered in a deed with her children in what appears to have been an agreement with Valley Nursing Homes, Inc. that was filed after her death on May 1, 1979 (ACDB 942:303). Valley Nursing Home, Inc. held the title to this property until 2004 and was responsible for demolition of the Garvey house in the early 1980s. Several transactions in the last decade do not appear to have physically impacted the study property. At present, the three new lots created by Richard Garvey’s 1950 subdivision of his mother’s lot have not been developed and continue to remain an open grassy expanse of land.

33

RESULTS OF FIELDWORK

Peckler and Blondino (2014) indicated that the probability of discovering archaeological resources within the 1.3-acre (0.5 ha) parcel at 2811 King Street, based on the limited evidence of visible disturbance within the parcel and documentary evidence for the occupation of the property, as moderate to high. The acreage of the 2811 King Street property was subdivided into four lots in 1950 (Peckler and Blondino 2014:37), and archival research suggests that a strip of land at the southeastern edge of the property, fronting approximately 65 feet (19.81 m) along King Street and extending nearly 400 feet (121.92 m) northeast from the roadway, has the highest potential to contain archaeological deposits associated with the construction and demolition of the circa-1926 single-family dwelling belonging to Richard B. and Agnes Garvey. STP and metal-detector survey resulted in the identification of a single site (44AX0228) near the estimated location of the Garvey dwelling, garage, and yard. This site is discussed below.

STP and Metal-Detector Survey

The goals of the current archaeological survey were to identify all archaeological resources greater than 50 years old and to evaluate the potential eligibility of the resources for listing on the NRHP. A grid was established oriented parallel to the boundary between the project area and the parking lot for the Woodbine Rehabilitation & Health Care facility, or roughly perpendicular to King Street. Grid north paralleled King Street toward the cemetery, and grid east extended from King Street toward the opposite end of the property. Twenty-six STPs spaced at 50-foot (15.2-m) intervals were excavated within the 1.3 acre (0.56 ha) project area (Figure 12, p. 34). The average depth of STPs was 1.0+/-0.3 feet (0.30+/-0.09 m) with a range of 0.8 to 1.5 feet (0.24 to 0.46 m). Evidence of disturbance in STPs included buried asphalt, gravels, miscellaneous refuse, deflated soils, and deposits of modern fill.

Metal-detector survey at 25-foot (7.6-m) intervals across the project area recorded 279 hits. After initially excavating 11 of the 25 hits in the southwestern portion of the project area, a stratified random sample of hits was excavated due to the high number of hits. The project area was divided into blocks identified by reference to transect, the STP at the western end of the block, and location north or south of the transect (e.g., Block B-1-N) The sample attempted to excavate at least a 10 percent of the hits within each of the 39 50-x-25 foot blocks bounded by transects, STPs, and the midpoint between transects. In several blocks along King Street, however, where STP survey revealed deposits of modern fill, slightly smaller samples were excavated. When metal-detector hits were encountered, at least one in every block was excavated, for a total of 50 excavated hits (Figure 13, p.35). Aluminum cans and pull tops, sheet metal, pipes, miscellaneous corroded iron, rebar batteries, wire, unidentifiable corroded nails, spikes, and bolts, a CO2 canister, and slag were recorded by block and discarded in the field unless associated with a larger assemblage from the hit. Artifacts from 16 of the 50 excavated metal-detector hits (32 percent) were returned to the lab for processing.

34

Figure 12: Plan Map Showing STPs and Metal-Detector Hits with Potential Historic

Artifacts (Esri 2015).

35

Figure 13: Plan Map Showing Excavated/Total Metal Detector Hits by Blocks. Blocks

Were Identified by Reference to the STP Transect Direct West of Their Location and the Numbered STP Transect Both North and South of the Transect Line (Esri 2015).

36

Site 44AX0228 Description

The boundaries of Site 44AX0228 were identified based on the concentration of artifacts within the project area (Figure 14). The distribution of artifacts identified during STP and metal-detector survey were similar. Artifacts were recovered throughout the area but clustered in the southern one-third of the parcel and along King Street.

Figure 14: Location of Site 44AX0228 on the United States Geological Service (USGS)

Alexandria, VA 7.5-Minute Quadrangle (USGS 1994).

STPs excavated along King Street appeared disturbed, with artifacts recovered from a fill layer. In STP E-1, for example, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam capped a mix of dark brown (10YR 3/3) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) clay loam (Figure 15, p. 37). Four whiteware, one stoneware with a Bristol-slip interior, three shards of clear bottle glass, and two shards of clear window glass were recovered from the upper stratum.

In the central portion of the project area, relatively deep topsoil appeared in several STPs. In STP B-4, near the center of the project area, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam

37

appeared above yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay loam and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) clay loam subsoil (Figure 16). The assemblage from STP B-4 comprised one shard of aqua bottle glass, three fragments of clear container glass, one cut and two corroded nails, two small fragments of handmade brick, and one piece of window glass.

Excavation of STP B-7 near the grid eastern end of the project area revealed a deposit of dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam above pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay loam and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay loam subsoil (Figure 17, p. 38). Artifacts unearthed in Stratum I and II in STP B-7 included one whiteware sherd, an aqua bottle finish, a clear bottle glass shard, and two pieces of unidentified metal.

0

0.4'

0.8'

1.2'

Munsell:

I

II

= Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam

= Dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) clay loam

II

I

Unexcavated

Figure 15: Profile Drawing of STP E-1.

0

0.4'

0.8'

1.2'

Munsell:

I

II

= Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 ) loam = Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay loam

II

I

Unexcavated

III

III = Light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) clay loam

Figure 16: Profile Drawing of STP B-4.

Nine of 26 STPs excavated across the project area contained artifacts potentially 50 or more years old. The 61 artifacts unearthed during STP survey included 15 architectural items, six sherds, 30 shards of bottle glass, eight metal items, one oyster shell, and one piece of quartz debitage (Table 3, p. 38).

38

0

0.4'

0.8'

1.2'

Munsell:

I

II



II

I

Unexcavated


Table 3: Artifacts Recovered from STPs.

STP Category Object Type Material Count

A-3 Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1

Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 2 A-4 Architectural Nail Cut Iron Alloy 1

Glass Indeterminate Clear 2 A-6 Architectural Brick Fragment 1

Building Material Portland Cement 1

Ceramic Whiteware Plain 1

Glass Indeterminate Aqua 1

Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 B-4 Architectural Brick Fragment 2

Architectural Nail Cut Iron Alloy 1

Architectural Indeterminate Iron Alloy 2

Glass Bottle Body Aqua 3

Glass Indeterminate Clear 1 B-5 Architectural Glass Window Clear 1

Glass Bottle Body Clear 2 B-7 Ceramic Whiteware Plain 1

Glass Bottle Finish Aqua 1

Glass Indeterminate Body Aqua 1

Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 2 C-1 Architectural Brick Hand Made 1

Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1 Architectural Cut Iron Alloy 1

Glass Bottle Body Amber 1

Glass

Clear 12

Glass

Emerald 1

39


Green

Glass

Finish/Neck/Shoulder Clear 1

Glass Canning Jar Rim/Body Clear 1

Lithic Debitage Flake Quartz 1

Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 3

Organic Shell Oyster 1

E-1 Architectural Window Glass Clear 2

Ceramic Stoneware Body Bristol Slip 1


Glass Bottle Body Clear 3 Total

61

Despite the expected dominance of architectural debris and domestic refuse in the overall assemblage, the assemblage is small relative to the length of the occupation. Although numerous metal detector hits were recorded, artifacts recovered from the excavated sample consisted primarily of aluminum cans and corroded iron objects.

