PHEROMONE IN INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT

Presented by,

RAKESH KR. MEENA

Dept. Of Agricultural Entomology,College OF AGRICULTURE,

ALLAHABAD.

Out line of seminar

Principle of behavioral controlIntroductionClassificationPheromone trapsMode of pheromone applicationAdvantagesConclusion

PRINCIPLE OF PHEROMONAL CONTROL

Aim at studying the behavior

regulating chemicals and exploiting them for insect pest control.

IntroductionPheromone Is a chemical or mixture of chemical

released by an organism to outside (environment) that cause specific reaction in a receiving organisms in same species.

• Karlson and Butenandt coined the term Pheromone ,1959.

• also called as ectoharmones.• Pheromones – Exocrine in origin.• -volatile in nature serving as chemical means

of communication.

Classification of Semoichemicals

K.P. Srivastava(2005)

SEX PHEROMONE Represent diverse assemblage of

compounds. Commonly released by females. Out of 150 species, 100 species of females and 50 species of male produces pheromones. Female sex pheromone is important

than male.

Ayyar T.V.R.(1963)

Insect Name of Pheromone Chemical structure

Bombyx mori Bombykol 10,12 Hexa-decadien 1-ol

Porthetria dispar Gyplure 1 Hexal-12-Hydroxy-3 Dodisenile acetate

Honey bee(Apis spp.) Queen substance 9.0x0-trans-2-Decenoic acid

Periplanata americana ---- 2,2 Dimethyl-3-iso propelidine cyclo proply propionate

Mad fly Singlure 2,3 secondary, Butyle 4 chloro 2 methyl hexane

Mad fly Trimedlure 2,3 Ter.Butyl.

Oriental fruit fly Methyl eugenol 1 Alil 1,2-Diemethoxy Benzene.

Carda cautella --- 9,12 tetra decadien 1- ol acetate

Pectinophora gossypiella --- 10-prophy-trans 5,9 tridecadien 1-ol-acetate

Porthetria dispar --- D-10-acetoxy-cis 7-hexa decen-1-ol.

Chemical structure of sex pheromones

Insects producing alarm pheromones

Hornet wasp Honey bees

Leaf cutting ants( Atta texana )

Insects Producing Trail Pheromone

Allelo-chemicals. ALLOMONESAdvantageous to the

releaser. EX-Defensive secretions

of insects

KAIROMONES Advantageous to recipient. EX. Male sex pheromone in

bug.

SYNOMONE endocrine secretion of hymenopterans frequently functions simultaneously both as an allomone and kairomone

PHEROMONE PRODUCING GLANDS

Ectodermal in origin. pheromone appeared under the control of harmone released by Corpora allata . Open and release their products outside called as “exocrine glands”.Present in any part of body.a) Galleria mellonella- wing padb) Almond moth – gland of third abdominal

segment.c) Cockroach – tergal gland

Mayer (1992)

EFFECTIVE DISTENCE FOR PHEROMONE APPLICATION

Marked male moths were used. They can call mate from hundred feet

away. Attracted to the tray baited with female sex pheromone for a distence as long as 2 miles in Gypsy moth. Lesser peach borer mates attracted from 50 ft distance. Jacobson(1989)

TIME OF RELEASE OF PHEROMONE OF INSECT :

Depends upon weather and time of day. Grape beetle Lobasia botrana

release pheromone at evening. Queen honey bee release the pheromone continuously for male honey bees 5-7 days. Trichoplusia ni release 1 a.m. to 5 a.m.

Siddiqui(1989)

PHEROMONE RECEPTION

Three parts involved. 1) Exocrine glands. 2)Medium. (air or water) 3)Pheromone receptors.

Receptor should be olfactory (smell), or gustatory (taste).

Antenna often undergo a marked sexual dimorphism.

Jacobson (1989)

Sexual dimorphism in antennae of Daneus sp. moth

PLASTIC MOTH TRAPPLASTIC MOTH TRAPFUNNEL TRAPFUNNEL TRAP

DELTA TRAPDELTA TRAP NOMATE TRAPNOMATE TRAP

Different pheromone traps

SEX PHEROMONES TRAPS TO DETECT AND DESTROY COTTON

BOLLWORMS

To ensure the effectiveness of pheromone traps..

• Ascertain the quality of lure.• Ascertain the quality of pheromone.• Install the trap at right time.• Install the trap at straight stick/log.• Take care of the polythene sleeve.• Replace damaged sleeve and Maintain

proper distance between traps.• Maintain proper height of the traps.• Replace lure timely.

