PHILIPPINE HISTORYIts Roots and Development

Ano ang HISTORY/ KASAYSAYAN?Ano ang HISTORY/ KASAYSAYAN?

Chronological written record of the pastChronological written record of the past

2 uri2 uri

1.1. TradisyunalTradisyunal• Nakasulat – document-basedNakasulat – document-based• Tungkol sa Politika lamangTungkol sa Politika lamang

2.2. MakabagoMakabago• Artifacts, fossils, etcArtifacts, fossils, etc• Oral / local historyOral / local history

I. PREHISTORYI. PREHISTORY

1.1. LANDBRIDGE THEORYLANDBRIDGE THEORY A land bridge is an isthmus or some other A land bridge is an isthmus or some other

land-based connection between two land-based connection between two otherwise disconnected islands or otherwise disconnected islands or continents continents

lupang lumitaw noong panahon ng lupang lumitaw noong panahon ng Pleistocene o matinding paglamig Pleistocene o matinding paglamig

Hal: Berring Land bridge (sinasabing nag-Hal: Berring Land bridge (sinasabing nag-ugnay sa Asia at America) ugnay sa Asia at America)

SUNDA LANDSUNDA LAND

Implikasyon sa Pilipinas ng Implikasyon sa Pilipinas ng Sundaland:Sundaland:• Tayo ay sinasabing bahagi noon pa man Tayo ay sinasabing bahagi noon pa man

ng mainland Asiang mainland Asia Taiwan routeTaiwan route Borneo routeBorneo route

WALLACE LINEWALLACE LINE a deep sea channel in central Indonesia a deep sea channel in central Indonesia

that separates the fauna of west that separates the fauna of west Indonesia (which is more Asian) from Indonesia (which is more Asian) from east Indonesia (more Australian). From east Indonesia (more Australian). From the east side of the Wallace Line, these the east side of the Wallace Line, these people reached New Guinea and people reached New Guinea and Australia, which were also connected by Australia, which were also connected by land bridges land bridges

2. 2. VOLCANIC THEORYVOLCANIC THEORY February 1976, Dr. Fritjof Voss, a German February 1976, Dr. Fritjof Voss, a German

scientist who studied the geology of the scientist who studied the geology of the Philippines, questioned the validity of this Philippines, questioned the validity of this theory of land bridges. theory of land bridges.

scientific studies done on the earth’s crust scientific studies done on the earth’s crust from 1964 to 1967 showed that the 35-from 1964 to 1967 showed that the 35-kilometer-thick crust underneath China kilometer-thick crust underneath China does not reach the Philippines. does not reach the Philippines.

PACIFIC RING OF FIREPACIFIC RING OF FIRE

MGA SINAUNANG TAOMGA SINAUNANG TAO

1.1. TABON MANTABON MAN Natagpuan sa Natagpuan sa

Tabon cave, Tabon cave, PalawanPalawan

Homo sapiensHomo sapiens 22-25.000 BP22-25.000 BP Malamang ay Malamang ay

babaebabae

Palawan mapPalawan map

TABON CAVE, PALAWANTABON CAVE, PALAWAN

2. Homo Erectus2. Homo Erectus

Cagayan ValleyCagayan Valley No fossil butNo fossil but Paleolithic tools and Pleistocene Paleolithic tools and Pleistocene

fauna fauna 750,000 years750,000 years

Stone toolsStone tools

5000 - 2000 B.C.5000 - 2000 B.C.Mindanao island, Mindanao island, Southern PhilippinesSouthern Philippines

This piece is an excellent This piece is an excellent example of a highly example of a highly retouched flake tool. Found retouched flake tool. Found only in the Guri Cave of only in the Guri Cave of Lipuun Point, Palawan, Lipuun Point, Palawan, central Philippines, this piece central Philippines, this piece is a transitory tool type that is a transitory tool type that breached the Paleolithic and breached the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods.Neolithic periods.

Source:Source: www.AyalaMuseum.org

AUSTRONESIANSAUSTRONESIANS

Grupo ng mga taong sinasabing Grupo ng mga taong sinasabing pinagmulan ng mga taong nag-populate pinagmulan ng mga taong nag-populate sa mga lugar sa SEA, mga isla sa sa mga lugar sa SEA, mga isla sa Pasipiko at isla ng Madagascar sa AprikaPasipiko at isla ng Madagascar sa Aprika

nagmula sa Indo-Chinanagmula sa Indo-China Patunay ang pagkakahawig ng mga wika Patunay ang pagkakahawig ng mga wika

at kultura sa mga lugar na nabanggit sa at kultura sa mga lugar na nabanggit sa itaasitaas

II. PRE-COLONIALII. PRE-COLONIAL

BARANGAYBARANGAY

mula sa salitang mula sa salitang BALANGHAYBALANGHAY

BARANGAYBARANGAY

Mula sa salitang balanghay o Mula sa salitang balanghay o sasakyang pandagatsasakyang pandagat

Pinamumunuan ng isang lider na Pinamumunuan ng isang lider na kung tawagin ay datu, rajah, kung tawagin ay datu, rajah, lakan,atbp.lakan,atbp.