Architectural items and domestic material dominated the assemblage of 63 artifacts analyzed in the lab, with the latter category composed primarily of nineteenth-to-twentieth-century ceramics and glass (Table 4). Both wire and cut nails were recovered. Artifacts identified in the lab included a 1950s penny, a fragment of a metal pot, wire cutters, a metal fence post fragment, cut and wire nails, aluminum can fragments, a hinge, metal bars and spikes, miscellaneous metal, whiteware, ironstone, hard-paste porcelain, and shards of glass from bottles, condiment jars, and other vessels, milk glass, an electrical insulator, slag, and plastic.

The distribution of the 16 metal-detector hits returned to the lab for processing and analysis mirrored the overall artifact distribution. The majority of the 16 hits clustered near Transects A and B and all retained artifacts were recovered grid south of Transect C. In sum, artifacts recovered during both shovel testing and metal-detector survey closely approximate the former location of the Garvey house and yard, as well as extending along King Street. No structural remains or Civil War era artifacts were encountered.

Table 4: Artifacts Recovered from Metal Detector (MD) Hits.

MD No. Category Object Type Material Count

1 Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1

Architectural Spike Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 2 Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1 Architectural Nail Indeterminate Iron Alloy 2 Ceramic Whiteware Plain 1 Metal Can Aluminum 1

40


Metal Pull Tab Aluminum 1 3 Metal Fence Fragment Iron Alloy 1 4 Metal Hinge Butt Hinge Iron Alloy 1 5 Architectural Nail Cut Iron Alloy 2 5 Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1 6 Metal Bar Iron Alloy 1 7 Metal Spike Threaded Iron Alloy 1 8 Architectural Asphalt 1

Ceramic Hard-Paste Porcelain Plain 1

Metal Can Pull Tab Lid Aluminum 1 9 Metal Fragment Grooved Iron Alloy 1

10 Metal Latch Hook and Eye Iron Alloy 1 11 Ceramic Ironstone Plain/Scalloped 2

Ceramic Refined Earthenware 1 Glass Bottle Milk Glass White 1 Glass Bottle

Clear 1 Glass Bottle

Amber 1 Metal Bottle Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1

12 Architectural Nail Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 Glass Bottle Clear 3 Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 Other Indeterminate Plastic 1 Other Electrical Insulator Porcelain 1

13 Architectural Building Material Portland Cement 1 Ceramic Whiteware Scalloped 3 Ceramic Whiteware Polychrome Decal Overglaze 1 Ceramic Whiteware Plain 1 Ceramic Ironstone Molded Pattern 1 Ceramic

Plain 1 Glass Bottle Milk Glass White 1 Glass Bottle Condiment Clear 1 Glass Vessel Clear 4 Metal Pot Iron Alloy 3 Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 Other Fragment Slag 1

14 Architectural Nail Cut Iron Alloy 1 Architectural Brick Fragment Hand Made 2 Architectural Building Material Painted Red Concrete 1 Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1

15 Metal Tool Wire Cutters Iron Alloy 1

41


Personal Coin 1955 Wheat Penny Copper 1 16 Architectural Nail Galvanized Wire Iron 1

Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1 Glass Bottle Clear 1

Total

63

Taken together, the results of the shovel testing and metal-detector survey identify site 44AX0228 in the grid southern portion of the project area. The major concentration of positive shovel tests and metal-detector hits occurs near the probable location of the Garvey house, though concentrations of artifacts were identified along King Street grid north of the Garvey dwelling. The boundaries of site 44AX0228 mirror the distribution of artifacts.

The circa-1926 Richard and Agnes Garvey House, demolished in the early 1980s, stood in the vicinity of the artifact concentration (Figure 26, p. 55). In addition, the circa-1879 Michael and Regina Garvey house was likely located within the project area. The demolition of the 1926 house and possibly other landscaping appears to have disturbed archaeological deposits associated with the Garvey families. As a result, buried asphalt, gravels, modern refuse, deflated topsoil, and deposits of modern fill occurred in STPs and metal-detector hits.

STP and metal-detector survey at 2811 King Street identified buried cultural material throughout much of the project area. The assemblage of 124 artifacts returned to the lab consisted primarily of domestic refuse, with ceramics and container glass forming nearly half of the assemblage (n=61). Architectural debris (n=32) and miscellaneous metal items (n=25) formed nearly all of the remaining artifacts.

Diagnostic artifacts reflected nineteenth- and twentieth-century occupations (Photo 6, p. 56). Unfortunately, few artifacts provided a relatively precise date range. One shard of glass from a P. J. Ritter company condiment bottle was marketed between 1919 and 1929, the label on a second clear glass fragment that read “May 29, 19”, and a 1955 Wheat Penny were deposited during the twentieth century, along with many items of metal, glass, and plastic. Seventy-nine percent of container glass was clear, though amber, aqua, emerald green, and milk glass containers appeared as well. Eleven of the 18 ceramics were whiteware (1820–Present); the presence of decal-decorated polychrome decoration on one sherd implies late-nineteenth- to twentieth-century use. Ironstone (n=4), hard-paste porcelain (n=1), stoneware with a Bristol-slip interior (n=1), and unidentified refined earthenware were also unearthed from site 44AX0228.

42

Figure 18: Project Area Boundaries Overlaid onto the 1937 Aerial Photograph and a Modern Aerial. Note driveway/lane entering from

King Street near center of property. Aerial photo courtesy of Alexandria Archaeology.

43

Photo 4: A Sample of Artifacts Recovered During the Archaeological Survey.

Site 44AX0228 Evaluation

The significance of site 44AX0228 was evaluated in regards to Criterion A, for its association with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; Criterion B, for its association with people significant in our nation’s history; Criterion C, for its embodiment of the distinctive characteristics of a style; and Criterion D, for its potential to yield information important in history and prehistory. Documentary research identified the property as the residence of Michael and Regina Garvey and their children from the years following the Civil War through the 1970s, though earlier occupation may have occurred. The historic and archaeological research did not reveal an association between these deposits and any significant historical events or pattern of events (Criterion A) or known significant persons (Criterion B), nor do the deposits illustrate the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction (Criterion C). Therefore, the evaluation of site 44AX0228 focused on Criterion D.

The assemblage appears consistent with the post-bellum to circa 1970s occupation inferred from the documentary record. Unfortunately, all artifacts were recovered from near-surface, temporally comingled contexts. It appears that the demolition of the house and perhaps other landscaping left few if any undisturbed archaeological deposits at 2811 King Street. In addition, a water line extended from King Street across the project area. Based on the recovery of all artifacts from near-surface contexts, the presence of modern

44

materials associated with potential historic artifacts, and the absence of information that improves significantly upon that gleaned from documentary sources, additional archaeological work at site 44AX0228 does not appear likely to contribute important new information about the history of Alexandria or the larger region. Therefore, site 44AX0228 is recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D.

