phase ii archaeological of site 44vb0363 at marshview …€¦ · phase ii archaeological...

PHASE II ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SITE 44VB0363

AT MARSHVIEW PARK VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA

September 2013

Prepared for:

Land Studio pc P.O. Box 10801

Norfolk, Virginia 23513

Prepared by:

Matthew R. Laird, Ph.D., RPA

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc.

223 McLaws Circle, Suite 1 Williamsburg, Virginia 23185

ABSTRACT

In June 2013, the James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (JRIA) completed a Phase II archaeological investigation of Site 44VB0363, a suspected colonial era domestic site identified in the course of a 2011 survey of the 99-acre Marshview Park property conducted for the City of Virginia Beach Department of Parks & Recreation as part of the park master planning process. Virginia Beach Parks & Recreation and Land Studio pc invited JRIA to return to undertake a more intensive study of this resource with the goals of learning more about the site, providing interested members of the public an opportunity to directly assist with the archaeological project, and to include identifiable permanent marking and interpretation of the site in the long range plan for the park.

The Phase II archaeological investigation consisted of the excavation of 17 three-foot square test units within the core site area in an effort to identify potential subsurface cultural features and collect a representative sample of artifacts for analysis. During the course of the project, JRIA archaeologists worked closely with a number of volunteers, including adults and children, as well as local educators, and offered public site tours.

The results of the Phase II archaeological and documentary research at Site 44VB0363 at Marshview Park offered intriguing insights into who lived at this site and when. Test unit excavation yielded a significant assemblage of household artifacts and architectural materials, the analysis of which revealed that the site most likely was occupied during the last quarter of the eighteenth century and into the first years of the nineteenth century. Documentary research indicated that this occupation coincided with the ownership of prominent Princess Anne County planter and Revolutionary War veteran Thomas Reynolds Walker, his son Thomas Walker, and granddaughter Sarah Walker Braithwaite. Since none of the Walkers evidently lived at this location, the site most likely was occupied by one or more tenant farmer families, or perhaps even by some of the enslaved African Americans held by the Walker family. Given the available evidence, it appears most likely that the site included a small and simple frame dwelling with a brick hearth and possibly a brick chimney, the type of unexceptional dwelling which the vast majority of Princess Anne County residents, free or enslaved, would have called home during the decades following the American Revolution.

The Phase II investigation at Site 44VB0363 has yielded some important information, but more remains to be learned. The site remains in excellent condition, with little disturbance since the site was abandoned in the early nineteenth century. More subsurface features, including possible building remains, trash pits, fence lines, etc., might be found in future investigations. The site appears to have the physical integrity and research potential to be considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D. As such, JRIA recommends that the site should be preserved and protected to the greatest extent possible. As a significant cultural component of Marshview Park and the surrounding community, this site might serve as the focus of an ongoing educational program in which professional archaeologists work with students, teachers, avocational archaeologists, and other interested members of the community to continue the exploration of this comparatively rare site type.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ i LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... iii I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 II. RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................................. 5

Project Goals ............................................................................................................... 5 Testing Methodology .................................................................................................. 5

III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING ............................................................................ 8 IV. ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................ 12

Spatial Analysis ........................................................................................................ 12 Artifact Analysis ....................................................................................................... 16 Historical Analysis .................................................................................................... 22

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................... 26 VI. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 29 APPENDIX A: ARTIFACT CATALOG ..................................................................... 31 APPENDIX B: SITE INVENTORY FORM ................................................................ 61

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location of Site 44VB0363 on detail of U.S.G.S. 7.5’ Virginia Beach

topographic quadrangle map, 1989. .........................................................................2

Figure 2. Location of Site 44VB0363 on a 2010 aerial photograph. .......................................3

Figure 3. Volunteers excavating test units and screening excavated soil. ...............................4

Figure 4. Volunteers washing artifacts in the field. .................................................................4

Figure 5. JRIA archaeologists conducting preliminary site work along the principal north-south grid line. .........................................................................................................6

Figure 6. Location of Phase II test units at Site 44VB0363. ....................................................9

Figure 7. East profile of Test Unit 103. .................................................................................10

Figure 8. North profile of Test Unit 106. ...............................................................................10

Figure 9. Feature in Test Unit 106, view to north. .................................................................11

Figure 10. Total artifact density by test units. ........................................................................13

Figure 11. Brick concentrations by test units. ........................................................................15

Figure 12. Assorted ceramic sherds. ......................................................................................19

Figure 13. English white salt-glazed stoneware sherd with dot, diaper and basket rim design ca. 1740-1775. ............................................................................................19

Figure 14. Dark green wine bottle glass (top) and imported English tobacco pipe stem (bottom)..................................................................................................................20

Figure 15. French gunflint. ....................................................................................................20

Figure 16. Rhyolite Palmer type projectile point (ca. 8000 to 7200 B.C.). ...........................21

Figure 17. Location of Thomas Reynolds Walker’s home site in relation to Site 44VB0363 (Anonymous 178-?). ............................................................................23

Figure 18. Ca. 1815 slave dwelling at Walnut Valley, Surry County. ...................................27

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I. INTRODUCTION

In 2011, the James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (JRIA) completed a Phase I survey of approximately 99 acres at Marshview Park on behalf of the City of Virginia Beach Department of Parks & Recreation as part of the park master planning process. The goal of the survey was to identify and evaluate the significance of all prehistoric or historic archaeological sites within the proposed park limits, and included the excavation of screened shovel test holes at 50-foot intervals across the entire property. In the southern portion of the project area near a tributary of Lake Rudee, JRIA archaeologists found a concentration of historic artifacts—including ceramics, bottle glass, nails, brick fragments, and oyster shell—which suggested that this location had been the site of a colonial period homestead occupied in the period ca. 1690-1750 (Figures 1-2). Because sites of this type are relatively rare in Virginia Beach, JRIA recommended that further archaeological testing could provide important information about the early history of what was then Princess Anne County (Fesler and Laird 2011).

In the spring of 2013, Virginia Beach Parks & Recreation and Land Studio pc contracted with JRIA to conduct a more intensive study of this site with the goals of learning more about the site, providing interested members of the public the opportunity to directly assist with the archaeological project, and to include identifiable permanent marking and interpretation of the site in the long range plan for the park.

The Phase II archaeological investigation, which JRIA completed in June 2013, consisted of the excavation of three-foot square test units within the core site area in an effort to identify potential subsurface cultural features and recover a representative sample of artifacts for analysis. During the course of the project, JRIA archaeologists worked closely with a number of volunteers, including adults and children, as well as local educators. These volunteer sessions included educational “workshops,” with discussions of the site’s history, general principles of historical archaeology, fieldwork methods and practice, and artifact identification. The volunteers also assisted with test unit excavation, screened excavated soil, and washed historic artifacts (Figures 3-4). The project concluded with a Saturday public “open house” day which provided an opportunity for interested members of the public to view the excavation and learn about the results of the project.

The Phase II investigation was conducted under the direction of JRIA President Nicholas M. Luccketti, M.A., RPA, and Senior Researcher Matthew R. Laird, Ph.D., RPA. The archaeological fieldwork was conducted by Project Archaeologist Anthony W. Smith, M.A., with the assistance of archaeological field technicians Joseph Dietmeier, Jon Heck, Todd Kemmler, and Meghan Pelaez. Artifacts yielded by the investigation were processed and cataloged by JRIA Laboratory Director Sherrie Beaver. Dr. Laird conducted the background research for the project and authored the final report. Dr. Garrett R. Fesler and Kathleen Mapp assisted with the public interpretation of the site.

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Figure 1. Location of Site 44VB0363 on detail of U.S.G.S. 7.5’ Virginia Beach topographic quadrangle map, 1989.

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Figure 2. Location of Site 44VB0363 on a 2010 aerial photograph.

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Figure 3. Volunteers excavating test units and screening excavated soil.

Figure 4. Volunteers washing artifacts in the field.

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II. RESEARCH DESIGN Project Goals

In 2011, JRIA identified Site 44VB0363 in the course of a Phase I survey of the proposed Marshview Park. Based on the results of the Phase I investigation, JRIA proposed that the site, which measured approximately 350 feet (N-S) by 250 feet (E-W) represented a domestic occupation spanning the period roughly between 1690 and 1750. Because sites of this type are relatively rare in Virginia Beach, and this resource exhibited strong potential for additional research, JRIA recommended that it was potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D, and that further archaeological testing was warranted.

