philips - information

8/12/2019 Philips - Information

1/24I n f o r m a t i o n

Infor mation


2/24

LUMINAIRE CATALOGUE 2001 - 2002

Information

210

Safety and protect ion ofSafety and protect ion ofSafety and protect ion ofSafety and protect ion ofSafety and protect ion of

luminairesluminairesluminairesluminairesluminaires

* Approvals and standardsLuminaires sold in the market areexpected to comply with the

appropriate safety rules as laiddown in the European standard EN60598 prepared by CENELEC(the European Committee forElectrotechnical Standardisation).The examination needed to verifycompliance with the standardis often carried out in themanufacturer s own testinglaboratory. Philips Lighting haschosen for independent third-partytesting via the European approvalmark ENEC, as an additionalguarantee of safety and quality forits customers. ENEC replaces theformerly used national approbation

marks. All our luminaires complywith the most recent Europeandirectives (LVD and EMC), asindicated by the CE marking on theproduct.

* Ambient temperaturePhilips luminaires are designedto meet the (environmental)conditions under which they aremost likely to be used. Themaximum ambient temperature(Ta) under which a luminaire canbe safely applied, is indicated onthe type label on the products; if

no indication is given then theproduct is meant for a maximumambient temperature of 25C. Theambient temperature is alwaysreferring to the typical use of theluminaire: indoors or outdoors.

The majority of the luminairesdeveloped for Office and Shopindoor aplications show no Ta thusmeaning 25C. Most luminaires forOutdoor applications are designedfor an ambient temperature of

35C, and luminaires for Industrialapplications have maximumambient temperature Ta values ashigh as 40 to 45C.

The use of luminaires above theirspecified maximum ambienttemperatures may reduce safetymargins, but will in any case leadto a reduction of the lifetime of thevarious components; especiallyelectronic equipment (ballastsand controls) is sensitive tooverheating, and lifetime will besharply reduced.

Although using luminaires at(extremely) low temperatures doesnot normally affect safety, theoperating (starting) of the lamp maybe influenced. Fluorescent lampsshould not be used below -5C to -10 C, whereas high-intensitydischarge lamp function well downbelow -20C. upon request, specialsolut ions are often possiblefor higher or lower ambienttemperatures.

* Protection against electrical* Protection against electrical* Protection against electrical* Protection against electrical* Protection against electrical

shockshockshockshockshock

In normal operation as well asduring service and maintenance,luminaires should provideadequate protection againstelectrical shock. The safety of aluminaires depend on electrical,mechanical and thermal aspectsunder both normal and faultconditions. Luminaires areclassified as Class I,II or III. ClassO (basic insulation only) luminairesare not recommended by PhilipsLighting. Class III is only applicableto safety extra-low voltage

luminaires.

* Protection against ingress of* Protection against ingress of* Protection against ingress of* Protection against ingress of* Protection against ingress of

solid bodies, dust and moisturesolid bodies, dust and moisturesolid bodies, dust and moisturesolid bodies, dust and moisturesolid bodies, dust and moistureThe IP (Ingress Protection) systemdrawn up by the IEC (CIE/IEC529:1989) defines variousdegrees of protection against theingress of foreign bodies, dust andmoisture. The term foreign bodiesincludes things like fingers and

tools coming into contact with liveparts. Both safety aspects (contactwith live parts) and harmfull effectson the function of luminaire aredefined. The exact testing methodfor each IP classification isdesribed in IEC 529. Note that theconditions during the testing mightdiffer from the specific conditions

in an application.The designation to indicate thedegree of protection consists of thecharacteristic letter IP followed bytwo numerals indicating conformitywith the conditions stated in thetwo tables.The minimum IPclassification is IP 20 (protectedagainst finger contact with liveparts).

Note that the specification andsafety of luminaires are onlysecured if the necessarymaintenance according to theinstructions of the manufacturer iscarried out in time.

High bay luminaires illuminate an IP 20 classified area.


3/24


Information

211

* Ingress protectionLuminaires are not available in allpossible combinations of ingressprotection and moisture protection.The most common classificationsin the lighting industry are:

* IP classificationsIP 20IP 20IP 20IP 20IP 20Classified luminaires can beapplied indoors only if no specificpollution rates are expected .Offices, dry, heated industrial halls,shops, shopping malls andtheatres are typical applicationsegments.

IP 21/IP 22IP 21/IP 22IP 21/IP 22IP 21/IP 22IP 21/IP 22Luminaires can be applied inunheated (industrial) halls andunder canopies as the luminairesare drip and condensation waterprotected.

IP 23IP 23IP 23IP 23IP 23Luminaires and applied inunheated industrial halls oroutdoors.IP 43/44IP 43/44IP 43/44IP 43/44IP 43/44Luminaires and bollards foroutdoor street lighting and streetlanterns. Bollard mounted at a lowheight are protected against smallsolid objects and rain and splashprotected.A common combination within anindustrial high-bay luminaire orstreet lantern is IP 43 for theelectrical part of the luminaire to

secure safety and IP 54/IP 65 forthe optical part of the luminaire toprevent pollution of reflector andlamp.