Peckler and Blondino (2014) indicated that the probability of discovering archaeological resources within the 1.3-acre (0.5 ha) parcel at 2811 King Street, based on the limited evidence of visible disturbance within the parcel and documentary evidence for the occupation of the property, as moderate to high. The acreage of the 2811 King Street property was subdivided into four lots in 1950 (Peckler and Blondino 2014:37), and archival research suggests that a strip of land at the southeastern edge of the property, fronting approximately 65 feet (19.81 m) along King Street and extending nearly 400 feet (121.92 m) northeast from the roadway, has the highest potential to contain archaeological deposits associated with the construction and demolition of the circa-1926 single-family dwelling belonging to Richard B. and Agnes Garvey. STP and metal-detector survey resulted in the identification of a single site (44AX0228) near the estimated location of the Garvey dwelling, garage, and yard. This site is discussed below.

STP and Metal-Detector Survey

The goals of the current archaeological survey were to identify all archaeological resources greater than 50 years old and to evaluate the potential eligibility of the resources for listing on the NRHP. A grid was established oriented parallel to the boundary between the project area and the parking lot for the Woodbine Rehabilitation & Health Care facility, or roughly perpendicular to King Street. Grid north paralleled King Street toward the cemetery, and grid east extended from King Street toward the opposite end of the property. Twenty-six STPs spaced at 50-foot (15.2-m) intervals were excavated within the 1.3 acre (0.56 ha) project area (Figure 12, p. 34). The average depth of STPs was 1.0+/-0.3 feet (0.30+/-0.09 m) with a range of 0.8 to 1.5 feet (0.24 to 0.46 m). Evidence of disturbance in STPs included buried asphalt, gravels, miscellaneous refuse, deflated soils, and deposits of modern fill.

Metal-detector survey at 25-foot (7.6-m) intervals across the project area recorded 279 hits. After initially excavating 11 of the 25 hits in the southwestern portion of the project area, a stratified random sample of hits was excavated due to the high number of hits. The project area was divided into blocks identified by reference to transect, the STP at the western end of the block, and location north or south of the transect (e.g., Block B-1-N) The sample attempted to excavate at least a 10 percent of the hits within each of the 39 50-x-25 foot blocks bounded by transects, STPs, and the midpoint between transects. In several blocks along King Street, however, where STP survey revealed deposits of modern fill, slightly smaller samples were excavated. When metal-detector hits were encountered, at least one in every block was excavated, for a total of 50 excavated hits (Figure 13, p.35). Aluminum cans and pull tops, sheet metal, pipes, miscellaneous corroded iron, rebar batteries, wire, unidentifiable corroded nails, spikes, and bolts, a CO2

45

canister, and slag were recorded by block and discarded in the field unless associated with a larger assemblage from the hit. Artifacts from 16 of the 50 excavated metal-detector hits (32 percent) were returned to the lab for processing.

Figure 19: Plan Map Showing STPs and Metal-Detector Hits with Potential Historic

Artifacts (Esri 2015).

46

Figure 20: Plan Map Showing Excavated/Total Metal Detector Hits by Blocks. Blocks

Were Identified by Reference to the STP Transect Direct West of Their Location and the Numbered STP Transect Both North and South of the Transect Line (Esri 2015).

47

Site 44AX0228 Description

The boundaries of Site 44AX0228 were identified based on the concentration of artifacts within the project area (Figure 14). The distribution of artifacts identified during STP and metal-detector survey were similar. Artifacts were recovered throughout the area but clustered in the southern one-third of the parcel and along King Street.

Figure 21: Location of Site 44AX0228 on the United States Geological Service (USGS)

Alexandria, VA 7.5-Minute Quadrangle (USGS 1994).

STPs excavated along King Street appeared disturbed, with artifacts recovered from a fill layer. In STP E-1, for example, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam capped a mix of dark brown (10YR 3/3) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) clay loam (Figure 15, p. 37). Four whiteware, one stoneware with a Bristol-slip interior, three shards of clear bottle glass, and two shards of clear window glass were recovered from the upper stratum.

In the central portion of the project area, relatively deep topsoil appeared in several STPs. In STP B-4, near the center of the project area, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam

48

appeared above yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay loam and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) clay loam subsoil (Figure 16). The assemblage from STP B-4 comprised one shard of aqua bottle glass, three fragments of clear container glass, one cut and two corroded nails, two small fragments of handmade brick, and one piece of window glass.

Excavation of STP B-7 near the grid eastern end of the project area revealed a deposit of dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam above pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay loam and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay loam subsoil (Figure 17, p. 38). Artifacts unearthed in Stratum I and II in STP B-7 included one whiteware sherd, an aqua bottle finish, a clear bottle glass shard, and two pieces of unidentified metal.

0

0.4'

0.8'

1.2'

Munsell:

I

II



II

I

Unexcavated

Figure 22: Profile Drawing of STP E-1.

0

0.4'

0.8'

1.2'

Munsell:

I

II

= Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 ) loam = Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay loam

II

I

Unexcavated

III

III = Light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) clay loam


Nine of 26 STPs excavated across the project area contained artifacts potentially 50 or more years old. The 61 artifacts unearthed during STP survey included 15 architectural items, six sherds, 30 shards of bottle glass, eight metal items, one oyster shell, and one piece of quartz debitage (Table 3, p. 38).

49

0

0.4'

0.8'

1.2'

Munsell:

I

II



II

I

Unexcavated


Table 5: Artifacts Recovered from STPs.


A-3 Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1

Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 2 A-4 Architectural Nail Cut Iron Alloy 1

Glass Indeterminate Clear 2 A-6 Architectural Brick Fragment 1

Building Material Portland Cement 1


Glass Indeterminate Aqua 1

Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 B-4 Architectural Brick Fragment 2

Architectural Nail Cut Iron Alloy 1

Architectural Indeterminate Iron Alloy 2

Glass Bottle Body Aqua 3

Glass Indeterminate Clear 1 B-5 Architectural Glass Window Clear 1

Glass Bottle Body Clear 2 B-7 Ceramic Whiteware Plain 1

Glass Bottle Finish Aqua 1

Glass Indeterminate Body Aqua 1

Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 2 C-1 Architectural Brick Hand Made 1

Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1 Architectural Cut Iron Alloy 1

Glass Bottle Body Amber 1

Glass

Clear 12

Glass

Emerald 1

50


Green

Glass

Finish/Neck/Shoulder Clear 1

Glass Canning Jar Rim/Body Clear 1

Lithic Debitage Flake Quartz 1

Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 3

Organic Shell Oyster 1

E-1 Architectural Window Glass Clear 2

Ceramic Stoneware Body Bristol Slip 1


Glass Bottle Body Clear 3 Total

61

Despite the expected dominance of architectural debris and domestic refuse in the overall assemblage, the assemblage is small relative to the length of the occupation. Although numerous metal detector hits were recorded, artifacts recovered from the excavated sample consisted primarily of aluminum cans and corroded iron objects.

