ph.d. ewa połom i nstitute of chemical engineering and environmental protection processes
DESCRIPTION
THE UTILISATION OF WASTE LACTOSE WITH MEMBRANE TECHNIQUES USAGE. Ph.D. Ewa Połom I nstitute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Processes. Plan of presentation. 1. Introduction 2. I ntegrated systems of e nvironmental protection - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Ph.D. Ewa PołomInstitute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Processes
THE UTILISATION OF WASTE LACTOSE
WITH MEMBRANE TECHNIQUES USAGE
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Plan of presentation
1. Introduction2. Integrated systems of environmental protection 3. Whey as a source of valuable products4. Membrane techniques proposed for lactic acid LA,
manufacturing 5. Zr(IV)/PAA Dynamically formed membranes DMF6. The scheme of the experimental set-up7. Statistical examination of experimental results7. Conclusions
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Introduction
productionprocess
water
raw materials
energy
air pollution
main product
solid wastes
liquid wastes
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POLLUTION PREVENTION
cleaningstrategy
cleanerstrategy
re-use recycling energyrecovery
deposition
Integrated systems of environmental protection
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Diary industry main products
cheeses
yoghurts
skim milk
Main waste from food processing
whey
lactose5%
proteins0,8%
minerals and vitamins 0,5%
fats 0,3%
lactic acid0,2%
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Lactic acid LA stereoisomers
Possibilities of LA obtaining :1. Chemical synthesis from oil-based non renewable
resources2. Biotechnical processes based on fermentation of
industrial wastes
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The main steps in the process of waste lactose conversion to LA or ethanol
Product separation/purification
Product concentration
Sugar conversion
Feedstockpreparation
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The membranes techniques proposed for LA manufacturing by waste lactose fermentation
1. Prefiltration of solutions before fermentation processes2. Selection of lactic acid from post -fermentiation solution3. Conversion of lactic acid salts into lactic acid4. Purification and concentration of lactic acid solutions
Membrane technique Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Microfiltration, MF v v
Ultrafiltration, UF v v
Nanofiltration, NF v
Reverse osmosis, RO v
Liquid membranes, LM v
Membrane extraction, EM v
Electrodialysis, ED v
MF+ ED V V
UF + ED V V
UF+ MF + ED v V V
EM + ED v v
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Fermentation
UF MODULE
ED UNIT
lactic acid
sodium lactate
post fermentaive solution
lactose
+ lactic acid bacteria
Integrated scheme of LA production with product neutralisation
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The conception of LA production from whey with continuous product disposal
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The characteristic of Zr(IV)/PAA dynamically formed membranes DFM
Membrane Support Gel-layer Pore radius*/
layer thickness**
MF, Ti (IV) Stainles
steel tube
TiO2 0.03 – 0.05 m*
UF, Zr (IV) MF membrane
ZrO(OH)2 10 m**
NF,
Zr (IV)/PAA
UF membrane
PAA 2 m**
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DF MEMBRANES Zr(IV)/PAA EMS PHOTOS
a) Top view of NF DFM Zr(IV)/PAA surface of PAA
layer
b) Cross- section of two NF DFM Zr(IV)/PAA layers:
ZrO(OH)2 and PAA
K.S. Menon, Thesis, Clemson University, Clemson 1988
DF MEMBRANE Zr(IV)/PAA
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The scheme of the experimental set-up
´
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Statistical examinations of NF LA solutions experimental results
r=0,35–0,05x1+0,104x2+0,08x3–0,09x4+0,14x1x4–0,044x2x4+0,03x1x2x4+0,03x2x3x4
r=0,49–0,027x1+0,11x2+0,1x3–0,077x4+0,135x1x4–0,044 x2x4–0,061x32–0,077x4
2
(1)
(2)
Forms of obtained polynomial models:
Symbol Parameter description Range of parameter
x1 Cross flow velocity 1.0 – 2.6 m/s
x2 pH of feed solution 4.0 – 8.0
x3 Pressure difference across membrane surface
1.4 – 5.5 MPa
x4 Concentration of LA in the feed solutions
0.02 – 1.0 mol/l
Independent variables description
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x1 u = 1,0 [m/s]
x2 pH = 8,0
x3 p = 5,52 [MPa]
x4 cLA= 0,02 [mol/l]
rmax = 0,82
x1 u = 2,6 [m/s]
x2 pH = 4,0
x3 p = 1,42 [MPa]
x4 cLA= 0,02 [mol/l]
r min 0,02
Values of parameters allow to obtain rmax
Values of parameters allow to obtain rmin
Influence of NF process parameters on LA DFM Zr(IV)PAA selectivity
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• Fermentation of waste lactose connected with lactic acid manufacturing is the best way of whey utilisation which corresponds to the integrated systems of environmental protection rules
• Employing pressure membrane techniques in utilisation of whey process brings profits from both: environmental and economical points of view
• Zr(IV)/PAA DFM can be use in LA separation from fermentative solutions and purification of selected product.
Conclusions