IP 50IP 50IP 50IP 50IP 50Luminaires are applied in dustyenvironments to prevent rapidpollution of the luminaire. Theexterior of IP 50 luminaires can becleaned easily. In the food industry,closed luminaire are specified toprevent glass particles fromaccidentally broken lamps fromentering the production area,preventing contamination of theproducts under preparation.

Although ingress protection isspecified to protect the luminairefunction, it also means thatparticles cannot leave theluminaire housing, thereby meetingthe specification of the foodindustry. In the wet food industry,luminaire meeting the IP 50classification shall not be applied.

IP 54IP 54IP 54IP 54IP 54is the traditional water protected

classification, Luminaire can becleaned with water without anyharmful effect. Once again thisclassification is often specified inthe food processing industry, forindustries where dust andmoisture are generated in the hall,and for use under canopies.

IP 60IP 60IP 60IP 60IP 60Luminaires are completely sealeda gainst dust accumulation, andare used in very dustyenvironments(wood industry, textile industry,stone carving) an in the foodindustry as explained above. IP 60

luminaires are rerely applied; mostfrequently IP 60 luminaires areralely applied; most frequently IP65/IP 66 is applied when IP6o isrequired, IP 65/IP 66 is from jet-

proof luminaires which are

applicable where the surroundingsare cleaned frequently by water jet,or where luminaires are applied ina dusty environment. Although theluminaires are not fully watertight,the potential ingress of moisturewill not have any harmful effect onthe luminaire function.IP 65/66IP 65/66IP 65/66IP 65/66IP 65/66luminaire are often available inimpact-protected version

IP 67/ 68IP 67/ 68IP 67/ 68IP 67/ 68IP 67/ 68luminaires complying to thisclassification are suitable forimmersion in water. Typical

application areas are under waterlighting of swimming pools andfountain lighting. Deck lighting onships should also meet thisclassification. The test method

Hight hall, often found in the metal working industry, may be classified as IP 20. In the case shown here,high bay luminaires are an economic solution.

does not imply that IP 67/68

luminaires meet the IP 65/66recommendations as well.


4/24


Information

212

Safety & Protection Standards


5/24


Information

213

* Electrical safetyIf a proper earth connection isavailable, Class I luminaires areapplied. However; in situationswhere no earth connection, isavailable, or where eddy currents

are present, Class II luminairesshall be applied. Class II streetlanterns and floodlights, and water-protected luminaires, are oftenapplied in (semi-) outdoorlocations. Local electricity boardscan provide the appropriate advice.There is a general trend towardsthe specifying of Class II luminairesin the market.

* Impact resistanceThe impact resistance of aluminaire against mechanicalshocks. The European norm EN50102 defines the degrees ofprotection against external

mechanical impacts (IK code) andthe method of testing.The luminaire housing shouldwithstand the defined energy of themechanical shock without losing itselectrical and mechanical safetyand the basic luminaire function.Translated into a more practical.Implementation, this means thatafter withstanding the shock,

deformation of the mirror andhousing is allowed, althoughbroken lamps, an unsafe electricalsituation and failure to meet thespecified IP classifications are notpermitted.

The impact resistance isexpressed as a group numeral, forinstance IK06, which is related tothe impact energy in joule. All typesof luminaires of Philips Lightinghave a minimum impact resistanceof 0.2 J.The table shows the ten IKclassifications and the definedshock energy in joule.

For example :an IK07 classified luminaire canwithstand a mechanical shock of apendulum hammer, a springhammer or a free-falling hammerof 2 joule (e.g. a hammer of 0.5 kg

falling 0.40 m).Note that vandal-proof luminairesare not available: vandal-protectedand vandal-resistant are the bestachievable classifications.

Former national standards used asingle numeral for a spesific impactenergy. To avoid confusion, acharacteristic group numeral of twofigures ikxx has been chosen.

Safety & Protection Standards

Suitable for mounting on non-flammable surfaces

Suitable for mounting normally flammable surfaces

Suitable for mounting on easily flammable surfaces

Stone, concrate

Ignition temperature materials > 200C; some combustion time lag

Ignition temperature materials < 200C; no combustion time lag

Symbol Application Description

None

Protection againest flammabilytyProtection againest flammabilytyProtection againest flammabilytyProtection againest flammabilytyProtection againest flammabilyty

F

F F

IK code Shock energy Description Example

IK00

IK01

IK02

IK03

IKO4

IK05

IK06

IK07

IK08

IK09

IK10

-

0.15J

0.2J

0.3J

0.5J

O.7J

1J

2J

5J

10J

20J

Standard

Standard plus

Reinforced

Vandal-protected

Vandal-resistant

Standard open luminaire

Closed luminaire with PMMA cover

Open luminaire with reinforced optical system

Closed luminaire with polycarbonate or glass cover

Closed

Impact resistenceImpact resistenceImpact resistenceImpact resistenceImpact resistence


6/24


Information

214

Lamp Survey


7/24


Information Lamp Survey

215


8/24


Information

216

Lamp Survey


9/24



217


10/24


Information

218

Lamp Survey


11/24



219


12/24


Information

220

Lamp Survey


13/24



221


14/24



222


15/24


Information Colour Rendering and Colour Temperature

223

Colour rendering and colourtemperature - importantchoices in lightingLamps do not all emit light of thesame colour. There is, forexample, a striking difference

between the pronounced amberlight from standard sodium lampsand the white light from mostother lamps. Even then, onewhite light is not the same asanother. To select the proper lightsource for their colourcharacteristics, two parametersare important: the colourtemperature of the emitted lightand the colour rendering index.