Architectural items and domestic material dominated the assemblage of 63 artifacts analyzed in the lab, with the latter category composed primarily of nineteenth-to-twentieth-century ceramics and glass (Table 4). Both wire and cut nails were recovered. Artifacts identified in the lab included a 1950s penny, a fragment of a metal pot, wire cutters, a metal fence post fragment, cut and wire nails, aluminum can fragments, a hinge, metal bars and spikes, miscellaneous metal, whiteware, ironstone, hard-paste porcelain, and shards of glass from bottles, condiment jars, and other vessels, milk glass, an electrical insulator, slag, and plastic.

The distribution of the 16 metal-detector hits returned to the lab for processing and analysis mirrored the overall artifact distribution. The majority of the 16 hits clustered near Transects A and B and all retained artifacts were recovered grid south of Transect C. In sum, artifacts recovered during both shovel testing and metal-detector survey closely approximate the former location of the Garvey house and yard, as well as extending along King Street. No structural remains or Civil War era artifacts were encountered.

Table 6: Artifacts Recovered from Metal Detector (MD) Hits.


1 Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1

Architectural Spike Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 2 Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1 Architectural Nail Indeterminate Iron Alloy 2 Ceramic Whiteware Plain 1 Metal Can Aluminum 1

51


Metal Pull Tab Aluminum 1 3 Metal Fence Fragment Iron Alloy 1 4 Metal Hinge Butt Hinge Iron Alloy 1 5 Architectural Nail Cut Iron Alloy 2 5 Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1 6 Metal Bar Iron Alloy 1 7 Metal Spike Threaded Iron Alloy 1 8 Architectural Asphalt 1

Ceramic Hard-Paste Porcelain Plain 1

Metal Can Pull Tab Lid Aluminum 1 9 Metal Fragment Grooved Iron Alloy 1

10 Metal Latch Hook and Eye Iron Alloy 1 11 Ceramic Ironstone Plain/Scalloped 2

Ceramic Refined Earthenware 1 Glass Bottle Milk Glass White 1 Glass Bottle

Clear 1 Glass Bottle

Amber 1 Metal Bottle Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1

12 Architectural Nail Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 Glass Bottle Clear 3 Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 Other Indeterminate Plastic 1 Other Electrical Insulator Porcelain 1

13 Architectural Building Material Portland Cement 1 Ceramic Whiteware Scalloped 3 Ceramic Whiteware Polychrome Decal Overglaze 1 Ceramic Whiteware Plain 1 Ceramic Ironstone Molded Pattern 1 Ceramic

Plain 1 Glass Bottle Milk Glass White 1 Glass Bottle Condiment Clear 1 Glass Vessel Clear 4 Metal Pot Iron Alloy 3 Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 Other Fragment Slag 1

14 Architectural Nail Cut Iron Alloy 1 Architectural Brick Fragment Hand Made 2 Architectural Building Material Painted Red Concrete 1 Metal Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1

15 Metal Tool Wire Cutters Iron Alloy 1

52


Personal Coin 1955 Wheat Penny Copper 1 16 Architectural Nail Galvanized Wire Iron 1

Architectural Nail Unglavanized Wire Iron Alloy 1 Glass Bottle Clear 1

Total

63

Taken together, the results of the shovel testing and metal-detector survey identify site 44AX0228 in the grid southern portion of the project area. The major concentration of positive shovel tests and metal-detector hits occurs near the probable location of the Garvey house, though concentrations of artifacts were identified along King Street grid north of the Garvey dwelling. The boundaries of site 44AX0228 mirror the distribution of artifacts.

The circa-1926 Richard and Agnes Garvey House, demolished in the early 1980s, stood in the vicinity of the artifact concentration (Figure 26, p. 55). In addition, the circa-1879 Michael and Regina Garvey house was likely located within the project area. The demolition of the 1926 house and possibly other landscaping appears to have disturbed archaeological deposits associated with the Garvey families. As a result, buried asphalt, gravels, modern refuse, deflated topsoil, and deposits of modern fill occurred in STPs and metal-detector hits.

STP and metal-detector survey at 2811 King Street identified buried cultural material throughout much of the project area. The assemblage of 124 artifacts returned to the lab consisted primarily of domestic refuse, with ceramics and container glass forming nearly half of the assemblage (n=61). Architectural debris (n=32) and miscellaneous metal items (n=25) formed nearly all of the remaining artifacts.

Diagnostic artifacts reflected nineteenth- and twentieth-century occupations (Photo 6, p. 56). Unfortunately, few artifacts provided a relatively precise date range. One shard of glass from a P. J. Ritter company condiment bottle was marketed between 1919 and 1929, the label on a second clear glass fragment that read “May 29, 19”, and a 1955 Wheat Penny were deposited during the twentieth century, along with many items of metal, glass, and plastic. Seventy-nine percent of container glass was clear, though amber, aqua, emerald green, and milk glass containers appeared as well. Eleven of the 18 ceramics were whiteware (1820–Present); the presence of decal-decorated polychrome decoration on one sherd implies late-nineteenth- to twentieth-century use. Ironstone (n=4), hard-paste porcelain (n=1), stoneware with a Bristol-slip interior (n=1), and unidentified refined earthenware were also unearthed from site 44AX0228.

53

Figure 25: Project Area Boundaries Overlaid onto the 1937 Aerial Photograph and a Modern Aerial. Note driveway/lane entering from

King Street near center of property. Aerial photo courtesy of Alexandria Archaeology.

54


55

Figure 26: Project Area Boundaries Overlaid onto 1937 Aerial Photograph. Note driveway/lane entering from King Street near center

of property. Aerial photo courtesy of Alexandria Archaeology.

56


Site 44AX0228 Evaluation

The significance of site 44AX0228 was evaluated in regards to Criterion A, for its association with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; Criterion B, for its association with people significant in our nation’s history; Criterion C, for its embodiment of the distinctive characteristics of a style; and Criterion D, for its potential to yield information important in history and prehistory. Documentary research identified the property as the residence of Michael and Regina Garvey and their children from the years following the Civil War through the 1970s, though earlier occupation may have occurred. The historic and archaeological research did not reveal an association between these deposits and any significant historical events or pattern of events (Criterion A) or known significant persons (Criterion B), nor do the deposits illustrate the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction (Criterion C). Therefore, the evaluation of site 44AX0228 focused on Criterion D.

The assemblage appears consistent with the post-bellum to circa 1970s occupation inferred from the documentary record. Unfortunately, all artifacts were recovered from near-surface, temporally comingled contexts. It appears that the demolition of the house and perhaps other landscaping left few if any undisturbed archaeological deposits at 2811 King Street. In addition, a water line extended from King Street across the project area. Based on the recovery of all artifacts from near-surface contexts, the presence of modern

57

materials associated with potential historic artifacts, and the absence of information that improves significantly upon that gleaned from documentary sources, additional archaeological work at site 44AX0228 does not appear likely to contribute important new information about the history of Alexandria or the larger region. Therefore, site 44AX0228 is recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D.