Percent of Z,Z isomer

Mean catches / week Mean 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

20 38.25 14.50

21.0 6.50 18.0 13.0 18.54

30 31.25 15.25

13.0 7.25 17.0 12.50 6.04

40 1.10 1.25 1.75 1.0 2.0 2.50 1.6750 9.75 2.25 3.50 1.75 2.0 1.25 3.4260 144.7

590.2

526.0 37.75 35.75 27.25 60.29

70 59.75 12.75

17.5 5.75 8.25 7.75 18.63

80 21.50 11.50

17.0 3.50 4.0 7.75 10.20

Mean 43.82 1\21.11

13.6 9.07 12.43 10.29 --

Table 1 : Response of male pink bollworm moths to different ratios of Z, Z and Z,E isomers of Gossyplure

Karuppuchamy and Balasubramanian (1990)

*Heliture Control

(Hexane)

*Spodolure Control

Mean

cumulative

visit

10.84 7.34 2.01 2.16

Mean

percentage

15.01 7.22 10.01 9.96

Table 2 : Response of T. chilons in a Y shaped olfactometer

Padmavathi and Pual (1996)

Table 3 : Incidence Of bollworms and yield in the experimental plot during

2004 at Raichur

Treatment Fruiting bodies

damaged (%)

Good open bolls / plant

Bad open bolls / plant

Yield Q / ha

Kairomone plot

21.34 22.12 8.20 22.44

Treated control

plot

26.84 18.12 12.22 20.12

Untreated control

plot

48.44 11.44 26.48 13.15

CD(P=0.05) 2.44 2.55 3.65 4.34

Bhaktvatslam N.et al. 2002

Table 4 : Incidence of sucking pests in kairomone treatment during 2002 at Dharwad

Treatment Aphids (No. / 7 plants) Leafhoppers (No. / 7 plants)

Pre-treatment

After first spray

After second spray

Pre Harvest

count

Pre-treatment

After first spray

After second spray

Pre harvest count

Kairomone plot

67.57 58.14 27.29 11.00 11.14 9.00 5.57 3.85

Treated control plot

68.71 45.29 42.43 28.14 9.85 7.43 6.71 5.85

Untreated control plot

67.00 72.86 81.86 130.29 10.43 10.85

11.57 12.43

Bhaktvatslam N.et al. (2002)

Period of observation No. of moth catches/trap

Fruit damage%

1st week of Oct 0.00 0.002nd week of Oct 0.00 0.003rd week of Oct 0.00 0.004th week of Oct 0.00 0.001st week of Nov 1.00 4.552nd week of Nov 0.00 4.763rd week of Nov 2.00 3.804th week of Nov 2.00 3.301st week of Dec 1.00 4.762nd week of Dec 2.00 0.533rd week of Dec 0.00 1.414th week of Dec 2.00 3.23Average 0.83 2.19

Table 5: Moths of L. orbonalis Catches in pheromone trap and fruit damage in brinjal (2005-2006)

JAU, Junagadh Anonymous (2005)

Pheromone Trap to Trap adult of Lymantria Spp

Treatment 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th wee

k

Mean

Yellow pan trap with 60% bait

118.50 1379.50 1261.0 728.50 1295.13

Black pan trap with 60% bait

1215.0 1054.25 799.00 658.25 931.63

Red pan trap with 60% bait

1385.25 948.0 699.50 533.00 833.94

Delta trap with 60% bait 271.00 276.75 290.25 266.0 276.19

Delta trap with 70% bait 265.25 239.0 245.75 177.75 231.94

Mean 989.75 779.50 653.10 472.70 --

Table 7 : Mean catches male pink bollworm moths in different traps

Karuppuchamy and Balasubramanian (1990)

Pheromone Trap to Trap adult of Dacus spp.

Table 8 : Showing the effect of age on the perception of sex

pheromone by the male D. obliqua Age of males Attraction of males

Test ControlAverage Percentage Average Percentage

0-9hrs 0 0 0 0

12hrs 1.4 35.0 0 0

18hrs 2.8 70.0 0 0

24hrs 3.1 77.5 0 0

2day 3.2 80.0 0 0

3day 2.7 67.5 0 0

4day 2.1 52.5 0 0

5day 1.9 47.5 0 0

6day 2.0 5.0 0 0

7day 1.7 42.5 0 0

8day 1.2 30.0 0 0

9day 0.7 17.5 0 0

Siddiqi (1988)

Table 9 : Showing the attraction of male D. obliqua towards the female sex pheromone at different hours of clock

Time Attraction of males

Test Control

Average Percentage Average Percentage 7.0am 1.0 25.0 0 0

10.0am 0.0 0 0 0

1.0pm 0.0 0 0 0

4.0pm 0.0 0 0 0

7.0pm 0.0 0 0 0

10.0pm 0.0 0 0 0

1.0am 3.3 82.5 0 0

4.0am 3.0 75.5 0 0

Siddiqi (1988)