Binubuo ng 30-100 pamilyaBinubuo ng 30-100 pamilya

I. PULITIKAI. PULITIKA

DATUDATU• Pinuno na pinipili ayon sa mga ss Pinuno na pinipili ayon sa mga ss

na pamantayan:na pamantayan: wisdomwisdom KatapanganKatapangan Kayamanan Kayamanan KarismaKarisma namamana - Visayasnamamana - Visayas

• may tungkulin na pangalagaan ang may tungkulin na pangalagaan ang kanyang nasasakupankanyang nasasakupan

•ExecutiveExecutive•LegislativeLegislative•JudicialJudicial

PrivilegesPrivileges•ServicesServices•Agricultural produceAgricultural produce•RespectRespect

Staff: (based on Visayan society)Staff: (based on Visayan society)• Atubang sa Datu – chief ministerAtubang sa Datu – chief minister• Paragahin – collected and recorded Paragahin – collected and recorded

tribute and cropstribute and crops• Bilanggo – sheriff or constableBilanggo – sheriff or constable• Paratawag – town crierParatawag – town crier

EKONOMIYAEKONOMIYA

Stages of SocietyStages of Society1.1. Hunting and Gathering – nomadsHunting and Gathering – nomads

2.2. Agriculture – Horticulture, intensive Agriculture – Horticulture, intensive agricultureagriculture

3.3. Trade and Commerce – domestic and Trade and Commerce – domestic and ForeignForeign

4.4. IndustryIndustry

5.5. UrbanizationUrbanization

Trade and CommerceTrade and Commerce• Barter systemBarter system• Mediums of exchange: rice, salt and Mediums of exchange: rice, salt and

gold tahilgold tahil

Domestic Trade: inter-barangay, inter-Domestic Trade: inter-barangay, inter-islandisland

Staple food cropsStaple food crops Thread, cloth and clothingThread, cloth and clothing

International Trade: Atlantic to the International Trade: Atlantic to the PacificPacific

IndustryIndustry1.1. IronworkingIronworking

2.2. WoodworkingWoodworking

3.3. BoatbuildingBoatbuilding

4.4. PotteryPottery

5.5. Gold workingGold working

6.6. WeavingWeaving

SOCIO-CULTURALSOCIO-CULTURAL

TAGALOG SOCIETYTAGALOG SOCIETY

1.1. Maginoo and DatuMaginoo and Datu

2.2. Timawa and Timawa and MaharlikaMaharlika

3.3. AlipinAlipin NamamahayNamamahay Sa gigilidSa gigilid

VISAYAN SOCIETYVISAYAN SOCIETY

1.1. DatuDatu

2.2. TimawaTimawa

3.3. OripunOripun

1.1. Maginoo / DatuMaginoo / Datu Tagalog aristocracy or upper class who Tagalog aristocracy or upper class who

could claim noble descentcould claim noble descent Family of ruling class Family of ruling class

2.2. TimawaTimawa Non-slave followers of datuNon-slave followers of datu Originally were the illegitimate Originally were the illegitimate

offspring of datu/maginoooffspring of datu/maginoo Maharlika – technically less free than Maharlika – technically less free than

timawatimawa

Bontoc Igorot Bontoc Igorot chaklagchaklag, ca. , ca. 1900. His facial markings 1900. His facial markings indicate his status as a indicate his status as a warrior of the highest rank.warrior of the highest rank.

Bontoc tattooBontoc tattoo

Visayan Pintados, Boxer CodexVisayan Pintados, Boxer Codex

William Dampier, Giolo A New Voyage Round the World, 1697

3. Alipin3. AlipinNamamahayNamamahaySa gigilidSa gigilid• NamamanaNamamana• Nahuli sa digmaanNahuli sa digmaan• PagkakautangPagkakautang• ParusaParusa

Position of WomenPosition of Women

Can own and inherit propertyCan own and inherit property Has exclusive right to give names to Has exclusive right to give names to

her childrenher children Male respect women, male walks Male respect women, male walks

behind women when he accompanies behind women when he accompanies herher

Marriage CustomsMarriage Customs Marriage to the same class is not Marriage to the same class is not

rigidrigid Legitimate wife is called ‘’asawa”Legitimate wife is called ‘’asawa” Other girls are called “kaibigan”Other girls are called “kaibigan” PAMUMULUNGAT or PAMAMALAEPAMUMULUNGAT or PAMAMALAE

- paninilbihan or bigay-kaya (dowry)- paninilbihan or bigay-kaya (dowry)

- panghimuyat – man gives certain - panghimuyat – man gives certain amount of money to parentsamount of money to parents

--

Mixed MarriageMixed Marriage

Odd Numbers – follows the father’s Odd Numbers – follows the father’s social statussocial status

Even Numbers – follows the mother’s Even Numbers – follows the mother’s social statussocial status