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SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

On behalf of 2811 King Street, LLC, Dovetail conducted a Phase IB archaeological survey of the 1.3-acre (0.53-ha) parcel of land known as the 2811 King Street property in Alexandria, Virginia. Documentary research indicated that the circa-1926 Richard Garvey house was located on the property, and there the circa-1879 Michael and Regina Garvey house likely was located within the project area.

The results of the shovel testing and metal-detector survey identify a single site (44AX0228) in the southern portion of the project area. The major concentration of positive shovel tests and metal-detector hits occurs within approximately 75-feet (22.9 m) of the adjacent parking area and along King Street.

The demolition of the circa-1926 Richard and Agnes Garvey House during the early 1980s and perhaps other landscaping appears to have disturbed archaeological deposits associated with the Garvey dwelling(s). In addition, a water line extended from King Street across rhe project area. The assemblage of 124 artifact returned to the lab consisted primarily of domestic refuse, with ceramics and container glass forming nearly half of the assemblage (n=61). Architectural debris (n=32) and miscellaneous metal items (n=25) formed nearly all of the remaining artifacts. Diagnostic artifacts reflected nineteenth- and twentieth-century occupations.

All artifacts were recovered from near-surface, temporally comingled contexts. Based on the recovery of all artifacts from near-surface contexts, the presence of modern materials associated with potential historic artifacts, and the absence of information that improves significantly upon that gleaned from documentary sources, additional archaeological work at site 44AX0228 does not appear likely to contribute important new information about the history of Alexandria or the larger region. Therefore, site 44AX0228 is recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D.

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61

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APPENDIX A: ARTIFACT CATALOG

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Site Prov

Name Strat Object Name Part Material Ware Decoration

Pattern

Motif Color Comments Manu Tech

Size

Class Count

Site 1 MD-1 I Nail Complete Iron Alloy Ungalvanized Wire 1

Site 1 MD- I Spike Head and Shaft Iron Alloy Indeterminate 1


Site 1 MD-2 I Nail Shaft Iron Alloy Indeterminate 2

Site 1 MD-2 I Indeterminate Body Fragment Refined Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1

Site 1 MD-2 I Pull Tab Aluminum 1 Site 1 MD-2 I Can Body Fragment Aluminum Blue Bent 1

Site 1 MD-3 I Fence Fragment Fragment Iron Alloy Fence Post 1

Site 1 MD-4 I Hinge Almost Complete Iron Alloy Butt Hinge 1

Site 1 MD-5 I Nail Shaft Iron Alloy Cut 2


Site 1 MD-6 I Bar Fragment Iron Alloy stamped lettering "AL" 1 Site 1 MD-7 I Spike Complete Iron Alloy Threaded 1 Site 1 MD-8 I Asphalt 1

Site 1 MD-8 I Tableware, General

Body/Rim Fragment Porcelain Porcelain,

Hard Paste Plain 1

Site 1 MD-8 I Can Lid Aluminum Pull Tab Can Lid/ stamped "DISPOSE OF PROPERLY/ PLEASE DON'T LITTER/ 3-41"

1

Site 1 MD-9 I Indeterminate Fragment Iron Alloy triangular/ groove along one side 1 Site 1 MD-10 I Other Iron Alloy Hook and Eye Latch Indeterminate 1

Site 1 MD-11 I Tableware, General Rim Fragment Refined

Earthenware Ironstone Plain Scalloped Mend 2

Site 1 MD-11 I Indeterminate Body Fragment Refined Earthenware

Unidentified Refined Earthenware

Unglazed 1

Site 1 MD-11 I Bottle Body Fragment Milk Glass White 1 Site 1 MD-11 I Bottle Body Fragment Clear 1

Site 1 MD-11 I Bottle, Beer/Soda Body Fragment Embossed Amber 1

Site 1 MD-11 I Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 Site 1 MD-12 I Nail Head and Shaft Iron Alloy Indeterminate 1 Site 1 MD-12 I Bottle Body Fragment Clear 3

Site 1 MD-12 I Indeterminate Iron Alloy Hook at one end/ square hole at other end 1

Site 1 MD-12 I Indeterminate Plastic Tan 1 Site 1 MD-12 I Insulator Fragment Porcelain Raised bead 1

Site 1 MD-13 I Building Material Fragment Portland Cement 1

Site 1 MD-13 I Plate Base/Body/Rim Sherd

Refined Earthenware Whiteware Molded

Pattern Indeterminate Mend 3

Site 1 MD-13 I Indeterminate Rim Fragment Refined Earthenware Whiteware Decal

Overglaze Floral Polychrome 1

Site 1 MD-13 I Indeterminate Body Fragment Refined Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1

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Site Prov


Pattern


Size

Class Count

Site 1 MD-13 I Tableware, General

Body/Rim Fragment

Refined Earthenware Ironstone Molded

Pattern 1

Site 1 MD-13 I Indeterminate Base Fragment Refined Earthenware Ironstone Plain Footring 1

Site 1 MD-13 I Bottle Body Fragment Milk Glass White 1

Site 1 MD-13 I Bottle, Condiment

Base/Body Fragment Glass Embossed Lettering Clear

P.J. Ritter Company Ketchup Bottle/ "P.J. R… COMPANY" around base/ "PHILA." on base/ "O" in a square Owens Bottle Company maker's mark (1919-1929) http://www.glassbottlemarks.com/owens-bottle-company-o-inside-square-mark-on-antique-bottles/

Mold Blown, Machine 1

Site 1 MD-13 I Bottle Base/Body Fragment Clear Mold Blown,

Machine 1

Site 1 MD-13 I Vessel, unknown Body Fragment Glass Clear 1

Site 1 MD-13 I Vessel, hollow

Base/ Body /Rim Sherd Glass Embossed Lettering Clear Mend/ "May 27, 19" along rim 2

Site 1 MD-13 I Pot Body Fragment Iron Alloy Mend 3

Site 1 MD-13 I Indeterminate Iron Alloy Possible Nail or Bolt with Copper Wiring Attached 1

Site 1 MD-13 I Slag 1 Site 1 MD-14 I Nail Shaft Iron Alloy Cut 1

Site 1 MD-14 I Brick, Fragment Hand-Made/ Mend 2

Site 1 MD-14 I Building Material Fragment Painted Red Concrete 1

Site 1 MD-14 I Indeterminate Iron Alloy 1 Site 1 MD-15 I Tool Complete Iron Alloy Wire Cutters 1

Site 1 MD-15 I Coin Complete Copper Alloy 1955/ Wheat Penny 1

Site 1 MD-16 I Nail Complete Iron Galvanized Wire 1

Site 1 MD-16 I Nail Head and Shaft Iron Alloy Ungalvanized Wire 1

Site 1 MD-16 I Bottle Body Fragment Glass Clear 1

Site 1 STP A-3 I Nail Head and Shaft Iron Alloy Ungalvanized Wire 1

Site 1 STP A-3 I Indeterminate Iron Alloy 2 Site 1 STP A-4 I Nail Complete Iron Alloy Unidentifiable Head Cut 1 Site 1 STP A-4 I Indeterminate Body Fragment Glass Clear 2