Table 10 : Catches of C. suppressalis and S. incertulas males captured by water traps baited with each SM1-5 lure in 1998

Species No.of catehces per traps per week (mean)SM1 SM2 SM3 SM4 SM5

Over-wintering generation

C. Suppressalis 207.6 138.2 239.8 66.8 151.2

S. incertulas 21.8 19.8 13.2 9.6 9.4

Total 229.4 158.0 253.0 76.4 160.6

First generation

C. Suppressalis 103.7 68.4 137.2 36.4 71.7

S. incertulas 25.8 28.4 22.9 13.8 14.5

Total 129 96.8 157 50.2 86.2

Su and Sheng, (2004)

Table 11 : The catches of C. Suppressalis and S. incertulas in traps baited with 4 pheromone lures (CL, SM1, SM3, and SL)

during 1999-2001.

Test year

Species No.of catehces per traps per weekCL SM1 SM3 SL

1999 C. Suppressalis 40.8 42.6 41.3 32.6

S. incertulas 74 10.6 12.5 11.6Total 48.2 53.2 53.8 44.2

2000 C. Suppressalis 24.9 23.2 27.5 14.9

S. incertulas 23.8 38.1 34.9 37.5Total 48.7 61.3 62.4 52.4

2001 C. Suppressalis 87.8 106.8 96.6 62.1S. incertulas 13.4 19.1 20.8 19.8

Total 101.2 125.9 117.4 81.9

Su and Sheng, (2004)

ACTUAL PROPERTIES OF PHEROMONE

• 10-20 Large number of carbon atoms.• High molecular weight 180-300 Daltons.

(Narrow specificity and high potency depends).

• Diffusibility decreases with increase in molecular weight.

• Biological activity detected by field test, male attraction and EAG.

Mode of Pheromone Application

• A) Micro encapsulation method

• B) Hollow fiber method

• C) Pheromone baited traps • D) Pheromone Dispensers

Michereff et al (2000)

Pheromone Dispenser for cotton bollworm

Management With

Pheromones

Control with sex pheromones.

Can be utilized by two ways :-

A) Population survey. B)Behavioural manipulation. a) Stimulation of normal

approach response. b) Disruption of chemical

communication.Yasuda (1999)

Management With Aggregate Pheromone

Used on insect to aggregate and attack wrong host plant

Logs infested with bark beetle ( Dendroctonus spp. ) were tied to unsuitable host tree

Attract to infesting insects.

Attack on that and died with starvation

Management With Alarm Pheromones

Aphids threatened by predators , releases alarm pheromones and stop feeding then move away by site

Aphids there wild behaviour escape may even drop from plant so effective in acting

And alarm pheromone spread .

Management With Alarm Pheromones

bean aphid green peach aphid

Species Trap Types

Location Common names

Pheromone type

Wks. Spacing

Lasioderma serricorne

NS, PP, PC LL

Floor, Shelf,

Cigarette beetle

female sex 8 5-15m

Sitotroga cerealella

NS, LL Floor, Shelf

Angoumois grain moth

female sex 8 5-15m

Trogoderma granarium

NS, PP, LL

Floor, Shelf

Khapra beetle

female sex 10 5 – 15 m

Rhyzopertha dominica

NS, PC, Cone

Shelf, Eye Level, Grain

Lesser grain borer

male aggregation

8 5 – 15 m

Sitophilus oryzae

PC, PP, Cone,

Shelf, Floor, Grain

Rice weevil male aggregation

4 2 – 5 m

Management of Store Grain Pests

Sharma and Kirti Sharma (1988)

Pheromone Products

(BY wefco Africa CO.)

Cost of Different Protection Measures

Protection measures Cost of protection (Rs./ha)

Insecticide application 1 Grannule + 2-3 spray

500-2000

Trichocard @ 2 lakh /ha for 6 wks (Rs. 50/20000)

3000

Pheromone trap @ 20/ha (Rs. 30-35/trap)

600-750

JAU, Junagadh Anonymous (2005)

ADVANTAGESMinute quantity required.

Non pollutant and ecological acceptable.

Species specific.

Labour saving.

Easy monitoring of pest population.

Best suited in IPM.

Pheromone Used For• Monitoring insect population.• Control of urban pests.• Monitor movement of exotic pests.• Mass trapping of insects from breeding

and feeding potential.• Disruption in mating of insect

population.

Conclusion

• Pheromones are eco-friendly and economically based IPM.

• Greatest use as lure for moth to trap. • Widely used for decision support usually with

threshold for interventions using broad spectrum insecticide.

• Used effectively only at low population density.• Pheromones of all pests to be investigated with

greater efforts.• New trapping system need to ensure lure

longevity and trap efficiency.