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1PHLOGISTON Journal of the History of Science

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2 Jerry Workman and Art W. Springsteen, eds., Applied Spectroscopy: A Compact Reference for Practitioners (Boston: Academic Press, 1998).

65

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3 Alexander S. Stern and Richard W. Baker, Membrane Pioneers: Thomas Graham, Membrane Quarterly, 25 (2010): 1719.4 Slavko Mentus, lektrohemija (Beograd: Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet za fiziku hemiju, 2008), 176.5 Goran Bokovi, Heterogena kataliza u teoriji i praksi ( Novi Sad: Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnoloki fakultet, 2007).

66

, .

( 1) , , ( 2). , 1981. , , - , .6 ( 2).

20. , , . (Feynman), 1959.

6 Gerd Binnig and Rohrer Heinrich, Scanning tunneling microscopy, IBM Journal of Research and Development , 30 (1986): 4.

1. FI Titan 80-300 , < 0.1 nm

2. . 2 nm, Pt .

67

.7 (Drexler)8 1981. , . 1991. , .9 .

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1985. . , (Kroto) 10 60 (C

60)

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7 Richard P. Feynman, Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom, Caltech ngineering and Science Journal, 23, 5 (1960): 2236. http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/47/2/1960Bottom.pdf8 ric K. Drexler, An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation, Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences of the United States of America, 78, 9 (1981): 52755278.

9 ric K. Drexler, Molecular Machinery and Manufacturing with Applications to Computation (doktorska teza, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991). http://e-drexler.com/d/09/00/Drexler_MIT_dissertation.pdf 10 Harold W. Kroto et al., C

60: Buckminsterfullerene, Nature, 318, 6042 (1985):

162163.

3. : ( 0), ( 1), ( 2) , Li4Ti5O12 ( 3) ( 1 )15

68

(R. Buckminster Fuller), .11

1991. (Iijima)12 , C

60,

, C

60.

210 , 540 , 35 . 0,34 , . 1996, (Smalley)13 .

C60

, ( 0), 1, . , , , . . 2. ( 3), .

, , , 14 1959, , . , , . 2000.

11 Ibid.12 Sumio Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature, 354, 6348 (1991): 5658.13 Ting Guo et al., Catalytic growth of single-walled nanotubes by laser vaporization , Chemical physics letter, 243 (1995): 4954.14 7.

69

.

, 18. 2011. : , , 50% 1100nm. . 3 , , . 3 . 3 , , , 3 - .15

, , , , , , , , , , , .

2.

() , .

, (, ) , , .16

15 Milica Vujkovi et al., Hydrothermal synthesis of Li4Ti

5O

12/C nanostructured

composite: morphology and electrochemical performance, Materials Research Bulletin, 48 (2013): 218223.

16 Jasna Grbovi-Novakovi et al., xperimental and Theoretical Investigation of Hydrogen Storage in Magnesium Based Composites, Materials Science Forum, 555 (2007): 343.

70

, . . , , , . , , -, . 0.

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71

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4 (0.2

), FeCl36H

2 (0,05 M) ( ~ 1 : 1),

18 Sug Hyung Lee et al., The growth of carbon nanotubes at the channel ends of the SAPO4-5 zeolite structures, Diamond & Related Materials, 14 (2005): 18761881.19 Dragana Jugovi et al.,Structural and magnetic characterization of LiMn1.825Cr0.175O4 spinel obtained by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, Materials Research Bulletin, 42 (2007): 515522. 20 Subbanna Ayyappan et al., Nanoparticles of nickel and silver produced by the polyol reduction of the metal salts intercalated in montmorillonite, Solid State Ionics, 84 (1966): 271281. 21 Nemanja Gavrilov et al., Carbonized polyaniline nanotubes/nanosheets-supported Pt nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalysis, Materials Letters, 65 (2011): 962965.

72

22:

4Fe3+ + 3BH4

+ + 9H2O 4Fe0 + 3H

2BO

3 + 12H+ + 6H

2

, , , . 5070nm. . , , , .

.23 , , , , , . , .

22 Wei-Xian Zhang, Cao Jiasheng and lliot Daniel, Iron nanoparticles for site remediation, in Nanotechnology and the nvironment: Applications and Implications, ed. Barbara Karn, Tina Masciangioli, Wei-xian Zhang, Vicki Colvin, Paul Alivisatos (Washington: Oxford University Press, 2005), 248261. 23 Slavko Mentus, Gel Combustion synthesis, in Combustion Synthesis, ed. Maximilian Lackner (: Bentham Science, Bentham E-Books, eISBN: 978-1-60805-155-7, 2010), 5571.

5. 5 mol dm3 100 V 1 h 20oC Al

2O

326

73

, . (1) , 3.24

0, 1, 2 3 . , , , (0), (3). , , 25 ( 2), Al

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227 (1D).