Site 1 STP A-6 I/II Brick, Fragment 1

Site 1 STP A-6 I/II Building Material Portland cement with stone

attached 1

Site 1 STP A-6 I/II Indeterminate Body Fragment Refined Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1

Site 1 STP A-6 I/II Indeterminate Glass Aqua 1 Site 1 STP A-6 I/II Indeterminate Iron Alloy flat pressed metal 1 Site 1 STP B-4 I/II Nail Head and Shaft Iron Alloy Unidentifiable Head Cut 1

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Site Prov


Pattern


Size

Class Count

Site 1 STP B-4 I/II Nail Shaft Iron Alloy Indeterminate 2

Site 1 STP B-4 I/II Brick, Fragment Hand-Made 2

Site 1 STP B-4 I/II Bottle Body Fragment Glass Aqua 1 Site 1 STP B-4 I/II Indeterminate Glass Clear 3

Site 1 STP B-4 I/II Indeterminate Glass Molded Pattern Indeterminate Clear 1

Site 1 STP B-5 I Window Glass Glass Clear 1

Site 1 STP B-5 I Bottle Body Fragment Glass Clear 2

Site 1 STP B-7 I/II Indeterminate Body Fragment Refined Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1

Site 1 STP B-7 I/II Bottle Finish Aqua 1 Site 1 STP B-7 I/II Indeterminate Body Fragment Glass Thin 1 Site 1 STP B-7 I/II Indeterminate Iron Alloy 2

Site 1 STP C-1 II Brick, Fragment hand-made 1

Site 1 STP C-1 II Nail Shaft Iron Alloy Ungalvanized Wire 1

Site 1 STP C-1 II Nail Head and Shaft Iron Alloy Unidentifiable Head Cut 1 Site 1 STP C-1 II Bottle Body Fragment Glass Clear 10 Site 1 STP C-1 II Bottle Body Fragment Glass Amber 1

Site 1 STP C-1 II Bottle Body Fragment Glass Green, Emerald 1

Site 1 STP C-1 II Canning Jar Body/Rim Fragment Glass Clear Vertical Lines along Rim 1

Site 1 STP C-1 II Indeterminate Rim Fragment Glass Clear Embossed Bead along Rim 1

Site 1 STP C-1 II Bottle Finish/ Neck/ Shoulder Glass Clear Possible corroded cork present Mold Blown,

Machine 1

Site 1 STP C-1 II Debitage Quartz Size Class 3

1

Site 1 STP C-1 II Indeterminate Iron Alloy 3

Site 1 STP C-1 II Shell Fragment

Almost Complete Shell Oyster 1

Site 1 STP E-1 I Window Glass Glass Clear 2

Site 1 STP E-1 I Indeterminate Body Fragment Refined Earthenware Whiteware Plain 2

Site 1 STP E-1 I Indeterminate Rim Fragment Refined Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1

Site 1 STP E-1 I Indeterminate Body Fragment Stoneware Bristol-Type Slip Interior Slip 1

Site 1 STP E-1 I Bottle Body Fragment Glass Clear 3

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75

APPENDIX B: STP CATALOG

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77

STP Radial Level Start Depth End Depth Soil Description Comments A-01 I 0 0.3 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam A-01 II 0.3 1 10YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam w/ rocks A-01 III 1 1.5 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam A-02 I 0 0.1 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam A-02 II 0.1 0.3 10YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam A-02 III 0.3 0.7 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam A-03 I 0 0.3 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam A-03 II 0.3 1 10YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam and 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam A-04 I 0 0.3 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam A-04 II 0.3 0.6 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam and 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam A-04 III 0.6 1 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam A-05 I 0 0.3 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam A-05 II 0.3 0.9 10YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam w/ 40% cobble and rock A-06 I 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown loam A-06 II 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown clay loam w/ rocks A-06 III 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam A-07 I 0 0.4 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown loam A-07 II 0.4 0.8 10YR 6/3 pale brown clay loam A-07 III 0.8 1.2 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown clay loam A-08 I 0 0.6 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown loam A-08 II 0.6 0.9 10YR 6/3 pale brown clay loam A-08 III 0.9 1.2 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown clay loam in overgrown area

B-07 I 0 0.4 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown loam Offset to geo S, brambles @ fence

B-07 II 0.4 0.8 10YR 6/3 pale brown clay loam B-07 III 0.8 1.1 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown clay loam B-06 I 0 0.4 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam B-06 II 0.4 0.7 10YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam B-06 III 0.7 1 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam B-05 I 0 0.3 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown loam B-05 II 0.3 0.8 10YR 6/3 pale brown clay loam B-05 III 0.8 1.1 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown clay loam B-04 I 0 0.2 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown loam B-04 II 0.2 0.6 10YR 5/8 yellowish brown clay loam B-04 III 0.6 0.9 2.5Y 6/4 light yellowish brown clay loam B-04 IV 0.9 1.2 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam B-03 I 0 0.3 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown loam B-03 II 0.3 0.6 10YR 5/8 yellowish brown clay loam B-03 III 0.6 0.9 2.5Y 6/4 light yellowish brown clay loam B-03 IV 0.9 1.1 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam B-02 I 0 0.4 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam B-02 II 0.4 0.9 10YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam and 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam B-01 I 0 0.7 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam

78

STP Radial Level Start Depth End Depth Soil Description Comments B-01 II 0.7 0.9 10YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam and 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam C-01 I 0 0.7 10YR 3/3 dark brown and 40% 10YR 5/3 brown loam C-01 II 0.7 1.1 7.5YR 2.5/3 very dark brown clay loam C-01 III 1.1 1.3 7.5YR 5/8 strong brown clay C-02 I 0 0.3 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown loam C-02 II 0.3 0.7 10YR 5/6 yellowish brown C-02 III 0.7 1 7.5YR 5/8 strong brown clay C-03 I 0 0.4 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown loam C-03 II 0.4 0.9 10YR 5/6 yellowish brown roots C-04 I 0 0.4 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown clay loam C-04 II 0.4 1 2.5Y 5/4 light olive brown w/ 5% 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam C-04 III 1 1.4 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam C-05 I 0 0.4 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown clay loam C-05 II 0.4 0.8 2.5Y 5/4 light olive brown w/ 5% 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam C-05 III 0.8 1 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam D-03 I 0 0.3 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown clay loam D-03 II 0.3 0.8 2.5Y 5/4 light olive brown w/ 5% 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam D-03 III 0.8 1.1 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam D-02 I 0 0.4 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown clay loam D-02 II 0.4 0.7 2.5Y 5/4 light olive brown w/ 5% 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam D-02 III 0.7 1 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam D-01 I 0 0.4 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown loam D-01 II 0.4 1.1 10YR 5/8 yellowish brown w/ 10YR 6/3 pale brown clay E-01 I 0 0.5 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam E-01 II 0.5 0.8 10YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam and 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam E-02 I 0 0.3 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam E-02 II 0.3 0.6 10YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam E-02 III 0.6 0.8 2.5Y 5/6 light olive brown clay loam F-01 I 0 0.5 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam F-01 II 0.5 0.9 10YR 3/3 dark brown sandy loam

79

APPENDIX C: PUBLIC RECORDS & CHAIN OF TITLE

(EXCERPTED FROM FLAHIVE AND JIRIKOWIC 2004)

80


Public Records

Census Records:Fairfax 1860Arl ington 1900 -1930Alexandria 1790-1920

IVillsT. Frederick Hohenstein 1877 Alexandria County (In Arlington County Courthouse)Agnes E. Garvey 1979 Arlington County

Land Tax/Asses sment Records1958 Alexandria City Courthouse Tax and Land Assessment Office1965 Alexandria City Courthouse Tax and Land Assessment Office1977 Alexandria Land Book, Alexandria Courthouse1979 Alexandria Courthousc Tax and Land Assessmcnt Office. and Alexandria LandBook 1979

Deeds:1800- l9l9 Alexandria, Virginia, Deed Books, Kate W. Barrett Library, Special

Collections, Quccn Street location.