Colour temperatureThe colour of the light has animportant influence on the colourimpression of the area, the colour

temperature of the light sourceplays an essential role. Light ispopularly termed cool or warm .However to enable an objectivecomparison of the colourimpressions from varioussources, subjective impressionssuch as these are inadequate. Aprecise scale is required, and thisis given by the term correlatedcolour temperature; the colourgradation of the light is comparedwith the light emitted by anintensely heated iron bar ofwhich the temperature is known.

In this way, the light colour canbe specified by a value in (K).Four catagories, as a practicalguideline, are:

* 2500 - 2800 K. Warm/Cosy.The colour from incandescentlamps, fluorescent and compactfluorescent lamps in thecolours/ 827 and /927 and theSDW-T White SON lamp.

Generally used for intimate andcosy environments where theemphasis is on a peacefulrelaxing ambience.

*2800 - 3500 K. Warm/Neutral. The colour from halogen lamps,

colour /830 and /930fluorescent lamps andMastercolour /830 lamps. Usedin places where people areactive, requiring a welcomingcomfortable ambience.

* 3500 - 5000 K. Neutral/Cool. The light colour from /840 and /

940 fluorescent lamps as wellas Mastercolour /942 and MHNmetal halide lamps. Usuallyapplied in commercial areasand offices where a look of coolefficiency is desired.

* 5000 K and above. Daylight and cool daylight. The

light colour that best matchesnatural daylight such as

fluorescent colour /850, /865,/950 and /965.

Colour rendering indexColour rendering indexColour rendering indexColour rendering indexColour rendering index

It is often assumed that once acolour temperature has beenchosen, the colour impression isnot the case. The colourimpression is not solelydetermined by the colourtemperature of the light sourcebut also by the coloring renderingproperties. Moreover, colourtemperature and colour renderingare completely separate

parameters. Cool daylight andincandescent lamps have fullynatural colour renderingproperties. The same is true forhalogen lamps. The reason forthis is the continous spectrum of

the sources. On the other hand,most gas discharge sourceshave an interrupted or linespectrum. This has an influenceof the quality of their colourrendering properties, whichvaries from very poor (with SOXlow pressure sodium gasdischarge lamps) to excellent(with the colour /90 seriesfluorescent lamps).

In selecting a particular lamptype, a clear understanding of thecolour rendering properties isessential. A fair indication is

given by the colour renderingindex (CRI), which is astandardized scale with 100 asmaximum value. Colour are bestshown under a light source withthe highest colour rendering

index. Incidentally, it is onlyworthwhile to compare CRIvalues of lamps with similarcolour temperature. In practice,three categories are normallyfound.

* CRI between Ra90 and 100.Excellent colour renderingproperties. Applications: mainlywhere correct colour appraisalis a critical task.

*CRI between Ra80 and 90.

Good colour renderingproperties.Applications: in areas wherecritical colour appraisal is notthe primary consideration, yetwhere good rendition of coloursis essential.

* CRI below Ra80.

Moderate to poor colour renderingproperties.

Applications: in areas where thequality of colour rendering is ofminor importance.

This classification is of coursedependent upon the demandsthat a particular applicationmakes on a lamp. For example,an Ra of 60 is inadequate forshop lighting, but is superb forfunctional road lighting.


16/24


Information

224

Colour Rendering and Colour Temperature


17/24


Information

225

Technical data

Direct glare of a lamp/luminaire

determines the comfort andquality of the lighting installation.In the CIE guide on InteriorLighting Publication 29.2 amethod for determining theacceptable glare of a luminaire isdescribed. In this luminancediagram a number of empiricallydetermined glare limitationcurves are incorporated. Alongthe vertical axis of the diagramthe angle from azimuth of theluminaire is given. That meansthat 85 is the situation where aluminaire is seen nearly in theline with the line of sight, while 45is a luminaire viewed from neardistance.

The luminaire glare is determinedby the background luminance,therefore the glare limitationcurves related to the averageilluminance in the area. For eachrecommended illuminance valuea limitation curve is determined.

The table Service values of

illuminance (lux) gives a numberof illuminances as recommendedby CIE (Publication 29.2) and/orDIN (5035). The column Qualityclass offers the opportunity toselect the required quality of thelighting installation, where :

A Very exacting visual tasks

B Tasks with high visualdemands. Tasks with moderatevisual demands calling for highconcentration

C Tasks with moderate visualdemands and moderatedemands on concentration andwith a certain degree of themobility of the worker

D Tasks with low visual andconcentration demand levelswith workers moving frequentlywithin a restricted area

E Interiors where workers arenot confined to a workstationbut move from one place toanotherand have tasks of lowvisual demand. Interiors that

are not continuously used bythe same people.