In the spring of 2013, Virginia Beach Parks & Recreation and Land Studio pc contracted with JRIA to conduct a more intensive study of this site with the goals of learning more about the site, providing interested members of the public the opportunity to directly assist with the archaeological project, and to include identifiable permanent marking and interpretation of the site in the long range plan for the park.

The Phase II archaeological investigation, which was conducted in June 2013, was specifically designed to allow the greatest level of participation by interested members of the public, while gathering sufficient data to allow for more detailed analysis of the site, and an assessment of its significance according to the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.

Testing Methodology

Prior to the archaeological testing, JRIA archaeologists located the original Phase I shovel tests, re-established the site grid, and laid in two intersecting baselines oriented roughly north-south and east-west. The test units were then excavated on this grid, within the suspected core site area (Figure 5). Each test unit measured three feet square, and was excavated according to the standards described in the Department of Historic Resources (DHR) Guidelines for Conducting Cultural Resources Survey in Virginia (rev. 2011). The units were excavated by hand according to natural stratigraphic layers, and all backfill screened through ¼-inch hardware cloth. Each test unit was drawn and photographed in plan and in profile, and its location recorded on a master map of the project area before it was backfilled.

Cultural materials recovered from the test units were first washed in the field by volunteers, then brought to JRIA’s Williamsburg laboratory for processing and analysis. Prior to washing, artifacts from a given provenience were first emptied into a screened basket and sorted. Next, the provenience information from the field bags were confirmed with the bag catalog and transferred onto bag tags. Stable objects were washed with tap water using a soft brush. Edges of ceramics and glass were thoroughly cleaned to aid in the identification of body type and to assist in mending. Washed items then were placed by provenience on a drying rack.

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Figure 5. JRIA archaeologists conducting preliminary site work along the principal north-south grid line.

Once dry, the artifacts were re-bagged by provenience and material type and transported to JRIA’s laboratory in Williamsburg, Virginia, for further processing and analysis. Artifacts of a given provenience were placed in clean 2 ml thick polyethylene zip-lock bags that have been perforated to allow air exchange. Each grouped material type was placed in a separate plastic bag (i.e., all glass in one bag, all brick fragments in one bag, etc.) and each of these individual type bags were then placed in a larger bag with the bag tag noting the provenience.

After processing and re-bagging, the artifact assemblage was cataloged for analysis. Stylistic attributes of diagnostic artifacts were described using current terminology and were recorded by count into a database for analysis. Non-diagnostic artifacts such as brick and oyster shell were weighed, not counted. Once all the artifacts were cataloged, ceramics were pulled from their bags and marked with correct provenience information. Diagnostic ceramics were sorted and grouped together based on type or ware and/or vessel or function and checked for crossmends.

Analysis of historic artifacts was aided by reference works such as The Parks Canada Glass Glossary (Jones and Sullivan 1989), the Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America (Noel Hume 1969), and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Laboratory

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Manual (Pittman et al. 1987). All materials were curated according to the standards outlined in 36 CFR Part 79 of the Department of the Interior and National Park Service code (Department of the Interior 1991) and were returned to the City of Virginia Beach at the conclusion of the project.

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III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING

The Phase II archaeological testing consisted of the hand excavation of 17 three-foot-square test units in a roughly cruciform pattern within the suspected core of the site as defined by the Phase I shovel testing (Figure 6). Two additional judgmental shovel tests (JST-01 and JST-02) were excavated in order to assist in determining potential test unit locations.

Test unit excavation indicated that the soil stratigraphy was relatively consistent throughout the site area. The typical profile consisted of three distinct layers with a combined depth of approximately 1.0 foot sealing sterile subsoil (Figures 7-8). These included Layer A, a very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt topsoil approximately 0.3 foot thick; Layer B, a grayish brown (10 YR5/2) clayey silt topsoil approximately 0.4 foot thick; and Layer C, a transition to subsoil consisting of up to 0.3 foot of brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silty clay mottled with light grayish brown (10YR 6/2) silt. Subsoil consisted of mixed yellowish brown (10YR 6/8) silty clay mixed with light grayish brown (10YR 6/2) clay.

A single subsurface cultural feature was partially exposed in the northeast corner of Test Unit 106 at the interface between Layers B and C (see Figure 8). This roughly rectangular feature measured approximately 0.7 foot wide, and appeared to be the remains of a post (Figure 9). Given its relatively small size, it more likely represented a fence post than a structural feature.

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Figure 6. Location of Phase II test units at Site 44VB0363.

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Figure 7. East profile of Test Unit 103.

Figure 8. North profile of Test Unit 106.

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Figure 9. Feature in Test Unit 106, view to north.

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IV. ANALYSIS

Spatial Analysis Although no substantial subsurface features were identified in the test units, an

analysis of the relative quantity of artifacts recovered from each unit provides at least some indication of where the core activity area of the site may have been located. As indicated in Table 1 and Figure 10, the greatest concentration of artifacts was identified in the eastern portion of the investigated area, centered around Test Units 108, 111, 114, and 116. Artifact densities then decreased considerably to the west and south.

Table 1. Total artifacts by test unit.

Test Unit # Artifacts Percentage101 25 4.00% 102 12 1.92% 103 33 5.28% 104 22 3.52% 105 31 4.96% 106 48 7.68% 107 35 5.60% 108 85 13.60% 109 25 4.00% 110 33 5.28% 111 69 11.04% 112 29 4.64% 113 25 4.00% 114 51 8.16% 115 29 4.64% 116 66 10.56% 117 1 0.16% 118 6 0.96%

Total 625 100.00%

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Figure 10. Total artifact density by test units.

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The same general spatial patterning was observed when the density of brick was plotted by test unit (Table 2 and Figure 11). Nearly half of all the brick recovered in the Phase II investigation came from Test Units 108 and 116 in the eastern portion of the site, with somewhat lesser concentrations to the south. Based on these findings, it appears most likely that the dwelling, which likely included at least a brick hearth and/or chimney, was situated in this vicinity.

Table 2. Brick concentrations by test unit.

Test Unit Brick (g) Percentage101 249.7 1.40% 102 285.3 1.60% 103 765.7 4.31% 104 332.5 1.87% 105 228.3 1.28% 106 1,823.8 10.26% 107 1,390.8 7.82% 108 3,669.1 20.63% 109 301.5 1.70% 110 723.3 4.07% 111 1,165.8 6.56% 112 346.3 1.95% 113 1,368.8 7.70% 114 340.4 1.91% 115 165.2 0.93% 116 4,306.7 24.22% 117 280.1 1.58% 118 38.9 0.22%

Total 17,782.2 100.00%

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Figure 11. Brick concentrations by test units.

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Artifact Analysis Phase II test unit excavation (and limited shovel testing) at Site 44VB0363

yielded an assemblage of 651 artifacts, including both domestic and architectural materials (see Appendix A).1 Although the quantity of artifacts was not particularly large, the range of items recovered was relatively varied, and this representative sample provides a considerable amount of information concerning who likely lived at this site and when.

As outlined in Table 3, domestic artifacts—including ceramic sherds, clay tobacco pipes, bottle and table glass, oyster and clam shell, animal teeth, and miscellaneous items such as a French gunflint and metal hardware—comprised nearly 80 percent of the assemblage, confirming that this represented an inhabited house site rather than a utilitarian outbuilding such as a barn or other non-occupied structure (Figures 12-15).

The most numerous type of domestic artifacts consisted of ceramic sherds, including 27 identifiable types of coarse earthenwares, refined earthenwares, stonewares, slipwares, and porcelain, representing both locally-made and imported (English, German, and Chinese) wares (Table 4). Although a few of these ceramic types were available in the latter part of the seventeenth century and first half of the eighteenth, most (notably the varieties of creamware and pearlware) were widely used from around the time of the American Revolution onward. Also, the near complete absence of whiteware, which first became available in Virginia around 1805, suggests that the site was not occupied long after this date. In fact, the mean date calculated for the ceramic assemblage was 1793, suggesting that the site was most intensively occupied during the last quarter of the eighteenth century.2 Glass artifacts, particularly wine bottle fragments, also comprised a significant proportion of the domestic items recovered. In addition to bottles, a number of glass fragments from vessels such as wine glasses were also present.

