phil 7570, fall 2007 bryan benham
DESCRIPTION
The Ethical Challenge of Animal Experimentation. Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham. 1. Outline. The Ethical Challenge Moral Status of Animals Advocacy Changing the Debate. The Ethical Challenge. Complete abolition. Anything goes. Benefits of Animal Exp. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Phil 7570, Fall 2007
Bryan Benham
The Ethical Challenge of Animal Experimentation
1
![Page 2: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
• The Ethical Challenge
• Moral Status of Animals
• Advocacy
• Changing the Debate
![Page 3: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Ethical Challenge
Complete abolition
Anything goes
![Page 4: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Benefits of Animal Exp.
We [medical researchers] have a duty to find treatments for human disease and suffering,… unfortunately that requires animal experimentation…
Sometimes there is no other way to discover the answer to a research question than to test it on an animal model. We can’t do these types of experiments on humans.
![Page 5: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Moral Challenge
Complete abolition
Anything goes
Not practical, nor possible in foreseeable
future
![Page 6: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Regulatory Landscape
• Animal Welfare Act (7 USC, 2131-2156)– Insure humane care and treatment, transportation, and sale– Protected species: birds, rats of the genus Rattus and mice of the genus Mus bred for use in research, and horses not used for research purposes and other farm animals..
• PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (August 2002)
– Animal = any live, vertebrate animals used or intended for use in research, training, testing or related purposes.
• IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)– Review and approve all animal use research proposals and manage animal
care program at institution.– Accredited by Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory
Animal Care (AAALAC)
![Page 7: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Guiding Principles: 3R
• Replacement:– using non-animal models or “lower” animals.
• Reduction:– use methods aimed at reducing the numbers of animals
needed.
• Refinement: – eliminate or reduce unnecessary pain and distress.
![Page 8: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
One needs to identify the benefits, then ensure that one is using only those animals you to use; that the numbers for each experiment are the minimum and that they are treated with care.
John Martin from the Animal Ethics Advisory Committee (New Zealand) quoted in “Rise in animal testing in New Zealand,” tvnz.co.nz,
September 11, 2007
![Page 9: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Moral Challenge
Complete abolition
Anything goes
Not practical, nor possible in foreseeable
future
Not humane, ignores obvious pain/suffering of
animals
![Page 10: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Moral Challenge
Complete abolition
Anything goes
Not practical, nor possible in foreseeable
future
Not humane, ignores obvious characters of
animalsNeither of the extremes are ethical,
nor reasonable, so….
![Page 11: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Moral Challenge
Complete abolition
Anything goes
Where is the middle ground?
Not practical, nor possible in foreseeable
future
Not humane, ignores obvious characters of
animals
?
![Page 12: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Three Areas of Concern
• Moral status and welfare of animals in experimentation– Pain and suffering– Comparable benefits and suffering
• Advocacy for animals– Oversight and attitudes– ‘outside’ groups
• Changing the debate– Animal psychology/behavior– Animal models and transgenics
![Page 13: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Moral Status of Animals
• Sentience vs. Sapience– Pain/suffering (sentience) is only principled way to
distinguish those entities with/without moral status.– Animals feel pain/suffer, thus have interests, thus
require equal consideration (not necessarily equal treatment). (Peter Singer)
• Human suffering vs. Animal suffering– What is the proper balance between animal
pain/suffering and human benefit?
![Page 14: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Animal Advocacy
• Compliance and Oversight– In addition, proper care and treatment…– Those who oversee also those interested
in the research…
• ‘Outside’ Groups– Spies from PETA– Pressure from ALF
![Page 15: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Changing the Debate
• Animal Psychology/Behavior– Research on animal psychology/behavior shows that animal
cognition/behavior is more similar to human cognition/behavior than previously thought
– What are the moral consequences of this changing view?
• Animal Models and Transgenics– The more humanized the animal is the better model it makes. But, if
animals are more like humans, shouldn’t this give us pause regarding the moral status of research animals?
– Enhanced memory, cognition, aggression, nurturance, etc…. Transgenics for xenotransplantation…Chimeras: the “Human neuron mouse”
– What is the significant modification that would prohibit or modify research on that animal model?
![Page 16: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Summary
• The Ethical Challenge: – Finding a reasonable middle ground
• Moral Status of Animals– Sentience vs. sapience
• Advocacy – What role should ‘outside’ groups play?– How should research community respond?
• Modifying animals– How do modifications to animals change the debate?
![Page 17: Phil 7570, Fall 2007 Bryan Benham](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815b62550346895dc94ab7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)