From the luminance curves of theluminance curves of theluminaire one can now easilyread whether the repectiveluminaire fulfils the requiredquality class for a certainilluminance. If the luminaireluminance curve remains on theleft handside of the selectedlimited curve, the luminaire fulfilsthe requirements of theilluminance for the chosen qualityclass.

The iluminated area for

rotationally-symmetrical lightdistributions is visualised bymeans of isolux curves, whichindicated the horizontalilluminance in relation to thedistance from the lightsource.The shape of the isolux curves isdepending on the beamspread ofthe lightsource on the luminaire.This is also indicated in the graphby the 1/2 E0 and 1/2 l maxcurves.

The table gives information of the

illuminance in the centre of thebeam (E0) at given distancesfrom the light source. The tablealso shows the diameter of thearea where the illuminance isbetter or equal to half theilluminance (1/2 E0) of theilluminance in the centre of thebeam. The last column indicatesthe diameter of the area wherethe intensity of the beam is betteror equal to half of the lmax, theintensity in the centre of thebeam.

The beam spread is defined asthe angle B (in a plane throughthe beam axis) over which theluminous intensity drops to astated percentage (usually 50%)of its peak value. In mostcatalogues, this data isgraphically presented as conesof the given beam spread,suggesting that there is anoticeable transition at the beamspread angle (B) from light todark when lighting a surface.

Our analysis indicates that sucha transition or countor is notalways found, and if transitionsare noticeable, they are seldomfound at the spesified beamspread angle (B). As a result, theuse of the beam spread angle (B)is restricted to estimating thebeam spread of the lightingsystem considered, but shouldnot be use to predict visualcontours. For this purpose, in

those cases where a contour isvisible, we suggest specifying thesize of such a contour is found,which can be expressed as avisual beam size at a distinctdistance.


18/24


Information

226

Technical data

- In a plane perpendicular to that axis, the C 0 - C 180 plane, indicated as :

The luminous intensity, I, is givenin the form of a polar diagram, incandela per 1000 lumens (cd/1000 lm) of the nominal lampflux. The diagram gives the lightdistribution of the luminaire in twoplanes:

- In a vertical plane through the length axis of the luminaire, the C90 -C270 plane, indicated as:

If the light distribution of aluminaire is rotation-symmetrical,the light distribution in only one Cplane is given. The luminousintensity diagram provides arough idea of the shape of thelight distribution of a luminaire.

NOTES :For asymmetrical lightdistributions two planes are notsuffient for calculation purposes.Yet in the luminous intensitydiagram, only two planes will begiven, as is internationallyaccepted.

The Utalisation Factor (UF) of alighting installation represents thepercentage of the luminous fluxof the lamp which reaches theworking plane in a room.The UF is dependent on :- The light distribution- The luminaire efficiency.- The reflection of ceiling, walls and floor of the room.- The room index.The room index k represents thegeometrical ratio the room, andcan be expressed as :K = l x w h (l + w)Where :l = Length of the room (m).w = Width of the room (m).h = Height or vertical distancebetween the luminaires and theworking plane (m).

The UF is a quality parameter ofthe luminaire. It can be looked upin the table for a range of values

Cartesian intensity diagramFor luminaires with a verynarrow rotation-symmetrical lightdistribution, the luminousintensity diagram. Thisvisualisation gives a much better

indication of the beam shapethan the polar diagram. Theluminous intensity in thecartesian diagram is also givenin absolute candela values.Along the horizontal axis the y-angles of the C-plane is drawnwhile along the vertical axis theintensity values are given.

for k and a number of reflectionvalue combinations. It is used forthe calculation of the requirednumber of luminaires for aspecified illumination level, withthe formula :

N = E x A n x UF x MF

Where :N = Required number of luminaires.E = Specified average illuminance (lighting level) in lux.n = Nominal lamp flux per luminaire (lumen).UF = Utalisation factor.MF = Maintenance factorA = Surface area of the room in m2

When the number of luminairesis known, the averageillumination level can becalculated with :

E = N x n x UF x MF

A

S/H RatioS/H ratio is of the ratio between

the spacing of the centre theluminaires to the height of theseluminaires above the workingplane. The S/H ratio is a tool toprevent too large spacingsbetween luminaires in one areawhich could lead to disturbingdifferences in illuminance. Itindicates the maximum spacingbetween luminaires that isallowed to make sure that a gooduniformity of the illuminance onthe working plane is provided.Except for downlights which haverotation symmetrical light

distributions the S/H ratio (SHR)is given in 2 directions S/H Cindicates the maximum spacingbetween the centre of theluminaires crosswise(perpendicular) to the lampaxis.S/H indicates the spacingbetween the centre of theluminaires in the length directionof the lamp axis.