Inheritance and SuccessionInheritance and Succession

- Achieved and Acsribed- Achieved and Acsribed

RELIGIONRELIGION

1.1. AnimismAnimism

2.2. IslamIslam• BathalaBathala• DiwataDiwata• AnitoAnito• Likha/LarawanLikha/Larawan• Babaylan/KatalonanBabaylan/Katalonan

Death and BurialDeath and Burial

Pag-uliPag-uli• Graveyards outside the village limits, Graveyards outside the village limits,

near upstream rivers or seacoastsnear upstream rivers or seacoasts• CavesCaves• Small islands – HomonhonSmall islands – Homonhon

AfterlifeAfterlife• Manunggul jarManunggul jar• For adultsFor adults• Babies –reincarnated 9 timesBabies –reincarnated 9 times

Manunggul jar, Manunggul jar, found in Palawanfound in Palawan

Hanging coffins, SagadaHanging coffins, Sagada

2200 B.C. to A.D. 15212200 B.C. to A.D. 1521Salansang, South Cotabato, PhilippinesSalansang, South Cotabato, PhilippinesPre-historic belief systems have influenced burial Pre-historic belief systems have influenced burial practices in pre-Hispanic Philippines when practices in pre-Hispanic Philippines when reverence given to the dead was of great reverence given to the dead was of great importance. After a certain period of time, the importance. After a certain period of time, the remains of the deceased are exhumed, cleaned, remains of the deceased are exhumed, cleaned, and stored in such vessels. It was likely only the and stored in such vessels. It was likely only the wealthy who could undergo secondary burials wealthy who could undergo secondary burials because the accompanying ceremonies were lavish. because the accompanying ceremonies were lavish.

Secondary Burial jar Secondary Burial jar with coverwith cover

In the absence of written In the absence of written records, these urns are records, these urns are valuable testimonies to valuable testimonies to how society functioned how society functioned then--their hierarchy, then--their hierarchy, what they valued as what they valued as commodities, and what commodities, and what they traded, among other they traded, among other practices. practices. While most burial jars While most burial jars found in the Philippines found in the Philippines are made of fired clay, are made of fired clay, these urns are carved these urns are carved from limestone, which from limestone, which make these relatively make these relatively rare specimens.rare specimens.

ca. 10th - 13th centuryca. 10th - 13th centurySurigao del Sur, PhilippinesSurigao del Sur, Philippines

During pre-Hispanic times, During pre-Hispanic times, foreign merchants traded semi-foreign merchants traded semi-precious stones in exchange for precious stones in exchange for gold manufactured in Surigao gold manufactured in Surigao province in the southern province in the southern Philippines. This 22-carat Philippines. This 22-carat bracelet inlaid with garnet and bracelet inlaid with garnet and turquoise is an excellent turquoise is an excellent specimen and bears witness to specimen and bears witness to the trade networks that plied the trade networks that plied Island Southeast Asia.Island Southeast Asia.

Source:Source: www. AyalaMuseum.orgwww. AyalaMuseum.org

GOLD GOLD

Source: Boxer Source: Boxer CodexCodex

Betel nutBetel nut

Gamelan’s Gamelan’s traditional traditional instrumentinstrument

Indonesian Indonesian Embassy in Embassy in CanberraCanberra

Petroglyph on the Western Petroglyph on the Western coast of Hawaiicoast of Hawaii

An ancient Austronesian An ancient Austronesian

manuscript manuscript knownknown as as

BaybayinBaybayin

WritingsWritings

Islam sa MindanaoIslam sa Mindanao Muslim tradersMuslim traders MissionariesMissionaries TeachersTeachers Sulu: Sulu:

1380, an Arab teacher, 1380, an Arab teacher, MukdumMukdum, , arrived arrived in in SuluSulu from the Malay from the Malay peninsula to preach peninsula to preach Islam. He built the Islam. He built the first mosque in first mosque in Simunul, Sulu. Simunul, Sulu.

Around 1390, he was followed by Around 1390, he was followed by Raja Raja BagindaBaginda, a minor ruler of Menangkabaw, , a minor ruler of Menangkabaw, Sumatra. Sumatra.

• 1450, 1450, Abu BakrAbu Bakr, a Muslim scholar, came , a Muslim scholar, came to Sulu and married Paramisuli, the to Sulu and married Paramisuli, the daughter of Raja Baginda. After Baginda daughter of Raja Baginda. After Baginda died, Abu Bakr established a sultanate died, Abu Bakr established a sultanate form of government with himself as form of government with himself as sultan. Islam then spread rapidly to all sultan. Islam then spread rapidly to all parts of Sulu. parts of Sulu.

Serif KabungsuanSerif Kabungsuan was responsible for was responsible for the spread of Islam in Mindanao. He the spread of Islam in Mindanao. He led a force of Muslim Samals from led a force of Muslim Samals from Jahore that conquered the natives of Jahore that conquered the natives of what is now Cotabato and converted what is now Cotabato and converted them to Islam. He also married into them to Islam. He also married into an influential family and founded the an influential family and founded the first sultanate of Mindanao, with first sultanate of Mindanao, with himself as head. himself as head.

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