Philosophy

By Sarah Ratliff

Philosophy

• Means “love of wisdom.”

• The study of basic concepts, such as truth, existence, reality, causality, and freedom.

• Pythagoras was the philosopher who came up with the term philosophy.

Origin• 7th and 6th century B.C.E.

• Located in Ionia.

• First philosophers were the pre-Socratics.

• Created new prose of writing to express new ideas.

Ideas• Rationalism: People must justify claims

through logic and reason. Became foundation for the study of science and philosophy.

• Subjectivism: the belief that there is no absolute reality behind and independent of appearances.

• Socratic Method: method of conversation. Ask probing questions to make listeners examine their assumptions before drawing conclusions.

• Metaphysics: ideas about the ultimate nature of reality beyond the reach of human senses.

• Dualism: separation between spiritual and physical being.

Pre-Socratics

• Began philosophy and developed new explanations for human existence and the gods.

• Thales– first recorded Western philosopher. Questioned the origin and nature of the universe and inspired others to think along the same lines.

• Anaximander– Believed that natural laws exert itself in the world and maintain balance between different elements.

Pre-Socratics

• Pythagoras– Taught that numbers explained the true nature of things and all relationships could be expressed numerically.

• Parmenides– Believed existence is unchanging, indivisible, and unmoving. Argued that reason is superior to the evidence of the senses.

Socrates

• Devoted his life to questioning people about their beliefs.

• Started the Socratic method-- a form of questioning.• Used reasoning to discover universal, objective

standards that justify individual ethics.• Behaving according to a universal standard of just

behavior was the only way to achieve true happiness.• Unique beliefs caused him to make enemies.• Charged with impiety. Jury said that his philosophy

angered the gods and threatened the divine punishment for the city.

• Jury convicted Socrates and he was executed 399 B.C.E.

Plato

• Studied astronomy, mathematics, political philosophy, ethics, and metaphysics.

• Believed that moral qualities are universal, unchanging, and absolute, not relative.

• Believed that humans possess immortal souls distinct from the body.

• Established the Academy in 387 B.C.E.• His goal was to educate men and

create a class of just rulers.

Aristotle• Believed that philosophy was not the study of

abstract subjects isolated from ordinary existence, but the disciplined search for knowledge.

• Founded the Lyceum in 335 B.C.E. This school became one of the most influential schools of ancient Athens.

• He lectured about numerous subjects.• Was the first to collect and classify

animal species.

Influence on Ancient Greece

• Came to the conclusion that unchanging laws of nature controlled the universe, rather than the gods.

• Separated scientific thought from myth and religion.

Influence on Future Ways of Thought

• Present day philosophy is based off of ancient Greek philosophers’ ideas.

• Pre-Socratics searched for the first or universal cause of all things, which is a problem that many scientists still try to solve today.

• Pythagoras’ discoveries in math started the study of mathematics and influenced geometry.

• Plato’s ideas about reality, ethics, and politics remain central to philosophy and political science to this day.

Bibliography• “Aristotle.” World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO,

2009. Web. 19 October 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc- clio.com>.

• Hunt, Lynn, et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005. Print.

• Schlager, Neil. Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery. Farmington Hills: The Gale Group, 2001. Print.

• “Socrates.” Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol 14. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 320-321. Gale Virtual Reference library. Gale. Community High School Dist 94. 19 October 2009.

<http://go.galegroup .com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=chsd• “Socrates.” World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO,

2009. Web. 19 October 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc- clio.com>

Daily Life In Ancient GreeceDaily Life In Ancient GreeceBy: Zach BaulerBy: Zach Bauler

IntroductionIntroduction

Life in ancient Greece is a lot different then ours Life in ancient Greece is a lot different then ours todaytoday

Daily life are the things that you are doing Daily life are the things that you are doing everyday.everyday.

Areas of focus will me men and woman, Marriage, Areas of focus will me men and woman, Marriage, Children, Slaves, and Athenian woman vs. Spartan Children, Slaves, and Athenian woman vs. Spartan womanwoman

Men And WomanMen And Woman

Free men who were citizens organized a Free men who were citizens organized a democracydemocracy

The majority didn’t enjoy perfect political equalityThe majority didn’t enjoy perfect political equality Woman had protection of the law but were barred Woman had protection of the law but were barred

from politicsfrom politics Sexual behavior was stricter for woman then menSexual behavior was stricter for woman then men

Marriage Marriage Marriages often happened between ages 15 and Marriages often happened between ages 15 and

2020 Marriages often ranged in ageMarriages often ranged in age Houses were decorated with confetti and olivesHouses were decorated with confetti and olives Girls stayed at home until they were marriedGirls stayed at home until they were married

ChildrenChildren

people were considered children until 30 people were considered children until 30 years oldyears old

Kids played with rattles and clay animalsKids played with rattles and clay animals Also played games like jacksAlso played games like jacks Boys helped in the fields, sailed boats, and Boys helped in the fields, sailed boats, and

fishedfished Girls helped mothers at the houseGirls helped mothers at the house Wealthy boys learned philosophy and speechWealthy boys learned philosophy and speech

SlavesSlaves

Slaves took up 1/3 of the total populationSlaves took up 1/3 of the total population Slaves became cheap enough that even middle Slaves became cheap enough that even middle

class could afford one or twoclass could afford one or two Owners could easily beat or kill their slavesOwners could easily beat or kill their slaves In Athens special slaves were trained to detect In Athens special slaves were trained to detect

counterfeit coins.counterfeit coins.