Polar intensity diagram


19/24


20/24


Information

228

Luminance criteria fordisplay screens with directlighting

CIBSE LG3,1995

Direct lighting uses luminairesdesigned to emit the majority oftheir light output directly onto theworking plane. Direct luminairescan be surface mounted,recessed into the ceiling orsuspended.They are generally viewed asindividual lit objects in the spaceand for this reason can appearas a distinct and distractingobject when reflected on adisplay screen.

If the software running on the

screen uses light characters on adark screen background,thereflected image willl be seenagainst this dark background.However, if the information ispresented with dark characterson a light background thereflections will be less visibleagainst the lighter background.

Luminance limits have beenestablished for these casesbased on typical screenluminances and qualities, theseare shown in Table 1.

In addition to the luminance limitsgiven in table 1, limits have alsobeen established for peakluminances of bright spots orpatches on the luminaire.These are shown in Table 2.

Unknown screen geometryTo ensure that safe luminancelimits are selected for moreonerous tasks being performed ina space, three standard DSEluminaire types have been

defined, each with a differentluminance limit angle.The luminaires so derived arereferred to as Category 1, 2 or 3.These have luminance limitationat and above 55, 65and 75respectively to the downwardvertical. In general, the greaterthe density of display screens inan area, the greater the intensityof use and the more critical theerrors, then the lower theluminance limit should be, i.e.asmaller category number.

It must be emphasised that

Cate-gory 1 is not better thanCate-gory 2, nor Category 2better than Category 3.The correct category should beselected for each which theluminance will not rise above alimiting value.

Category 1 luminairesFor Category 1 luminaires thecalculated luminance is limitedto 200 cd/m 2 or less at andabove 55to the downwardvertical atall angles ofazimuth.Such luminaires would be

specified for screens containingsafety-critical or similarinformation where errors haveserious consequences. They mayalso be required in areas where

there is a high density of screensand displays screen usage is ofan intensive nature or sustainedover long periods.

Category 2 luminaires

For Category 2 luminaires thecalculated luminance is limitedto200 cd/m2 or less at and above65to the downward verticalwhen viewed from all angles ofazimuth. This category ofluminaireshould be used in aninterior for which fairlywidespread use of displayscreens is intended.This could include area wherethere is one terminal per desk forgeneral usage or a few terminalsused continually

Category 3 luminaires

This is the greatest relaxation ofthe luminance limiting angle thatcan be recommended for areaswhere displays screens may beused.The calculated luminance islimited to 200 cdm2 or less at andabove 75to the downwardvertical when viewed from allangles of azimuth

Relaxation of categoryapplicationsCategory 2 or 3 luminaires arealso acceptable where the spaceplanning is either small cellular

offices, or open plan with screendividers where, by simplegeometrical checking, it can beshown that the luminaires will notbe seen at angles below theirlimiting angle from the displayscreens.

DIN 5035/7, 1988

Demands to be satisfied by thelighting.GeneralThe monitor and its positioning

may make further or higherdemands over and above thedemands to be met by thelighting system as per DIN 5035Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 and Part 4.Apart from the requirements tobe met by artificial light as perDIN 5035 Part 1, for rooms withcomputer workstations.Special recommendations asgiven in the following must alsobe considered: Avoidance ofdisturbing reflections fromluminous surfacesonto the monitor.

Limitation of glareLimitation of direct glareThe limitation of direct glare byluminaires in the critical range ofthe radiation angle 45 85must satisfy at least the demandsof quality class 1 for the nexthigher value of the nominalilluminance.

Limitation of reflection on themonitorRoom-surrounding surfaces,windows and furnishings whichare reflected on the monitor

must have an average luminanceof not more than 200 cd/m2anda maximum luminance of notmore than 400 cd/m2

Luminaires which are reflectedon the monitor must have anaverage luminance of not morethan 200cd/m2in the planes C

0,

C180

, C90

and C270

for radiationangle

G. Light which are larger

than the luminance limitationangle

G. Lights which are

reflected on the monitor musthave a cut off angle of at least30in the planes C

0, C

180, C

90

and C270.

If the geometric data of thecomputer monitor and theworkstation for determining thelumi-nance limitation angle

Gare

not known at the time ofspecification of the lightingsystem or if reflec-tions are to beanticipated as a result of theroom geometry and for anyinstallation position of themonitor, then the luminancelimitation angle

Gof the

luminaires which may reflect onthe monitor must stay within

G= 50.

Notes:a)The appropiate luminance limit forluminaires can be selected wherethe nature of the screens andsoftware to be used is known.when this information is unknownor subject to doubt the lower limitof 200 cd/cm2should be selected.b)Where only a few screens in anareahave poor screen treatment orrun negative polarity software it isgenerally better to move these to

positions where the lighting will notaffect them and to use the higher

luminance limits.

