phenomenological approaches what is phenomenology? binswanger: authenticity carl rogers:...
TRANSCRIPT
Phenomenological Approaches
• What is Phenomenology?
• Binswanger: Authenticity
• Carl Rogers: Self-Actualization
• George Kelly: Constructive Alternativism
• Csikszentmihalyi: Flow
Psychodynamics
• Subjective, unconscious experience
• Unobservable, can’t use scientific method
Biological Approach
• Objective, observable situational influences
• Rigorous use of scientific method
Phenomenology
• Focus on conscious individual experience
• Introspection
• Integrative view
Three Aspects of Existence
Umwelt“Aroundworld”
Mitwelt“Withworld”
Eigenwelt“Ownworld”
Main Characteristics ofPhenomenological Approaches
• Holistic, Qualitative, Idiographic– complete description of human existence– taking the individual’s own perspective
• Phenomenological Method– focus on individual experience of the world– focus on interpretation of events, not the events
themselves
• Humanistic Psychology– e.g. Rogers, Kelly– looks at higher human motives, self-development, esthetics
• Existential Philosophy– e.g. Sartre– focus on people’s personal decisions, subjectivity, individuality– life is only meaningful, if we make it meaningful
Theoretical Background of Phenomenological Approaches
What makes life meaningful?• Achievement• Spirituality• Relationships• Art• Social Responsibility• Developing One’s Potential• •
Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966)
• Existence vs. Essence
• The “Givens” of Existence– thrownness
– ambivalent physical body
– choice/freedom
– anxiety/guilt
– death
• Authenticity vs. Inauthenticity
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
• Core of human nature is positive
• Culture and environment teach us to behave in negative ways.
• Basic goal is self-actualization.
• Individuals perceive the world uniquely phenomenal field
• “Self”: Key part of one’s personality
Rogers’ Definition of “Self”• Organized and consistent pattern of perceptions
• Primarily conscious
• Different from the “ideal self” (perceptions and meanings that are self-relevant and that are valued highly)
• Is measured by:• Adjective Checklist
• Q-sort
• Semantic Differential
Demonstration Semantic Differential
• Conditions of Worth– conditional positive regard– conditional positive self-regard
• Incongruity– real self– ideal self
• Defenses– perceptual distortion– denial, projection
Ideal Therapist- congruent- unconditional positive regard- empathy- respect
George Kelly (1905-1966)
• Used the “fruitful metaphor” of seeing ordinary people as scientists:
“A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the way in which he anticipates events”
• Laypeople AND scientists
– subject to hidden psychological forces
– trying to predict the world by understanding its mechanisms
Constructive Alternativism
• Multiple possible world views• People describe the world along bipolar
dimensions (“constructs”)• Some constructs are related (“schemas”)• Social groups/cultures/families have
similar constructs
Measuring the Construct System
• Role Construct Repertory Test (REP)
• Participant gives list of persons who are most important
• Participant lists dimensions on which pairs of three are rated
• Constructs differ in content and complexity
Demonstration REP
Constructs & Emotions• New information challenges existing construct
system - constructs are no longer validated (predicting the world correctly)
• Impermeable and preemptive constructs are problematic
• Constructs need to change - if not, negative emotions are the consequence– anxiety = existing constructs threatened– guilt = behaving in discordance to constructs– aggression = forcing others to fit my constructs