Athenian Woman Vs. Spartan Athenian Woman Vs. Spartan WomanWoman

Athenian democracy lacked woman as a Athenian democracy lacked woman as a wholewhole

Spartan woman enjoyed rights such as Spartan woman enjoyed rights such as setting household rules, they could own setting household rules, they could own land, and also a daughter could inherit her land, and also a daughter could inherit her fathers landfathers land

Both Spartan and Athenian girls were Both Spartan and Athenian girls were trained and worked at hometrained and worked at home

ConclusionConclusion

Daily life in ancient Greece was different Daily life in ancient Greece was different then modern daythen modern day

My slides are important because if we didn’t My slides are important because if we didn’t know what happened back then we wouldn’t know what happened back then we wouldn’t live the same way nowlive the same way now

The specific aspects of my slide show are The specific aspects of my slide show are men and woman, marriage, slaves, children, men and woman, marriage, slaves, children, and Athenian woman vs. Spartan Womanand Athenian woman vs. Spartan Woman

BibliographyBibliography

Hunt, Lynn, et al. The Making of the West; Hunt, Lynn, et al. The Making of the West; Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford/St. Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2005. Print.Martins, 2005. Print.

Living in Ancient Greece/ Donardo Living in Ancient Greece/ Donardo Farmington Hills, MichiganFarmington Hills, Michigan

www.getty.edu/art/ehibitions/coming_of_ agwww.getty.edu/art/ehibitions/coming_of_ age/school.htmle/school.html

http://greece.mrdonn.org/kids.htmlhttp://greece.mrdonn.org/kids.html

“Art completes what nature leaves unfinished.”- Aristotle

The Parthenon

The Ancient Greeks believed art was about inner reality also, not just how it looks on the outside.

The invention of the drill made it possible to make long, narrow channels in the marble.

The DRILL

The Parthenon burned down while in its process of construction around 480 B.C. It was reconstructed between 447-432 B.C.

The Greek Theatre was known as the second most typical expression of Greek Architecture.

Theatre

Like modern artists, Greek sculpture artists looked at live models while working. Greek artists

wanted perfection so they chose young men to sculpt, not little boys, or older males, and mostly not women.

Sculptures

rebuilt their ruined Acroplis after the Persian War to be one of the most spectacular set of buildings in the world.

Acroplis

Art was so important to the Greeks because it expressed them in the best way possible. Whenever any part of the Ancient Greeks life changed, the art reflected it.

In the end, even though the art of sculptures were striking, architecture was the most democratic of arts.

Bibliography

• Source #1- Hunt, Lynn, et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005. Print.

• Source #2- Roberts, T. Jennifer. The Ancient Greek World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

• Source #3- Arts and Humanities, Through the Eras. Evans, James Allen. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005.

• Source #4- The Parthenon. Ancient-Greece.Org 2009, 10/18/09<http://ancient-greece.org/architecture/parthenon.html.>

By Luisa Gonzalez

Religion.

They made offerings to the gods. Prayed at oracles, places or worship

that some also had at home. Part of their praise were songs they

sang, that told the memories of past glories.

Minstrels claimed to be descendants of the Olympian Gods.

Mythology was history, example, and inspiration for the Greeks.

The Greeks had no rules for proper conduct.

Good luck, health, love, & business, were rewarded for worship.

Tales were about once real men, who were interpreted as heroes. (Gods)

The twelve most important Gods, lived at the top of Mount Olympus.Zeus - Supreme God of the Olympians. Hera – Goddess of Marriage. Poseidon – God of the sea. Ares – God of war.Hades – God of the Underworld and wealth.Apollo – God of prophesy, music, & healing.Artemis – Virgin Goddess of the hunt.Aphrodite – Goddess of love, beauty, & fertility.Hermes – Messenger of Gods, and guide of the dead.Hephaestus – Lame God of fire and crafts.Athena – Goddess of crafts, domestic arts, and war. Hestia – Goddess of Hearth and Home.

Olympian Gods.

•Persephone & the origin of the seasons.•Pandora & the box of

evil.•Prometheus & the gift of fire.

Teachings of Homer.

Home in Greek, means witness.

Wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey.

Was blind, sang songs of mythical persons.

Was considered a minstrel.

1. Religion gave the Greeks beliefs and set morals.

2. Mythology explained their presence in life; their beginnings and past events.

3. Both combined to describe culture and pass it on to the future.

bibliography

Stapleton, Michael. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Mythology. New York. Bell Publishing Company.1978. Print.

Schomp, Virginia. Cultures of the Past. ‘The Ancient Greeks’. New York: Berchmark, 1996. Print.

Graves, Robert. New Larousse encyclopedia of Mythology. London: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. 1959. Print.