Technical data

Table 2 Spot luminance limits for screen and software typesTable 2 Spot luminance limits for screen and software typesTable 2 Spot luminance limits for screen and software typesTable 2 Spot luminance limits for screen and software typesTable 2 Spot luminance limits for screen and software types

Screen type Maximum luminance (cd/m2)

Positive polaritysoftware only

Some negativepolarity softwareused

Poor surface treatment

All with anti-reflectivesurface treatment

500

1000

1000

1500

Screen type

Poor surface treatment

All with anti-reflectivesurface treatment

Maximum luminance (cd/m2)

Some negativepolarity softwareused

Positive polaritysoftware only

200

500

500

1000

Table 1 Luminaire luminance limits for screen and software typesTable 1 Luminaire luminance limits for screen and software typesTable 1 Luminaire luminance limits for screen and software typesTable 1 Luminaire luminance limits for screen and software typesTable 1 Luminaire luminance limits for screen and software types


21/24


Information

229

Electrical safety

The electrical safety classificationdrawn up by the IEC embracesfour luminaire classes: Class0,I,II and III. The official

definitions are too long to bereproduced in full here, but canbe summarised as follows

Class 0 - symbol(NOTE: Applicable to ordinaryluminaires only, viz.a luminairewithout special protection againstdust or moisture.) These areluminaires that are electricallyinsulated. There is no provisionfor earthing. The housing may beof an insulating material, whichwholly or partly performs theinsulating function, or it may beof a metal that is insulated from

current- carrying parts. Class 0luminaires may include parts withreinforcedinsulation or double insulation.

Class I - symbolLuminaires in this class, besidesbeing electrically insulated, arealso provided with an earthingpoint (labelled) connecting allthose exposed metal parts thatcould conceivably become live inthe presence of a fault condition.Where the luminaire is providedwith a flexible power lead,this

must include an earth wire.Where this is not the case, thenthe degree of electrical protectionafforded by the luminaire is thesame as that afforded by Class 0.Where a connection block isemployed instead of a powerlead, the metal housing must beconnected to the earth terminalon the block. The provision madefor earthing the luminaire must inall other respects satisfy therequirements laid down forClass I.

Class II - symbolClass II luminaires are sodesigned and constructed thatexposed metal parts cannotbecome live.This can be achieved by meansof either reinforced or doubleinsulation, there being noprovision for protectiveearthing.In the case of aluminaire provided with an earthcontact as an aid to lampstarting, but where this earth isnot connected to exposed metalparts, the lumi-naire isnevertheless regarded as being

of Class I.

A luminaire having double orreinforced insulation andprovided with an earthconnection or earth contact mustbe regarded as a Classluminaire.

However, where the earth wirepasses through the luminaire aspart of the provisions forthrough-wiring the installation,and is electrically insulated fromthe luminaire using Class IIinsulation, then the luminaireremains Class II.

Class III - symbolThe luminaires in this class arethose in which protection againstelectric shock relies on supply atSafety Extra-Low Voltage(SELV), and in which voltageshigher than those of SELV (50 V

a.c.r.m.s.) are not generated. Ana.c.operating voltage of 42 Vmaximum is common. A Class IIIluminaire should not be providedwith a means for protectiveearthing.

Safety distanceIn the application of reflectorlamps and luminaires with narrowbeam distributions, a minimumdistance between light sourceand illuminated surface or objecthas to be ensured. This is toprevent too high temperatures.

Values for safety distances arespecified on luminaires, packingand in this catalogue. Thespecified values (in metres) mustbe considered as the shortestdistances permitted between thelight source and the illuminatedsurface or object.

Glossary of termsA product catalogue should notconcern itself just with productfeatures but should also deal withlighting engineering aspects.For that reason a survey is given

here of the most important basicterms.These represent thefoundation of lightingengineering:most other expressions arederived from them.

1. Lighting levelThe term lighting level ,alsoknown as illuminance ,expresses a result. Itindicates the amount of lightper unit surface area at aparticular point in the area inquestion. In short, how muchlight is falling on a given spot.

Lighting level can bemeasured yet not seen. Whatis perceived are thedifferences in the reflection ofthe incident light.Unit: lux (lx) = lm/m2

Symbol: E

2. UniformityThe uniformity ratio ofilluminance, on a givenplane, is a measure of thevariation of illuminance overthe plane expressed aseither:

a) The ratio of the minimum tothe maximum illuminance.

b) The ratio of the minimum tothe average illuminance.

NOTE: In some countries,the reciprocal of these ratiosis used, characterised byvalues greater than unity.