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,

31

=

an ,

s = 62,

24 Ibid.25 Slavko Mentus, Oxygen reduction on anodically formed TiO

2, lectrochimica

Acta, 50 (2004): 2732. 26 Ono Sachiko, Saito Makiko and Asoh Hidetaka, Self-ordering of anodic porous alumina formed in organic acid electrolytes, lectrochimica Acta, 51 (2005): 827833.27 Andrs G. Muoz, Semiconducting properties of self-organized TiO2 nanotubes, lectrochimica Acta, 52 (2007): 41674176.

74

S = ns = a6

x 10-4 m2.

10-4 m ( , 10.000 nm), 6 cm2 6 m2. , , 6. 10 nm 100 m2, 1 nm, . , . , , 10 g cm-3, ( m2 g-1) 6 , . 0600.

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28 Kenneth J. Klabunde, ed., Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry (New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2001), 24.

76

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2O

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, . , (Jiang ) .29 ZrO

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nm 90 nm, , 1350 C 6,01 5,71 g cm-3, (90 nm) 1450 C 6,01 g cm-3.

29 Li Jiang et al., ffects of sintering temperature and particle size on the translucency of ziconium dioxide dental ceramic, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 22 (2011): 24292435.

8. . 2 nm, (500 C) (1064 oC).28

77

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-, TiO2,

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2

30 Paul G. Tratnyek and Richard L. Johnson, Nanotechnologies for environmental cleanup, NanoToday, 1, 2 (2006): 4448.31 Daniel P. Hashim et al., Covalently bonded three-dimensional carbon nanotube solids via boron induced nanojunctions, Scientific Reports, 2 (2012): Article No 363.

78

. (Narr) .32 Brilliant X-3B ( ). UV , ) TiO

2 ) TiO

2 ,

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2. TiO

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, .34 ,

32 Narr Jaspret, Viraraghavan Thiruvenkatachari and Jin Yee-Chung, Applications of nanotechnology in water/wastewater treatment: a review, Fresenius nvironmental Bulletin, 16 (2007): 320329. 33 Nie Shuming et al., Nanotechnology Applications in Cancer, Annual Review of Biomedical ngineering, 9 (2007): 257288.34 Nazario Martin, The Revival of Fullerenes?, Electrochemical Society Interface, 22 (2013): 5160.

79

. , , . , . , (). , (Fe

3O

4) (-Fe

2O

3), ,

a.35

7.

- , . , . , . , , , LiC

6.

, , : LiC

6 = 6C + Li+ + e-

. , , Li

1-xCoO

2 (x ~ 0),

: Li

1-xCoO

2 + xLi+ + xe- = LiCoO

2,

4 V . 4 V. .

35 Paul Gould, Nanomagnetism shows in vivo potential, Nano Today, 1 (2006): 3539.

80

, , ( ), . , -. , 5 .

. , , , , , , .36

. .37

36 Slavko Mentus, Savremena ispitivanja litijumskih baterija, Glasnik hemiara, tehnologa i ekologa Republike Srpske, 6 (2013): 19; MilicaVujkovi et al., Gel-combustion synthesis of LiFePO

4/C composite with improved capacity retention in

aerated aqueous electrolyte solution, lectrochimica Acta , 92 (2013): 248256.37 Vojislav R. Stamenkovic et al., Nanosegregated Cathode Catalysts with Ultra-Low Platinum Loading, Science, 315 (2007): 493; Milln W. Martnez, Tanit Toledano Thompson and Mascha A. Smit, Characterization and lectrocatalytic Activity of Carbon-supported Polypyrrole-Cobalt-Platinum Compounds, International Journal of lectrochemical Science, 5 (2010): 931943; Alexei L. N.

9. - . , .36

81

- . , , , . H+ , , OH- . , , .38 .

, . , , , 3050 nm.39

- , , , .

1.Ayyappan, Subbanna, Gonur Nagarajarao Subbanna, Gopalan R Srinivasa and Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao. Nanoparticles of nickel and silver produced by the polyol reduction of the metal salts intercalated in montmorillonite. Solid State Ionics, 84 (1966): 271281.

Pinheiro et al., Electrocatalysis on noble metal and noble metal alloys dispersed over high surface area carbon , Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, 6 (2003) 18; Kwong-Yu Chan et al., Supported mixed metal nanoparticles as electrocatalysts in low temperature fuel cells, Journal of Materilas Chemistry, 14 (2004): 505. 38 Nemanja Gavrilov et al., Nanodispersed platinum on chemically treated nanostructured carbonized polyaniline as a new PMFC catalysts, International Journal of lectrochemical Science, 7, 8 (2012): 66666676.39 20.