1839, April2 Fairfax County, Virginia, Courthouse, Land Records;Alexandria, Virginia, Courthouse, Land Rccords

1877 Arlington County, Virginia, Courthouse, Probate Office

1922, October 20 Arlington County, Virginia, Courthouse, Probate office, ChanceryCourt Order records

1923, January 3 Arlington County, Virginia, Courthouse, Probate office, ChanceryCourt Order records

1923, February 23 Arlington County, Virginia, Will Books in Arlington Courthouse.

1950, October 9 Deed of Dedication found in Alexandria, Virginia, Land Recordsat Courthouse

1954 Arlington County Courthouse, Virginia, Land Records

1954, July 19 Alexandria, Virginia, Courthouse, Deed Books

1977,December 3l Alexandria, Virginia, Courthouse, Will Books

28

1979,May I Alexandria, Virginia, Courthouse, Land Records

2004, February l8 and December 22 Alexandria, Virginia, Courthouse, electronicdatabase

Maps

1904 Baist Map of the Vicinity of Ll/ashington, D.C

1864-1866 Map of the Environs of llashington, D.C., Prepared from Original Surveysin the Enginecrs Department

1879 G.M. Hopkins' Atlss of Fifteen Miles Around Washington,Falls Church District

1894 G. M. Hopkins' Map of the Vicinity of Washington D.C.

l86l McDowell's Map of The Ground of Occupation andDefense of the U.S. Army in Virginia

l86l V.P. Corbett's Sketch of the Seat of War in Alexandria& Fairfar County

1994 U.S.G.S. Alexandria VA-MD-DC 7.5' Quadrangle

Additional Sources Consulted

Deeds

1742-1855 and 1855-1951: Fairfax County, Virginia Land Tax Records, Kate W. BarrettLibrary, Special Collections, Queen Street location.

1787-1855: Alexandria County Land and Personal Property Tax Records

l80l-1865: Arlington County Records Tax Records, Kate W. Barrett Library, SpecialCollections, Queen Street location

1840-1880: Alexandria Land Books and Tax records

1870-1950: City of Alexandria properly tax

1930: Arlington County Library, Local History Room, Quincy Street location probaterecords1918, 1920, 1927: Alexandria County Land Permits, Kate W. Barrett Library, SpecialCollections, Queen Street location

1948-1968: Arlington County Land Records

1955, October 9: Alexandria Courthouse, Virginia Land Records

A I exandria G aze t te newspaper1U17il8554l4l186l, p3 (Ivy Hill Cemetery)101311863, p21212911862812611876, p2l l l l 611878 . p3l l l l l l1889, p36t6^8766t6n8866t6tr8966t6n9006t6t r90l212511916, p2 (Frederick Hohenstein Obit)6161192l, pl (Regina Garvcy Obit)7l19l1927 , p9 (Frederick J. Garvey Obit)713011941, p9 (James J. Garvey Obit)l0ll4l1944, p5 (James M. Garvcy Obit)513011945, p8 (Franccs E. Hohenstein Obit)12123 I 1946 (Charlcs Hohenstein Obit)

30

Chain of Title for 2805-2811 King Street

Note: The names of some of the people included in this chain of title and narrative arespelled differently throughout the various documents. The following is a list of thepossible spellings; the ones most common among all the sources are used for consistencyin this report.

Variations in spellingl. M. Garvey*Michael Garvey

2.*Regina GarveyRegina R.RachelRachinaVirginia

3. (*Frederick/ T. Fredcrick, Frederick H., Regina, and William) *Hohenstein

HohenstienHocnstcinHolsteinHogenstein

4. *Richard J. GarveyRichard Joseph Garvey

5.*Richard B. GarveyRichard Bernard Garvcv

6. *David BetsoldDavid Bctzold

7. *Agnes E. GarveyAgnes Elizabeth Garvey

a nJ I

1839, Apr i l2Francis Swann David Betsold 23 acres Deed(Fairfax County, Virginia, Deed Book E-3:219-221)

l 839David Betsold T. Frederick and wife Regina Hohenstein 23 acres Deed(Alexandria County, Virginia, Deed Book R-3:292)

t877(T.) Frederick Hohenstein (daughter) Regina R. Garvey 4 acres Will(Arlington County, Virginia, Deed Book 12:301[file number 8aA])

l922,October20 $2,750.00 1.308 Acres DeedSpec. Comm. Amos C. Crounce /Public Auction Richard B. and Agnes ElizabethGarvey (Arlington County, Virginia, Chancery Orders Book 8:124-125.)

1922, October 20 DeedSpec. Comm. Amos C. Crounce /Public Auction John D. Normoylc 2* Acres(Arlington County, Virginia, Chancery Orders Book 8:124-125)

1954 Lots I ,2, 3, 4 of Garvey Property Will? Not FoundRichard B. Carvey dicd and thc propcrty wcnt to his wife Agnes E. Garvey, and children:Richard Joscph Garvcy and wife Helen M. Garvcy, Mary R. Riley, and husband JamesM. Riley, Marion G. Hawes and husband Jack H. Hawes, Bernard D. Garvey and wifeDoris L. Garvey.(No Will found for Richard B. Garvcy. See: Arlington County, Virginia, Deed Book387:330)

1954, July 19 Lots I , 2, 3, 4 of Garvey Properly DeedRichard J. Garvey and wifc Helen M. Garvey, Mary R. Riley, and husband James M.Riley, Marion G. Hawes and husband Jack H. Hawes, Bernard D. Garvey and wife DorisL. Gan'ey.

toAgnes E. Garvcy, the mother of the above, and widow of Richard B. Garvey(Alexandria County, Virginia, Deed Book 387:330.)

1977,December 3l Lots 1,2,3,4 of Garvey properfy WillAgnes E. Garvcy

toRichard J. Garvey et al (Including: Richard J. Garvey's wife Helen Marie Garvey, MaryRegina Riley, Marian Gertrude Hawes, Bernard Dwyer Garvey and wife Doris LavelleGarvey), and third parry Valley Nursing Home, Inc.