3. LuminanceLuminance , or brightness,denotes the intensity persquare metre of apparentarea of a light source or of an

illuminated surface (cd/m2).Where surfaces are lighted,the luminance is dependentupon both the lighting leveland the reflection charac-teristics of the surface itself.Unit: cd/cm2or cd/m2

Symbol: L

4. Colour temperatureLamps do not all emit thesame colour of light. There is,for example, a strikingdifference between themarkedly amber light from

sodium lamps and the

relatively white light frommost other lamps. But eventhen one white light is not thesame as another. Becausethe colour of the light has animportant influence on the

colour impression of an area,the colour temperature of thelight source plays aessentialrole. Light ispopularly termed cool orwarm . To be able, however,to make an objective compa-rison of the colourimpressionfrom various sources,subjective expressions suchas these are inadequate.A precise scale is required,and is to be found in the termcorrelated colourtemperature : the colourgradation of the light is

compared with the lightemitted by an intenselyheated iron bar of which thetemperature is known. In thisway, the light colour can bespecified by a value in Kelvin(K). Four cate-gories arenormally met in practice:

- 2500-3000 K.WarmThe light colour fromincandescent lamps,fluorescent lamps in thecolours /82 and /92, the SL*and PL compact fluorescent

sources and the SDW-TWhite SON lamps.Generally used for intimateand cosy environmentswhere the emphasis is onambience.

- 3000-4000 K.Neutral-whiteThe light colour from halogenlamps, colour /83 and /93fluorescent lamps and PL 83.Blends well with light fromincandescent lamps.Employed in places wherethere is ingress of daylight.

- 4000-4900 K.Cool-whiteThe light colour from colour /84 and /94 fluorescentlamps, as well as MHN metalhalide lamps. Mixes well withdaylight. Usually applied incommercial areas where alook of cool, crisp efficiencyis desired.

- 5000 K and above.Daylightand cool-daylightThe light colour whichparallels daylight such asflurescent colour/86 and/95.

Employed in numerouscommercial and industrialapplication.

Glossary of Terms


22/24


Information

5. Colour rendering indexIt is often assumed that oncethe colour impression hasbeen decided, the colourrendering properties arelikewise determined. This is

not the case. Colourtemperature and colourrendering properties havenothing in common. Cooldaylight and the warm lightfrom an incandescent lampboth have excellent colourrendering properties. Thesame can be said of halogenlamps. The reason for this isthe continuous spectrum ofthe sources. On the otherhand, most gasdischargelamps have an interrupted orline spectrum. This has aninfluence on the quality of

their colour renderingproperties, which varies fromvery poor (with SOX low-pressure sodium gas-discharge lamps) to good(with the/90 series offluorescent lamps).In selecting a particular lamptype, a clear understandingof the colour renderingproperties is essential. Thisinformation is given by thecolour rendering index (CRI)which is a standardised scalewith 100 as maximum value

Colours are best shownunder a light source havingthe highest colour renderingindex. Incidentally, it is onlyworthwhile comparing theindices of lamps with asimilar colour temperature. Inpractice, three categories arenormally found:

- CRI between Ra90 and 100

Excellent colour renderingproperties. Applications:mainly where correct colourappraisal is a critical task.

- CRI between Ra80 and 90

Good colour renderingproperties. Applications: inareas where critical colourappraisal is not the primaryconsideration, yet wheregood rendition of colours isstill desirable.

- CRI lower than Ra80

Moderate to poor colourrendering properties.Applications: in areas wherethe quality of the colourrendering is not important.

6. Light outputA fundamental expression inlighting engineering. Thelight output or luminous fluxvalue refers to the totalamount of light that a light

source emits.Unit: lumen (lm)Symbol:

7. Light Output RatioThe efficiency of a luminaireis expressed in terms of itsLight Output Ratio. This isdefined as the ratio of thelight output of the luminaireto the sum of the individuallight outputs of the lampsoperating outside theluminaire. The light outputratio (l.o.r.) so defined is thetotal l.o.r.of the luminaire and

is equal to the sum of theupward and downwardl.o.r. s.

8. Luminous intensityThe expression luminousintensity refers to the amountof light that a light sourceemits per unit solid angle(lumen steradian) in aparticular direction.The value depends thereforeon the direction. Using thisinformation, diagrams can becompiled that provide a direct

impression of the lightdistribution from a luminaire.Luminous intensity isexpressed in candelas, andsometimes in candelas/1000lumen.Unit: candela (cd)Symbol: I

9. Luminous efficacyThis is related to the termlight output and indicatesthe quantity of light that a particular light source emitsper watt of electrical energyconsumed.Unit: lumen per watt (lm/W)

10. Heat accumulationA lighting installationgenerates a noticeableamount of heat, amere 5%-10% of the energy beingconverted into light. If the

visible light is concentrated ina beam, the same resultoccurs with the invisibleinfrared heat radiation.As far as food, flowers,plants and certain types ofplastic are concerned, this isparticularly undesirable.Often the productsthemselves can take acertain degree of heat, buthaving to show that parti-cular article to a customercan result in badly burnedfingers. Metal tools, jewelleryand wat-ches can be

included in this category.There are, neverthe-less, anumber of very suitablesolutions Energy-savinglamps consume relatively fewwatts and generate little heat.Heat extraction via thegeneral lighting ceilingluminaires is also apossibility. Doubling thedistance between lamp andobject reduces the heatingeffect by three-quarters.Finally, incandescent andhalogen lamps with cool-

beam reflectors produce lessheat in the beam. Fitted withso-called dichroic reflectorswhich reflect the light raysbut permit a major proportionof the infra-red radiation topass, these lamps dissipatesome 60%-70% of the heatbehind the lamp. Needless tosay, the construc-tion andelectrical cabling of ourluminaires withstand thisheat effect.