Clay tobacco pipes are ubiquitous at eighteenth-century domestic sites, and a few were recovered from Site 44VB0363. These consisted entirely of imported English ball-clay pipes. Only three of the pipes had measurable stem bores: two had diameters of 4/64th inch and one was 5/64th inch. In the 1950s, archaeologist J.C. Harrington first observed that the bore diameters of clay tobacco pipestems diminished at a relatively predictable rate over time, from 9/64th inch around 1600 to 4/64th inch by 1800. Since then, a variety of mathematical formulas have been developed to calculate the mean date of pipestem assemblages based on the relative frequency of different sized bore diameters. Although the assemblage of pipestems from the site is too small to reliably calculate a mean occupation date, they are consistent with an occupation in the second half of the eighteenth century.

1 Certain artifact types, including brick, mortar, and oyster shell were weighed rather than counted. 2 The mean ceramic date was derived by calculating the weighted average of the median production date for each ceramic type.

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Table 3. Total artifacts by type.

Material Count Weight Percentage Domestic Ceramics 313 48.08%

Clay Tobacco Pipes 7 1.08% Glass Objects 131 20.12% Metal Objects 26 3.99% Miscellaneous 36 5.53% Oyster Shell 165.2 g 0.00% Animal Bone 2 0.31%

Subtotal 515 79.11% Architectural (Nails) Wrought 1 0.15%

Cut 40 6.14% Unidentified 12 1.84%

Subtotal 53 8.14% Architectural (Other) Brick 17,782 g 0.00%

Mortar 76.2 g 0.00% Slate 3 0.46% Window Glass 61 9.37%

Subtotal 64 9.83% Prehistoric Lithics 7 1.08%

Pottery 12 1.84% Subtotal 19 2.92%

Total 651 100%

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Table 4. Ceramic artifacts by type.

Class Type Date Count PercentageCoarseware Buckley 1680-1775 4 1.28%

Lead Glazed (Pennsylvania?) 1740-1840 11 3.51%Unidentified ? 3 0.96%

Subtotal 18 5.75%Earthenware Delftware (plain) 1607-1802 11 3.51%

Delftware (hand-painted underglaze) 1630-1790 4 1.28%Astbury 1725-1750 1 0.32%Jackfield 1740-1780 3 0.96%Creamware (plain) 1762-1820 50 15.97%Creamware (feather edge) 1765-1775 1 0.32%Creamware (annular decoration) 1780-1815 1 0.32%Pearlware (plain) 1780-1840 101 32.27%Pearlware (hand-painted underglaze) 1780-1840 44 14.06%Pearlware (annular decoration) 1790-1815 4 1.28%Pearlware (blue/green edged) 1790-1815 5 1.60%Pearlware (hand-painted polychrome underglaze) 1795-1840 12 3.83%Whiteware 1805-1900 1 0.32%Unidentified ? 20 6.39%

Subtotal 258 82.43%Slipware Staffordshire 1680-1775 1 0.32%

Staffordshire (dot ware) 1700-1775 1 0.32%Subtotal 2 0.64%

Stoneware Rhenish Westerwald 1607-1775 4 1.28%English brown salt-glazed 1671-1800 3 0.96%Rhenish Westerwald (stamped/incised) 1700-1775 1 0.32%American blue and gray 1730-1760 1 0.32%American brown 1730-1900 12 3.83%White salt-glazed 1720-1775 7 2.24%White salt-glazed (dot, diaper & basket) 1740-1775 1 0.32%White salt-glazed (scratch blue) 1744-1774 1 0.32%Unidentified ? 4 1.28%

Subtotal 34 10.86%Porcelain Chinese 1607-1850 2 0.64%

Chinese (under-painted blue) 1660-1850 1 0.32%Subtotal 3 0.96%

Total 313 100.00%

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Figure 12. Assorted ceramic sherds.

Top row: English brown salt gazed stonewares (ca. 1671-1800). Bottom row, left to right: Pearlware (blue edged), ca. 1790-1815; lead glazed coarse earthenware, ca. 1740-1840?; two sherds of Rhenish Westerwald stoneware, ca. 1607-1775.

Figure 13. English white salt-glazed stoneware sherd with dot, diaper and basket rim design ca. 1740-1775.

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Figure 14. Dark green wine bottle glass (top) and imported English tobacco pipe stem (bottom).

Figure 15. French gunflint.

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A relatively small proportion (just under 18 percent) of the artifacts recovered from the site consisted of architectural materials, including fragments of handmade bricks and mortar, nails, window glass, and a few fragments of roofing slate. As noted in the previous section, the presence of brick suggests that the dwelling included at least a brick hearth or chimney, although the quantities retrieved are not suggestive of a full or partial brick foundation.

Of the 41 identifiable nails collected, all but one was of the cut type. Cut nails did not begin to replace the earlier hand-wrought variety until about 1790, so the construction of the house almost certainly post-dated this transition. Although the general lack of architectural material on the site is characteristic of a modest house, the presence of window glass and a few fragments of slate—possibly used for roofing—suggest that it was not the most insubstantial of dwellings.

In addition to the historic material, a very small proportion of the artifact assemblage consisted of prehistoric Native American items—not surprising given the proximity of the site to Lake Rudee/Owl Creek. Lithic artifacts included a rhyolite Palmer type projectile point dating to the Early Archaic period (ca. 8000 B.C. to 7,200 B.C.), flint flakes and debitage, and as well as quartzite fire-cracked rock (Figure 16). In addition, twelve sherds of prehistoric Native American pottery were found, half of which were gravel-tempered and likely dated to the Middle Woodland period (ca. 500 B.C. to 900 A.D.).

Figure 16. Rhyolite Palmer type projectile point (ca. 8000 to 7200 B.C.).

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Historical Analysis Historical research using Princess Anne County deeds, wills, and other records

indicates that the land encompassing Site 44VB0363 formed part of a large tract of land originally granted to early settler William Cornick in 1671. In 1693, Cornick gave 300 acres of this property to his daughter Barbara, the wife of Captain Francis Morse. The Morses lived elsewhere, however, and when Francis died in 1716, the land went to their younger son Thomas. Thomas then sold the tract to James Harrison in 1722. Harrison was living somewhere on this property when he gave it to his son, Henry, in 1762. Henry Harrison then sold the property to Thomas Reynolds Walker in 1766. Taking into account the archaeological evidence, it appears that the site most likely was occupied during the period in which Walker and his heirs owned the property, ca. 1766 to 1810 (Table 5).

When the 36-year-old Walker purchased this land, he was well on his way to becoming one of the Princess Anne County’s most prosperous planters and leading citizens. In 1771, he owned 478 acres of land and seven African American slaves. In the early 1770s, he served as the county surveyor and vestryman of the local parish church. He also had a military background, having been commissioned as a lieutenant in the county militia in 1765. This training would serve him well as conflict with Britain loomed over the issue of American independence. Walker commanded a company of the Princess Anne District Battalion at the Battle of Kemp’s Landing (Kempsville) in November 1775. And the following year he was appointed colonel of the county militia, a position he held until 1779 (James 1951, Vol. 1: 4, 107; Bockstruck 1988: 32; Sanches-Saavedra 1978: 21; Gwathmey 1938: 801).

After the Revolution, Walker continued to play an active role in public life, serving as the county’s Escheator—enforcing the state’s claim on property left by those who died without a will—and as a justice of the court. By 1780, he was one of the area’s largest slaveholders, owning nine enslaved African Americans. Of the 58 individuals who owned slaves in the county’s Lower Precinct of the Eastern Shore, only five held more than Walker. According to a 1785 census, Walker’s household included six white family members, including his wife Sarah (Cornick), and children Thomas, George Reynolds, John, Nathaniel, and Sarah. At that time, his property included two dwellings and eight other buildings (James 1951, Vol. 1: 9; James 1951, Vol. 4: 64-65, 114; U.S. Bureau of the Census 1976: 103).