38

(Alexandria County, Virginia, Will Book 120:165')

l979,May I Lots l, 2, 3, 4 Garvey Property Will /Deed

Deceased Agnes E. Garvey / Richard J. Garvey et al Valley Nursing Homes, Inc'

(Alexandria county, Virginia, Deed Book 120:165; and Deed Book 942:303)

1,2,3,4 of Garvey Property2004, December 22 LotsValley Nursing Home, Inc.(Trustee George L. ChristoPher)

Valley Liquidating Trust ProPertYLo t 1 : I 1210 sq . f t .Lot2:10463 sq. ft .Lot 3: 16835 sq. ft .Lot 4:22555 sq. ft.

( Dced Number 040006636 ; 1212212003)

2004, February l8 Lots I ,2,3,4 of Garvey Property Deed/Not found

Valley Liquidating Trust ProPcrtY

Easements on ProPcrtYSee attachments

Also see attachments for:1950, October 9

Edgcmoore Land, LLC

Dccd of Dedication

Richard B. and Agnes Elizabcth Garvcy subdivided their 1.308 acrc lot.

(Alcxandria County, Virginia, Deed Book 307;17)

39

81

APPENDIX D: SITE FORM

82


Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44AX0228Archaeological Site Record

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 1 of 3

Snapshot Date Generated: July 09, 2015

Site Name: No Data

Site Classification: Terrestrial, open air

Year(s): 1870 - 1980

Site Type(s): Camp

Other DHR ID: No Data

Temporary Designation: Site 1

Site Evaluation Status

Not Evaluated

Locational Information

USGS Quad: ALEXANDRIA

County/Independent City: Alexandria (Ind. City)

Physiographic Province: Coastal Plain

Elevation: 150

Aspect: Flat

Drainage: Potomac

Slope: 0 - 2

Acreage: 1.260

Landform: Terrace

Ownership Status: Private

Government Entity Name: No Data

Site Components

Component 1

Category: Domestic

Site Type: Camp

Cultural Affiliation: Euro-American

DHR Time Period: Reconstruction and Growth, The New Dominion, World War I to World War II

Start Year: 1870

End Year: 1980

Comments: No Data

Bibliographic Information

Bibliography:

No Data

Informant Data:

No Data



CRM Events

Event Type: Survey:Phase I

Project Staff/Notes:

No Data

Project Review File Number: No Data

Sponsoring Organization: No Data

Organization/Company: Dovetail CRG

Investigator: Mike Klein

Survey Date: 5/26/2015

Survey Description:

The archaeological survey consisted of both a pedestrian survey and subsurface testing augmented by a metal-detector survey. The goals of the metaldetector survey were to identify Civil War-era archaeological deposits within the project area and to assess the distribution of other historic metalmaterials within the interstices of the STP grid. STPs were excavated at 50-foot (15.2 m) intervals across the project area. Metal detecting wasconducted in a zig-zag pattern along transects spaced at 25-foot (7.62-m) intervals. The operator used a Whites 9500 pro/psi metal detector. Positivecontacts were identified with pin flags. A sample of the metal-detector hits was excavated . The location of historic artifacts discovered during themetal detecting was mapped, and the location of all hits recorded with blocks tied to the STP grid.

Current Land Use Date of Use CommentsLawn 6/1/2015 12:00:00 AM Open, maintained lawn between cemetery and parking lot

Threats to Resource: Development

Site Conditions: Unknown Portion of Site Destroyed

Survey Strategies: Historic Map Projection, Metal Detection, Subsurface Testing

Specimens Collected: Yes

Specimens Observed, Not Collected: Yes

Artifacts Summary and Diagnostics:

STP and metal-detector survey at 2811 King Street identified buried cultural material throughout much of the project area. The assemblage of 124artifact returned to the lab consisted primarily of domestic refuse, with ceramics and container glass forming nearly half of the assemblage (n=61).Architectural debris (n=32) and miscellaneous metal items (n=25) formed nearly all of the remaining artifacts.Diagnostic artifacts reflected nineteenth- and twentieth-century occupations. Unfortunately, few artifacts provided a relatively precise date range. Oneshard of glass from a P. J. Ritter company condiment bottle was marketed between 1919 and 1929, the label on a second clear glass fragment that read“May 29, 19”, and a 1955 Wheat Penny were deposited during the twentieth century, along with many items of metal, glass, and plastic. Seventy-ninepercent of container glass was clear, though amber, aqua, emerald green, and milk glass containers appeared as well. Eleven of the 18 ceramics werewhiteware (1820–Present); the presence of decal-decorated polychrome decoration on one sherd implies late-nineteenth- to twentieth-century use. Ironstone (n=4), hard-paste porcelain (n=1), stoneware with a Bristol-slip interior (n=1), and unidentified refined earthware were also unearthed fromSite 1 (n=1).

Summary of Specimens Observed, Not Collected:

Primarily miscellaneous metal, aluminum cans, unidentifiable corroded nails, modern glass, plastic, and styrofoam.

Current Curation Repository: Dovetail

Permanent Curation Repository: Alexandria Archaeology

Field Notes: Yes

Field Notes Repository: Dovetail, Fredericksburg, VA

Photographic Media: Digital

Survey Reports: Yes

Survey Report Information:

Mike Klein, Danae Peckler, Joseph Blondino, and Marco González 2015 Phase I Archaeological Survey of 2811 King Street, Alexandria, Virginia.

Survey Report Repository: DHR

DHR Library Reference Number: No Data

Significance Statement: The significance of site 1 was evaluated was evaluated in regards to Criterion A, for itsassociation with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of ourhistory; Criterion B, for its association with people significant in our nation’s history;Criterion C, for its embodiment of the distinctive characteristics of a style; and Criterion D,for its potential to yield information important in history and prehistory. Documentaryresearch identified the property as the residence of Michael and Regina Garvey and theirchildren from the years following the Civil War through the 1970s, though earlieroccupation may have occurred. The historic and archaeological research did not reveal anassociation between these deposits and any significant historical events or pattern of events(Criterion A) or known significant persons (Criterion B), nor do the deposits illustrate thedistinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction (Criterion C). Therefore, the evaluation of Site 1 focused on Criterion D.The assemblage appears consistent with the post-bellum to circa 1970s occupation inferredfrom the documentary record. Unfortunately, all artifacts were recovered from near-surface,



temporally comingled contexts. It appears that the demolition of the house and perhaps theconstruction of the adjacent parking lot left few if any undisturbed archaeological depositsat 2811 King Street. In addition, a water line extended from King Street across project area.Based on the recovery of all artifacts from near-surface contexts, the presence of modernmaterials associated with potential historic artifacts, and the absence of information thatimproves significantly upon that gleaned from documentary sources, additionalarchaeological work at site 1 does not appear likely to contribute additional important newinformation about the history of Alexandria or the larger region. Therefore, site 1 isrecommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D.

Surveyor's Eligibility Recommendations: Recommended Not Eligible

Surveyor's NR Criteria Recommendations, : No Data

Surveyor's NR Criteria Considerations: No Data

phase i archaeological survey of 2811 king street ...€¦ · stp and metal-detector survey ... the...

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