11. FadingRadiation in the form of lightor heat can cause damage toobjects or merchandisedisplayed. The extent ofdeterioration of objects uponexpo-sure to light, such asthe fading of colours anddisintegration of structureand material, depends on:- the sensitivety of thematerial and the capacity ofmaterial to absorb and beaffected by radiant energy.

- illumination level.- time of the exposure toradiation.

- spectral composition of theradiation.

Glossary of Terms

230


23/24


Information

231

Glossary of Terms

Having no classification forthe sensitivity of materialsrelated to the amount of

damage under a certainlightsource, the onlyindication which can be givenis the probable damagecaused to an object, ignoringthe spectral sensitivity of theobject concerned and onlytaking the relative damagecaused by one light-sourcecompared to another intoaccount. Each light-sourcecan be characterised by adamage factor DF, whichyields the relative damagecaused by this sourcecompared to other sources,provided the illuminance andexposure time are constant.

Fading Risk (FR) is thedamage caused by one lightsource, calculated for acertain lighting level and acertain period of time,relative to a reference FadingRisk of 100, obtained in aworst-case situation, viz. anobject in a shop windowilluminated by bright

sunshine (10.000 lux) for aperiod of onehour.A lighting level of 500 lux

TL /830 lamps results in arisk no higher than FR 2. Thefading of pigments hereoccurs 50 times more slowlythan at FR 100, i.e.negligible. advisable.At an average lighting levelof 500 lux, an accentprojector will probably needto produce 10.000 lux. Andwith lightsources with moreultraviolet radiation in theirspectrum, as metal halidelamps without UV-filter oropen halogen lamps, thedamaging radiation can

reach far higher levels, thanis acceptable.

1212121212 The beam characteristicsThe beam characteristicsThe beam characteristicsThe beam characteristicsThe beam characteristicsAccent lighting requires acontrolled beam of light,obtained by a lamp and areflector, which in manycases is integrated into the

lamp itself. The ultimateeffect is largely determinedby the characteristics of thebeam. The important factorsare the intensity, the shapeand the dimensions of thelight spot created by thebeam and the amount of spilllight. Spill light is the amountof light that is allowed tospread outside the actualbeam.

A hard-edgedhard-edgedhard-edgedhard-edgedhard-edged beam is a lightbeam with little or no spill lightand gives a sharply defined

contrast. It lends itself to verydramatic lighting effects.

A soft-edgedsoft-edgedsoft-edgedsoft-edgedsoft-edged beam, on theother hand, has a higher degreeof spill light and will thus result inalower contrast with thesurrounding area. The effects aremuch softer than those obtained

with a hard-edged beam. To helpyou make the right selection,Philips has a specialclassification for its reflectorlamps and lamp/ reflectorcombinations, identifying fiveso-called K-beam factors.The final effect is, of course,influenced by the contrastbetween the ambient lighting andthe lighting intensity of the beam.

Identifying the five K-beamIdentifying the five K-beamIdentifying the five K-beamIdentifying the five K-beamIdentifying the five K-beam

categoriescategoriescategoriescategoriescategoriesThe illustrations on the right givea good impression of the effects

of the various types of lightbeams identified by the Philips K-beam classification. Theseeffects are created by therelevant light beam only, withoutany supplementary lighting.

K1: Is a profile spot without any spill light; this effect is

achieved by equipping the luminaire with a mechanicalor optical device which cuts off the spill light;in thisway,beams of different shapes can be produced.This

classification can have high- or low-intensity beams,depending on the power and efficiency of the system

K2: Is a spot which stands out by its sharp shift to a

minimal amount of spill light; this type of beam is excellentfor creating theatrical and dramatic effects. Thisclassification is usually associated with very high-intensitybeams

K3: Has a hard shift from a high-intensity spot to spill

light; the spill light is seen as a narrow ring of lightaround the spot. This classification is usually associatedwith high-intensity beams which are very suitable forcreating theatrical effects

K4: Has a soft shift from a relatively strong spot to a great

deal of spill light; the spill light assists considerably inlighting the general surroundings

K5::::: Is a uniformly wide beam without any visible spot and

is, as a result, suited to general or supplementarylighting.


24/24

Information Glossary of Terms

13 Accent factorWhen planning accentlighting, it is important todetermine the required effector accent factor, which mayvary from noticeable to very

dramatic . The issue is therelationship between theamount of general lightingand the brightness of thespot. It is calculated bydividing the lighting level inthe spot by the generallighting level in the horizontalplane approximately 1 metreabove the floor in the directvicinity of the object.

1. Noticeable visual effect

(Factor2:1)

2. Low theatrical effect(Factor 5:1)

3. Theatrical effect (Factor 15:1)

4. Dramatic effect (Factor 30:1).

Can only be achieved withrelatively low general lightinglevels

5. Very dramatic effect(Factor 50:1).Can only be achieved with

relatively low general lightinglevels

philips - information

Documents