When Walker died in 1788, his will stipulated that the land he then lived on should be divided between his sons Thomas Walker and George Reynolds Walker after his wife’s death. At that time, his home site was located well to the west of the current project area, within what is now Naval Air Station Oceana property (Figure 17). He also distributed eight enslaved African Americans between his children, including: “Isbel and her child Bob;” “Lidia;” “Pleasant and Child;” “Aliph;” and “young Nan and Fanny” (Princess Anne County Will Book 1: 97).

The portion of Walker’s land which included Site 44VB0363 evidently descended to his son Thomas Walker. Although the subsequent land transfers are not well documented, when Thomas Walker died intestate in 1804, it appears that a relatively modest parcel of 63 acres passed to his daughter Sarah. Sarah married James

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Figure 17. Location of Thomas Reynolds Walker’s home site in relation to Site 44VB0363 (Anonymous 178-?).

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Braithwaite, a prominent local landowner, in 1809.3 The following year, the couple sold the property to John Whitehurst for the sum of $5204 (Wingo 1961: 45; PACDB 30: 39).

During the period in which it appears this site was occupied—roughly the last quarter of the eighteenth century and the early years of the nineteenth century—it does not appear that any members of the Walker family resided at this location. The archaeological evidence, particularly the relative scarcity of architectural materials, suggests that this modest dwelling more likely was occupied by tenant farmers, or possibly by some of the Walkers’ enslaved African Americans. The archaeological evidence also seems to parallel the documentary record in that occupation at the site appears to have ended right around the time that James and Sarah Braithwaite transferred the property to John Whitehurst in 1810.

In subsequent years, the land including Site 44VB0363 would pass through numerous owners, including members of the Whitehurst, Woodhouse, Gornto, Smith, and Barcroft families. From the 1850s on, detailed maps of this part of Princess Anne County indicated no significant features in the site locale, which by then appears to have consisted of unimproved woodland. As early as the mid-1920s, the property was being considered for residential development; yet, while some site improvements were initiated, no building had occurred by the early 1980s when the U.S. Navy purchased the land to prevent the expansion of the adjoining Salt Marsh Point neighborhood. Beginning in the 1990s, the City entered into discussions with the Navy concerning establishing a park on the property. Since 2010, when Virginia Beach finally acquired the roughly 100-acre tract in a land swap, the Department of Parks & Recreation has developed a master plan for Marshview Park, outlining potential uses and strategies for the site which can provide unique cultural, recreational, and environmental benefits and experiences to city residents.

3 Princess Anne County records indicate that the Sarah “Sally” Walker who married James Braithwaite on 4 March 1809 was the daughter of Thomas Walker, deceased. Between 1795 and 1826, James Braithwaite purchased nearly 260 acres of Thomas Reynolds Walker’s former estate. Prior to 1800 he built a home on this land, which eventually became part of Oceana Naval Air Station. The house reportedly survived until the 1950s (Kellam and Kellam 1958: 160-161; Castleberry 2010: 62). 4 When the Braithwaites sold the 63-acre property to John Whitehurst on 1 January 1810, the deed recorded that Sarah had been examined to ensure that she willingly relinquished the right of dower of inheritance, confirming that she had obtained the property from her father’s estate (Wingo 1961: 45; PACDB 30: 39).

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Table 5. Ownership of the Project Area, ca. 1671-present.

VBIN = Virginia Beach Instrument Number VBDB = Virginia Beach Deed Book

PACDB = Princess Anne County Deed Book PACWB = Princess Anne County Will Book PACLB = Princess Anne County Land Book

PACCC = Princess Anne County Chancery Case

Grantor Grantee Date Acres Reference United States of America City of Virginia Beach 5-14-2010 98.664 VBIN

20100518000473590 Lands End Associates et al. United States of America 1-31-1984 20.34 VBDB 2326: 2072 Hudgins & Associates, Inc. United States of America 12-15-1983 78.755 VBDB 2302: 631 Viking Construction Co. Hudgins & Associates, Inc. 9-20-1979 100.37 VBDB 1973: 327 Triangle Construction Co. Viking Construction Co. 8-30-1954 100.37 PACDB 378: 55 Fred J. Barcroft Triangle Construction Co./

Chesapeake Housing, Inc. 10-30-1952 100.37 PACDB 313: 195

Roy Smith, Trustee Fred J. Barcroft 4-7-1928 100.37 PACDB 150: 227 Lake Rudee Realty Corp. Roy Smith, Trustee 1-1-1926 100.37 PACDB 132: 163 Fred J. Barcroft & Irene Barcroft

Lake Rudee Realty Corp. 1-1-1926 100.37 PACDB 132: 161

Roy Smith Fred J. Barcroft 1-1-1924 70.61 PACDB 117: 532 Roy Smith Fred J. Barcroft 1-1-1924 29.76 PACDB 118: 590 Edwin J. Smith et al. Roy Smith 2-1-1921 130 PACDB 117: 258 Harry E. McCoy, trustee A.C. Smith 9-17-1914 130 PACDB 95: 244 W.W. Sawyer & Margaret L. Sawyer, and Edwin J. Smith

Harry E. McCoy, trustee 5-22-1913 130 PACDB 91: 130

James E. Grimstead and Mary E. Grimstead

W.W. Sawyer & Edwin J. Smith

5-22-1913 130 PACDB 91: 129

William T. Gornto James E. Grimstead 12-9-1886 95 PACDB 58: 435 Jeremiah Woodhouse, Jr. William T. Gornto 12-13-1856 95 PACDB 46: 91 Jeremiah Woodhouse, Sr. Jeremiah Woodhouse, Jr. Ca. 1854-55 32.25 PACLB 1855 John J. Burroughs (Trustee) and John Williams

Jeremiah Woodhouse, Sr. 8-26-1839 100 PACDB 39: 313

Gideon Whitehurst estate Gideon Whitehurst heirs 1834 100 PACCC 1839-002 Richard Whitehurst estate Gideon Whitehurst 12-1-1834 84 PACWB 4: 177 Gideon Whitehurst Richard Whitehurst 8-5-1833 84 PACDB 37: 395 John Whitehurst estate Gideon Whitehurst 7-3-1815 84 PACWB 3: 156 James & Sarah Braithwaite John Whitehurst 1-1-1810 63 PACDB 30: 39 Thomas Walker estate Sarah Walker Ca. 1804 63? PACDB 30: 39 Thomas Reynolds Walker estate

Thomas Walker 4-11-1788 ? PACWB 1: 97

Henry Harrison Thomas Reynolds Walker 11-17-1766 350 PACDB 9: 615 James Harrison Henry Harrison 6-15-1762 350 PACDB 9: 56 Thomas Morse James Harrison 11-6-1722 300 PACDB 3: 468 Francis Morse estate Thomas Morse 3-7-1716 300 PACDB 3: 143 William Cornick Barbara & Francis Morse 4-1-1693 300 PACDB 1: 31 British Crown William Cornick 10-3-1671 1,736 Nugent 1983: 98

26

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The results of the Phase II archaeological and documentary research at Site 44VB0363 at Marshview Park offer intriguing insights into who lived at this site and when. They also suggest that additional research has the potential to provide even more valuable information concerning a site type which has rarely been studied in Virginia Beach.

Test unit excavation yielded a significant assemblage of household artifacts and architectural materials, many of which provide important clues about when the site was occupied. These included a wide variety of ceramic wares, both imported and domestic; clay tobacco pipes; bottle and table glass; oyster and clam shell; animal teeth; and miscellaneous items such as a French gunflint and metal hardware. An analysis of the ceramics, and other diagnostic artifacts such as nails, indicated that the site most likely was occupied during the last quarter of the eighteenth century and into the first years of the nineteenth century. Meanwhile, available documentary records reveal that the land encompassing Site 44VB0363 was owned by prominent Princess Anne County planter and Revolutionary War veteran Thomas Reynolds Walker until his death in 1788, after which the property passed to his son Thomas Walker. When Thomas Walker died in 1804, his daughter Sarah inherited the land. It finally left the Walker family when Sarah and her new husband, James Braithwaite, sold it in 1810. Since none of the Walkers evidently lived at this location, the site most likely was occupied by one or more tenant farmer families, or perhaps even by some of the enslaved African Americans held by the Walker family during these years.

Given the available evidence, it appears most likely that this site included a small and simple frame dwelling, probably built on piers or ground-laid sills, which left little below-ground evidence when it eventually vanished from the landscape. Although the current study yielded no conclusive evidence concerning what happened to the house, a number of ceramic sherds and glass fragments did show evidence of burning, suggesting that it might have been damaged or destroyed by fire. Or it could have been intentionally dismantled and its more valuable components salvaged once it was abandoned, the remnants then falling victim to time and the elements, eventually disappearing from view. The presence of a modest quantity of brick fragments —broken into bits by repeated plowing in later years—suggests that it had a brick hearth, and possibly even a brick chimney, while fragments of window glass found at the site indicate that it had one or more windows. Taken together, the architectural evidence (or lack thereof) strongly suggests that this was the type of unexceptional dwelling which the vast majority of Princess Anne County residents, free or enslaved, would have called home during the decades following the American Revolution. In fact, it may have looked very much like the rare surviving slave house at Walnut Valley, in what is now Chippokes Plantation State Park in Surry County (Figure 17).

Virginia Beach is fortunate to claim a number of the Commonwealth’s most architecturally significant colonial dwellings, including the Adam Thoroughgood House, the Adam Keeling House, and the Lynnhaven House. Built solidly of brick, and carefully maintained by a succession of owners, they have survived relatively intact for upwards of

27

Figure 18. Ca. 1815 slave dwelling at Walnut Valley, Surry County.

(Courtesy of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources)

three centuries. In persisting, however, they have colored our understanding of how the early residents of Princess Anne County lived in the eighteenth century. But, as archaeologists and historians of colonial Virginia have been discovering over the past 40-plus years, the reality was quite different. What makes a site like 44VB0363 so important is that it represents what home would have been like for the vast majority of people at this time. And because they—unlike the Thoroughgoods, Keelings, or Thelaballs—left little or no trace in the documentary record, it is their material remains alone that survive to tell a story of their lives.

The current Phase II investigation at Site 44VB0363 has yielded some important information, but more remains to be learned. The site itself is in excellent condition, with no evidence of any significant disturbance since its last occupants left in the early nineteenth century. More subsurface features, including possible building remains, trash pits, fence lines, etc., might be found in future investigations. In technical terms, the site exhibits the physical integrity and research potential to be considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D (“has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in history”). As such, JRIA recommends that the site should be preserved and protected to the greatest extent possible.

This project successfully integrated volunteers—including adults, children, and local educators—in the Phase II investigation. As a significant cultural component of Marshview Park and the surrounding community, this site might serve as the focus of an

28

ongoing educational program in which professional archaeologists work with students, teachers, avocational archaeologists, and other interested members of the community to continue the exploration of this comparatively rare site type.

29

VI. REFERENCES Anonymous 178-? Plan of Princess Ann [sic.] and Norfolk counties. Library of Congress,

Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C. Bockstruck, Lloyd DeWitt 1988 Virginia’s Colonial Soldiers. Genealogical Publishing Company, Baltimore. Castleberry, Amy Hayes 2010 Virginia Beach (Then & Now). Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South

Carolina. Fesler, Garrett R., and Matthew R. Laird 2011 Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of 98.664 Acres at Marshview Park in the

City of Virginia Beach, Virginia. James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc., Williamsburg.

Gwathmey, John H. 1938 Historical Register of Virginians in the Revolution. The Dietz Press,

Richmond. James, Edward J. 1951 The Lower Norfolk County Virginia Antiquary. 5 Vols. Peter Smith, New

York. Kellam, Sadie Scott, and V. Hope Kellam 1958 Old Houses in Princess Anne, Virginia. Printcraft Press, Inc., Portsmouth,

Virginia. Nugent, Nell Marion 1983 Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants,

Volume II, 1666-1695. Virginia State Library, Richmond. Princess Anne County, Virginia Deeds, Wills, and Land Books. Library of Virginia, Richmond. Sanchez-Saavedra, E.M. 1978 A Guide to Virginia Military Organizations in the American Revolution, 1774-

1787. Virginia State Library, Richmond. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1976 Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year

1790, Records of the State Enumerations: 1782 to 1785, Virginia. Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., Baltimore.

30

Wingo, Elizabeth B. 1961 Marriages of Princess Anne County (now Virginia Beach) Virginia, 1799-

1821. Published by the author, Norfolk.

31

APPENDIX A: ARTIFACT CATALOG

Phase II Site 44VB0363State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

-ST JST-01 SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 502

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 3 0.0 509

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 2 0.0 508

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 507

-ST JST-01 CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPEBOWL FRAGMENT

1 0.0 506

-ST JST-01 MIRON NAIL CUT COMPLETE 1 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

505

-ST JST-01 ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 23.5 498

-ST JST-01 SGLASS GLASS AQUA UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 503

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT CURVED

2 0.0 513

-ST JST-01 SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE NECK FRAGMENT 1 0.0 501

-ST JST-01 SMORTAR MORTAR FRAGMENT 0 3.9 499

-ST JST-01 ASHELL ANIMAL CLAM SHELL FRAGMENT 0 16.3 497

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED POLY

SAUCER RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 Unidentified blue and yellow motif on the interior.

511

-ST JST-01 CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN

UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 512

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED

UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 Unidentified brown motif on the interior.

510

-ST JST-01 SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 504

-ST JST-01 CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 68.4 500

-ST JST-02 RUNIDENTIFIED GRAVEL FRAGMENT 2 0.0 515

-ST JST-02 SASPHALT ASPHALT/TAR FRAGMENT 6 0.0 514

Page 1 of 29James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc.

State Site # 44VB0363


-ST JST-02 ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 99.5 517

-ST JST-02 CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 7.9 516

-SC 052 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED POLY

HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue and brown motif on the exterior.

493

-SC 052 SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 496

-SC 052 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 494

-SC 052 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED

UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on the interior.

492

-SC 052 CSTONEWARE STONE RHENISH WESTERWALD

HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 495

TU 101A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 3.8 349

TU 101A CSTONEWARE STONE RHENISH WESTERWALD STAMP/INCISED FLORAL/GEOM


TU 101B RBOG IRON BOG IRON FRAGMENT 1 0.0 150

TU 101B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 66.1 151

TU 101B CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH WHITE SALT

PLATE RIM/MARLY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 Beaded rim. 147

TU 101B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 149

TU 101B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 148

TU 101C CEARTHENWARE PEARL PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT

1 0.0 66

TU 101C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS UNIDENTIFIED FORM


TU 101C RQUARTZITE ROCK FRAGMENT 1 0.0 77

TU 101C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED

UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible strap handle fragment with unidentified blue motif on the exterior.

65




TU 101C CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 64

TU 101C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 67

TU 101C CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN


TU 101C CEARTHENWARE DELFT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 69

TU 101C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 183.6 76

TU 101C CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 71

TU 101C SGLASS GLASS AQUA HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 72

TU 101C SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 73

TU 101C MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 2 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

75

TU 101C CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 68


TU 102A CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FORM


TU 102B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED

HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on the interior and exterior.

33

TU 102B CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 32

TU 102B CEARTHENWARE PEARL ANNULAR DECORATION


TU 102B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.0 35


TU 102B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FORM

RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 31


UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on exterior.

78




TU 102C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED POLY

HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Blue and orange floral motif on the exterior.

79

TU 102C CEARTHENWARE JACKFIELD UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 80

TU 102C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 81

TU 102C MCOPPER ALLOY SHELL CASING FRAGMENT 1 0.0 82


TU 103A CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN CHINESE UNIDENTIFIED FORM

BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 60


TU 103A CEARTHENWARE PEARL BLUE/GREEN-EDGED

PLATE MARLY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 Blue shell-edged. 57

TU 103A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 2 0.0 58

TU 103A CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED PLATE RIM/MARLY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 59

TU 103A SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 61

TU 103A SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 62


TU 103B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 88

TU 103B MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 3 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

99


TU 103B MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND PARTIAL SHANK

1 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

98


TU 103B CSTONEWARE STONE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 90

TU 103B SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIGHT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 95




TU 103B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 92

TU 103B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINE GLASS RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 91

TU 103B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 2 0.0 89


TU 103B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED POLY

UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 Unidentified brown motif on the interior.

87

TU 103B CEARTHENWARE PEARL BLUE/GREEN-EDGED



TU 103B CEARTHENWARE DELFT BLUE AND WHITE UNDER GLAZE

HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified motif on the interior.

85

TU 103B CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPEBOWL FRAGMENT

1 0.0 84

TU 103B SGLASS GLASS AQUA DARK BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 93

TU 103B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 97

TU 103B MIRON HARDWARE UNIDENTIFIED

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Attachment hardware. Heavy ferric concretions.

100



110


TU 104A CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Orange fabric with black lead glaze on the interior and exterior.

155

TU 104B MIRON SCRAP METAL FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

54

TU 104B CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH BROWN SALTGLAZED


TU 104B SGLASS GLASS MILK MARBLE COMPLETE 1 0.0 55






TU 104B CEARTHENWARE PEARL PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT

1 0.0 50



TU 104B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINE GLASS BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified etched motif on the exterior.

53


FOOT RING FRAGMENT

1 0.0 48


TU 104C MIRON STRAP UNIDENTIFIED

FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

45

TU 104C CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 2 0.0 38

TU 104C CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH WHITE SALT

HOLLOWWARE BASE/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 41

TU 104C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINE GLASS RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 42

TU 104C CEARTHENWARE DELFT UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Glaze missing. 40



TU 104C CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 37

TU 104C RBOG IRON BOG IRON FRAGMENT 2 0.0 46


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 43


TU 104C MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND PARTIAL SHANK


44

TU 105A PWOOD UNIDENTIFIED FORM





TU 105A CSTONEWARE STONE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Brown stoneware. 152


TU 105B RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 1 0.0 523


BASE/FOOTRING/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 519


UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 Unidentified brown and orange motif on the interior.

520


TU 105B MIRON UNIDENTIFIED FORM


522


TU 105B CABORIGINAL POTTERY ABORIGINAL GRAVEL TEMP

HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Fragments mend. 518

TU 105B PWOOD UNIDENTIFIED FORM


TU 105C CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Orange fabric with black lead glaze on single surface.

157


UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on single surface.

160


TU 105C MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED

HEAD AND PARTIAL SHANK


166


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 159

TU 105C CABORIGINAL POTTERY ABORIGINAL UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 4 0.0 169

TU 105C SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 163




TU 105C CSTONEWARE STONE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible Westerwald. 165

TU 105C MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED

SHANK 1 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

167

TU 105C RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 1 0.0 164

TU 105C CEARTHENWARE CREAM FEATHER EDGE


1 0.0 Burned. 158


FRAGMENT 3 0.0 161

TU 105C CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 2 0.0 162

TU 105C CABORIGINAL POTTERY ABORIGINAL GRAVEL TEMP


TU 106A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 353

TU 106A MIRON SCRAP METAL FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

354

TU 106A CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN


TU 106A CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH WHITE SALT DOT/DIAPER/BASKET


1 0.0 Burned. 350


TU 106A SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 352

TU 106B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN FLAT GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 388





1 0.0 385

TU 106B SGLASS GLASS AQUA BOTTLE PHARMACEUTICAL

BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 384




TU 106B CEARTHENWARE DELFT UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT CURVED

2 0.0 389


TU 106B SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 382


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 391

TU 106B CSTONEWARE STONE RHENISH WESTERWALD



HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on the interior of one fragment and on the exterior of two fragments.

395


TU 106B CEARTHENWARE PEARL PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT

1 0.0 396


FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 397


FRAGMENT 7 0.0 398

TU 106B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN


TU 106B CCOARSEWARE SLIP STAFFORDSHIRE DOT



RIM FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Folded rim. Glaze missing.

390

TU 106B CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 400


401


TU 106C SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 115








TU 107A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 122

TU 107A CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH WHITE SALT

UNIDENTIFIED FORM



FRAGMENT 2 0.0 120


TU 107A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED

UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on interior.

118




HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Fragments mend. 368

TU 107B SGLASS GLASS GREEN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 370

TU 107B CBRICK BRICK BAT 0 544.2 377

TU 107B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 366

TU 107B CSTONEWARE STONE UNIDENTIFIED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 367


UNIDENTIFIED FORM


363

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT

2 0.0 356


FRAGMENT 2 0.0 357

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE RIM FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Folded rim. 358


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 359

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE FOOT RING FRAGMENT

1 0.0 360






FRAGMENT 1 0.0 361


HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on the interior.

362

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FORM


TU 107B MCOPPER ALLOY UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible button fragment.

375


TU 107B MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED

COMPLETE 1 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

374

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE ASTBURY HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 365

TU 107B ATOOTH ANIMAL MAMMAL TOOTH FRAGMENT 1 0.0 376

TU 107B MIRON NAIL CUT COMPLETE 1 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

372


373



FRAGMENT 1 0.0 403


TU 107C ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 5.3 405


TU 108A MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 1 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

108

TU 108A CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN CHINESE UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 105

TU 108A CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Orange fabric with black lead glaze on the interior.

103





TU 108A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 106

TU 108A MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND PARTIAL SHANK


107


HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Brown bands on the exterior.

104


UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Uidentified brown and green motif on the exterior.

252


UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on the exterior.

251

TU 108B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 246

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BASE/FOOTRING/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 255

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 254






268


HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 6 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on the interior and exterior of one fragment and unidentified blue motif on the exterior of the other five fragments.

250


TU 108B CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH BROWN SALTGLAZED


TU 108B RFLINT GUNFLINT COMPLETE 1 0.0 French gunflint. 270


TU 108B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Orange fabric with black lead glaze on the interior and exterior.

266




TU 108B RFLINT DEBITAGE NON-CORTICAL 1 0.0 Calcined. 271

TU 108B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Light redish-orange fabric on single surface.

265




COMPLETE 1 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

267


TU 108B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 1,217.7 172

TU 108B CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPESTEM FRAGMENT MEAS

1 0.0 SHD: 5/64" 242

TU 108B ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 13.6 243





TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL BLUE/GREEN-EDGED




FRAGMENT 2 0.0 248

TU 108B MLEAD SCRAP METAL FRAGMENT 1 0.0 273



TU 108B CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH WHITE SALT SCRATCH BLUE




TU 108B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BLUE & GRAY






FRAGMENT 4 0.0 258



269

TU 108B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Light redish-orange fabric with dark brown lead glaze on the interior and exterior.

264

TU 108C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 133



TU 108C MPEWTER UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 130

TU 108C SMORTAR MORTAR FRAGMENT 1 0.0 131

TU 108C ATOOTH ANIMAL MAMMAL TOOTH FRAGMENT 1 0.0 132


TU 108C CCOARSEWARE COARSE UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible Buckley. 146


FRAGMENT 3 0.0 140


UNIDENTIFIED FORM

RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on the interior.

141

TU 108C CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPESTEM FRAGMENT MEAS

1 0.0 SHD: 4/64" 124

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE PEARL SAUCER BASE/FOOTRING/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 136

TU 108C SGLASS GLASS GREEN UNIDENTIFIED FORM



TU 108C ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 4 0.0 127

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE JACKFIELD UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 145






128


UNIDENTIFIED FORM

BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on the interior.

142

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 143

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE DELFT BLUE AND WHITE UNDER GLAZE

UNIDENTIFIED FORM

BASE/FOOTRING/BODY FRAGMENT

2 0.0 Unidentified motif on the exterior. Fragments mend.

144


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible teapot lid. 138

TU 108C ASHELL ANIMAL CLAM SHELL FRAGMENT 2 0.0 126


129

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE PEARL SAUCER BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 137


HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue motif on the exterior.

112


TU 109A MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND PARTIAL SHANK


113

TU 109B CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN CHINESE UNDER BLUE




FRAGMENT 1 0.0 173




FRAGMENT 2 0.0 175






TU 109B SGLASS GLASS MILK UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 182

TU 109B MIRON SCRAP METAL FRAGMENT 7 0.0 183


TU 109B RRHYOLITE PROJECTILE PT COMPLETE 1 0.0 Palmer: Early Archaic (ca. 8000 B.C. to about 7200 B.C.)

185

TU 109B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 179

TU 109B CABORIGINAL POTTERY ABORIGINAL UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 2 0.0 186


UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 177



TU 110A CEARTHENWARE DELFT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 380


UNIDENTIFIED FORM


410



417




416





409


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 408




TU 110B CCOARSEWARE COARSE BUCKLEY WARE


TU 110B SGLASS GLASS GREEN UNIDENTIFIED FORM




FRAGMENT 3 0.0 411

TU 110C SGLASS GLASS AQUA UNIDENTIFIED FORM



TU 110C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED POLY

HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified green motif on the exterior.

423


FRAGMENT 2 0.0 420


UNIDENTIFIED FORM


422

TU 110C CBRICK BRICK BAT 0 446.8 431



421

TU 110C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 429




FRAGMENT 5 0.0 425


TU 110C CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN


1 0.0 426

TU 110C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 428


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 419




TU 111A CCOARSEWARE COARSE UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Light orange fabric. Glaze missing.

459


TU 111A CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPESTEM FRAGMENT UNMEAS

1 0.0 458

TU 111A CCOARSEWARE SLIP STAFFORDSHIRE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Combed/trailed or dotware.

460


FRAGMENT 3 0.0 462

TU 111A CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH BROWN SALTGLAZED


TU 111A SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS BOTTLE PHARMACEUTICAL

BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 468



TU 111A SGLASS GLASS AQUA UNIDENTIFIED FORM


TU 111A SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS BOTTLE PHARMACEUTICAL

LIP FRAGMENT 1 0.0 467

TU 111A CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 461

TU 111A MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 2 0.0 Heavy ferric concretions.

469





453

TU 111B SGLASS GLASS AQUA BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 447

TU 111B RFLINT FLAKE NON-CORTICAL 1 0.0 456




TU 111B PCOAL COAL FRAGMENT 0 1.4 455



454

TU 111B SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 446




TU 111B CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPESTEM FRAGMENT UNMEAS

1 0.0 434


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Red fabric with yellow lead glaze on single surface. Burned.

436




TU 111B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 451


UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 2 0.0 437





FRAGMENT 3 0.0 443




1 0.0 Two brown bands on the interior.

440


FRAGMENT 5 0.0 439

TU 111B CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE BASE/FOOTRING FRAGMENT

1 0.0 438

TU 111B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 4 0.0 450




TU 111C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 14

TU 111C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 15


TU 111C CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 13

TU 111C RBOG IRON BOG IRON FRAGMENT 6 0.0 18



17


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 16


TU 112B CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 471



487




FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 473










TU 112B CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 479





UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 Unidentified brown and orange motif on the exterior.

478

TU 112B MIRON STRAP UNIDENTIFIED


490



1 0.0 481


HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Olive green foliate motif on the exterior.

477

TU 112B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY/BASE/KICK FRAGMENT

1 0.0 483



489



475



488





237



FRAGMENT 1 0.0 231

TU 113B RFLINT DEBITAGE NON-CORTICAL 1 0.0 Calcined. 241




238







TU 113B CEARTHENWARE PEARL PLATE RIM/MARLY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 232





FRAGMENT 1 0.0 20

TU 113C CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 23

TU 113C PCHARCOAL CHARCOAL FRAGMENT 2 0.0 29


RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 21


TU 113C SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 28

TU 113C SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 27

TU 113C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.0 26


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 25




UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 Blue bands on the exterior.

24



FRAGMENT 1 0.0 195



TU 114A CEARTHENWARE DELFT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 191






1 0.0 Single brown band below the rim on the interior.

192


PLATE MARLY FRAGMENT


TU 114B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 225


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 213

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS AQUA BOTTLE LIP/NECK/SHOULDER FRAGMENT

1 0.0 228


1 0.0 217



TU 114B CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPEBOWL/STEM FRAGMENT

1 0.0 SHD: 4/64" 208

TU 114B CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT

1 0.0 209




FRAGMENT 1 0.0 212



TU 114B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 3 0.0 219




TU 114B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINE GLASS BODY FRAGMENT 4 0.0 218

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS GREEN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 220




TU 114B SGLASS GLASS GREEN UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 221

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FLAT FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible mirror glass. 222

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FLAT FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible case bottle. 223





TU 114C SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 204




201

TU 114C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 203

TU 114C SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 205

TU 114C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.0 202

TU 115A PCHARCOAL CHARCOAL FRAGMENT 3 0.0 284

TU 115A RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 1 0.0 285

TU 115A ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 1 0.0 287

TU 115A MIRON STRAP UNIDENTIFIED

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 286

TU 115A CEARTHENWARE CREAM ANNULAR DECORATION



BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 282

TU 115A CEARTHENWARE PEARL PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT

1 0.0 281

TU 115A CEARTHENWARE PEARL ANNULAR DECORATION


1 0.0 280




TU 115A CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT

1 0.0 279

TU 115A CEARTHENWARE DELFT BLUE AND WHITE UNDER GLAZE

HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified motif on the exterior.

277

TU 115A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 283





FRAGMENT 2 0.0 8


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 6










TU 115B CEARTHENWARE JACKFIELD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 9


TU 115C CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH WHITE SALT

HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 187

TU 115C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Etched "dots" on the exterior.

188

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED POLY

HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue and orange motif on the exterior.

300




TU 116A CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 294

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE CREAM SAUCER RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 293

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE RIM/MARLY FRAGMENT

1 0.0 295

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE CREAM SAUCER BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 296

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 297

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED POLY

SAUCER BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue and brown motif on the interior.

299

TU 116A SGLASS GLASS AQUA UNIDENTIFIED FORM


TU 116A CBRICK BRICK BAT 0 345.4 314


TU 116A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY/BASE/KICK FRAGMENT

1 0.0 308



298

TU 116A SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 307

TU 116A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 1,941.4 315

TU 116A MIRON NAIL WROUGHT HEAD AND PARTIAL SHANK

1 0.0 Rose head and partial spatula tip. Heavy ferric concretions.

309

TU 116A MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED



310

TU 116A MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED


311

TU 116A ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 32.6 313






TU 116A RFLINT FLAKE NON-CORTICAL 1 0.0 Calcined. 312


TU 116A CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT

1 0.0 304


BASE/FOOTRING FRAGMENT

1 0.0 301


FRAGMENT 1 0.0 318

TU 116B RQUARTZITE FIRE CRACKED ROCK

1-74% CORTEX 1 0.0 345

TU 116B SGLASS GLASS AQUA UNIDENTIFIED FORM





FRAGMENT 2 0.0 324


FRAGMENT 8 0.0 323



HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified brown motif on the exterior.

321

TU 116B CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE BASE/FOOTRING/BOUGE FRAGMENT

1 0.0 316


UNIDENTIFIED FORM

RIM/BODY FRAGMENT

2 0.0 Blue trellis-like band on the interior below the rim.

319



TU 116B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 1,410.1 344


338





UNIDENTIFIED FORM


320



UNIDENTIFIED FORM


TU 116B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 327


TU 116B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 330

TU 116B SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 331


TU 116B SGLASS GLASS AQUA BOTTLE PHARMACEUTICAL

LIP FRAGMENT 1 0.0 333

TU 116B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 335




337

TU 116B SMORTAR MORTAR FRAGMENT 0 76.2 340

TU 116B ASHELL ANIMAL CLAM SHELL FRAGMENT 0 57.5 341

TU 116B ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 56.2 342


FRAGMENT CURVED

1 0.0 Orange fabric with mottled brown lead glaze on the exterior.

326



339





275







FRAGMENT 1 0.0 289

TU 118B CCOARSEWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FORM

FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible Aboriginal pottery.

291




198



61

APPENDIX B: SITE INVENTORY FORM

8/13/2013Report Generated on:

Virginia BeachCity/County:

DHR ID#: 44VB0363

ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORIC RESOURCES

44VB0363DHR Site Number: Other DHR Number:

Resource Name:

Temporary Designation: 44VB1JRIA

Terrestrial, open airSite Class:

Temporal DesignationCultural Designation

Indeterminate 18th Century: 4th quarter

Indeterminate 19th Century: 1st quarter

CULTURAL/TEMPORAL AFFILIATION

Domestic Dwelling, singleThematic Context: Example:

Comments/Remarks:

[Fesler 2011] The site is located on a prominent knoll that is formed by forked branches of Owls Creek. The knoll is

approximately 250 ft. wide between the two forked branches of the tributary, and the site is perched on the top of the

landform at approximately 12 ft. above mean sea level. The site itself is a maximum of 250 ft. by 350 ft. in size and covers

the entire knoll. Historic documents do not help clarify who occupied the site, but based on the artifacts activity spanned

from the second half of the 17th century to the first half of the 18th century.

[JRIA 2013] Based on the results of the more intensive Phase II investigation, it appeared that the site was occupied during

the last quarter of the eighteenth century into the early years of the nineteenth, most likely by tenants or enslaved African

Americans of the prominent local planter and Revolutionary War veteran, Thomas Reynolds Walker, and his heirs.

THEMATIC CONTEXTS/SITE FUNCTIONS

USGS Quadrangle(s): VIRGINIA BEACH

LOCATION INFORMATION

Restrict UTM Data? No

Center UTM Coordinates (for less than 10 acres): NAD 18/4076378/411715/1

NAD ZONE EAST NORTH

Boundary UTM Coordinates (for 10 acres or more):

NAD NORTHEASTZONE

1

Physiographic Province: Coastal Plain Drainage: Atlantic Ocean

Aspect: Flat Nearest Water Source: Owls Creek (Lake Rudee)

Elevation (in feet): 12.00 Distance to Water(in feet): 25

Site Soils: Chapanoke silt loamSlope: 0-2%

Acredale silt loamAdjacent Soils:

Landform: terrace

1


SITE CONDITION/SURVEY DESCRIPTION

Site Dimensions: 250 feet by 350 feet Acreage: 2.00

Survey Strategy: Subsurface Testing

Site Condition: No Surface Deposits but With Subsurface Integrity

Threats to Resource: None Known

Survey Description:

[2011 Fesler] Shovel testing at 50 ft. intervals; dropped to 25 ft. around positives. All

backfilled screened through 1/4" steel mesh.

[2013 JRIA] Hand excavation of 17 three-foot-square test units in the anticipated core site

area, with all backfill screened through 1/4" steel mesh.

Land Use: Example: ForestRecreation/Art 2013/06/06Dates of Use:

Comments/Remarks:

At the time of the Phase II investigation, the site area remained wooded and undeveloped.

Land Use: Example: ForestRecreation/Art 2011/05/99Dates of Use:

Comments/Remarks:

Area is wooded and expected to be transformed into a public park, with much of the forested areas remaining intact.

CURRENT LAND USE

SPECIMENS, FIELDNOTES, DEPOSITORIES

Yes James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc.Specimens Depository:Specimens Obtained?

Assemblage Description:

2


Artifact # Prov Other ER # Material 1 Material 2 Form Count Weight

3 Section I KK5CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0

5 Section I KK5CBRICK BRICK 0 251.3

4 Section I KK5CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN HOLLOWWARE 1 0

24 Section I JJ3N CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0

25 Section I JJ3N CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0

26 Section I MM3 CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0

27 Section I MM3 CBRICK BRICK 0 20.8

33 Section I JJ2 CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 3 0

34 Section I JJ2 CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH WHITE SALTUNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0

35 Section I JJ2 MIRON SCRAP METAL 8 0

36 Section I JJ2 CCERAMIC OBJECT SKEET 2 0

31 Section I HH3E CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0

32 Section I HH3E CBRICK BRICK 0 48.3

28 Section I HH2CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 2 0

29 Section I HH2CBRICK BRICK 0 74.1

30 Section I GG3CBRICK BRICK 0 106.6


88 Section I HH3SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE 1 0

85 Section I HH3CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 2 0

87 Section I HH3CSTONEWARE STONE RHENISH BROWN FRECHEN BARTMAN JUG 1 0

86 Section I HH3CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0

56 Section I HH4S MIRON NAIL WIRE 1 0

55 Section I HH4S CBRICK BRICK 0 5.4

57 Section I JJ4 CBRICK BRICK 0 6.8

61 Section I JJ5 CBRICK BRICK 0 18.1

60 Section I JJ5 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0

59 Section I JJ5 CCOARSEWARE COARSE LOCAL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0

67 Section I KK3MIRON NAIL CUT 1 0



73 Section I JJ3 SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE 1 0

72 Section I JJ3 CCOARSEWARE COARSE LOCAL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 2 0

71 Section I GG5CCOARSEWARE COARSE LOCAL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0

79 Section I JJ3ECBRICK BRICK 0 6.9

78 Section I JJ3ECCOARSEWARE COARSE LOCAL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0

65 Section I HH3S CBRICK BRICK 0 27.9


82 Section I KK2CBRICK BRICK 0 282.9

84 Section I LL2 ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL 0 45.8

83 Section I LL2 MSLAG SLAG/CLINKER 0 192.2

[2013 JRIA] Phase II test unit excavation (and limited shovel testing) at Site 44VB0363 yielded an assemblage of 651 artifacts, including

both domestic and architectural materials. Domestic artifacts—including ceramic sherds, clay tobacco pipes, bottle and table glass, oyster

and clam shell, animal teeth, and miscellaneous items such as a French gunflint and metal hardware—comprised nearly 80 percent of the

assemblage, confirming that this represented an inhabited house site rather than a utilitarian outbuilding such as a barn or other non-occupied

structure. Ceramics included 27 identifiable types (imported and domestic), including coarse earthenwares, refined earthenwares, slipwares,

and porcelain, with creamwares and pearlwares predominating. Architectural materials included brick and mortar fragments, window glass,

and cut nails.

NoSpecimens Reported?

Assemblage Description--Reported:

Field Notes Reported? Yes Depository: James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc.

3


REPORTS, DEPOSITORY AND REFERENCES

City of Virginia Beach, JRIA

Matthew R. Laird, "Phase II Archaeological Investigation of Site 44VB0363 at Marshview Park, Virginia Beach, Virginia." James River

Institute for Archaeology, Inc., Williamsburg.

Reference for reports and publications:

Depository:Report (s) ? Yes

DHR Library Reference Number:

VDHR

2011

Garrett Fesler, Matthew Laird

A Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of 98.664 Acres at Marshview Park in the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia

Reference for reports and publications:

Depository:Report (s) ? Yes

VB-147DHR Library Reference Number:

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION AND DEPOSITORY

Photographic Documentation? Depository Type of Photos Photo Date

JRIA digitalYes 2011/05/99

JRIA digital photosYes 2013/06/17

CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT EVENTS

2011/05/99Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Date:Cultural Resource Management Event:

Organization and Person:

DHR Project Review File No: 2009-2001

CRM Event Notes or Comments:

City of Virginia Beach acquired the Marshview property from the US Navy and plan to develop it into a public park. Recommended

Potentially Eligible for listing in the NRHP.

FeslerGarrettFirst: Last:James River InstOrganization:

Sponsor Organization:

2013/06/17Survey:Phase II/Intensive Date:Cultural Resource Management Event:


DHR Project Review File No:


In June 2013, the James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (JRIA) completed a Phase II archaeological investigation of Site 44VB0363, a

colonial period domestic site identified in the course of a 2011 survey of the 99-acre Marshview Park property conducted for the City of

Virginia Beach Department of Parks & Recreation as part of the park master planning process. Virginia Beach Parks & Recreation and

Land Studio pc invited JRIA to return to undertake a more intensive study of this resource with the goals of learning more about the site,

providing interested members of the public the opportunity to directly assist with the archaeological project, and to include identifiable

permanent marking and interpretation of the site in the long range plan for the park.

LairdMatthewFirst: Last:JRIAOrganization:


2011/09/02DHR Staff: Potentially Eligible Date:Cultural Resource Management Event:

4



DHR Project Review File No: 2009-2001


KirchenRogerFirst: Last:DHROrganization:


INDIVIDUAL/ORGANIZATION/AGENCY INFORMATION

Individual Category Codes:

Property Manager

Honorif: Ms. First: Barbara Last: Duke

Suffix:

Title: Senior Planner

Company/

Agency:

City of Virginia Beach

Department of Parks and Recreation

Address: Municipal Center, Bldg 21, Courtho

City: Virginia Beach State: Virginia Zip: 23456

Phone/Ext: 757-385-4310

- -

Notes:

Ownership Type:Public - Local

Government Agency:

5

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