82

2.Bokovi, Goran. Heterogena kataliza u teoriji i praksi. Novi Sad: Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnoloki fakultet, 2007.

3.Binnig, Gerd and Rohrer Heinrich. Scanning tunneling microscopy. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 30 (1986): 4.

4.Chan, Kwong-Yu, Jie Ding, Jiawen Ren, Shaoan Cheng and Kwok Ying Tsang. Supported mixed metal nanoparticles as electrocatalysts in low temperature fuel cells. Journal of Materilas Chemistry, 14 (2004): 505.

5.Drexler, ric K. An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences of the United States of America, 78, 9 (1981): 52755278.

6.Drexler, ric K. Molecular Machinery and Manufacturing with Applications to Computation. Doktorska teza, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991.

http://e-drexler.com/d/09/00/Drexler_MIT_dissertation.pdf

7.Feynman Richard P. Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom. Caltech ngineering and Science Journal, 23:5 (1960): 2236.

http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/47/2/1960Bottom.pdf

8.Gavrilov, Nemanja M., Igor A. Pati, Gordana iri-Marjanovi, Vladimir M. Nikoli, Milica P. Mareta Kaninski, epan S. Miljanic, Slavko V. Mentus. Nanodispersed platinum on chemically treated nanostructured carbonized polyaniline as a new PMFC catalysts. International Journal of lectrochemical Science, 7, 8 (2012): 66666676.

9.Gavrilov, Nemanja, Marina Dai-Tomi, Igor Pati, Gordana iri-Marjanovi and Slavko Mentus. Carbonized polyaniline nanotubes/nanosheets-supported Pt nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalysis. Materials Letters, 65 (2011): 962965.

10.Guo, Ting, Pavel Nikolaev, Andreas Thess, Daniel Colbert and Richard E. Smalley. Catalytic growth of single-walled nanotubes by laser vaporization. Chemical physics letter, 243 (1995): 4954.

83

11.Grbovi-Novakovi, Jasna, Tanja Brdari, Nikola Novakovi, Ljiljana Matovi, Amelia Montone and Slavko Mentus. xperimental and Theoretical Investigation of Hydrogen Storage in Magnesium Based Composites. Materials Science Forum, 555 (2007): 343.

12.Gould, Paula. Nanomagnetism shows in vivo potential. Nanotoday, 1 (2006): 3539.

13.Hashim, Daniel P., Narayanan T. Narayanan, Jose M. Romo-Herrera, David A. Cullen, Myung Gwan Hahm, Peter Lezzi, Joseph R. Sutlle, Doug Kelkoff, Emilio Muoz-Sandoval, Sabyasachi Ganguli, Ajit K. Roy, David J. Smith, Robert Vajtai, Babby G. Sumpter, Vincent Meunier, Humberto Terrones, Mauricio Terrones and Pulickel M. Ajayan. Covalently bonded three-dimensional carbon nanotube solids via boron induced nanojunctions. Scientific Reports, 2 (2012): Article No 363.

14.Iijima, Sumio. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature, 354, 6348 (1991): 5658.

15.Jaspreet, Narr, Viraraghavan Thiruvenkatachari and Jin Yee-Chung. Applications of nanotechnology in water/wastewater treatment: a review. Fresenius nvironmental Bulletin, 16 (2007): 320329.

16.Jugovi, Dragana, Nikola Cvjetianin, Vladan Kusigerski, Miodrag Mitri, Momilo Miljkovi, Darko Makovec and Dragan Uskokovi. Structural and magnetic characterization of LiMn1.825Cr0.175O4 spinel obtained by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Materials Research Bulletin, 42 (2007): 515522.

17.Jiang, Li, Yunmao Liao, Qianbing Wan and Wei Li. ffects of sintering temperature and particle size on the translucency of yiconium dioxide dental ceramic. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 22 (2011): 24292435.

18.Kroto, Harold W., Richard . Smalley, Robert F. Curl and John Richard Heath. C

60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature, 318, 6042

(1985): 162163.

19.Klabunde, Kenneth J., ed. Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2001.

20.Martnez, Milln W.,Tanit Toledano Thompson and Mascha

84

A. Smit. Characterization and lectrocatalytic Activity of Carbon-supported Polypyrrole-Cobalt-Platinum Compounds. International Journal of lectrochemical Science, 5 (2010): 931943.

21.Martin, Nazario. The Revival of Fullerenes? Electrochemical Society Interface, 22 (2013): 5160.

22.Mentus, Slavko. Savremena ispitivanja litijumskih baterija. Glasnik hemiara, tehnologa i ekologa Republike Srpske, 6 (2013): 19.

23.Mentus, Slavko. Oxygen reduction on anodically formed TiO2.

lectrochimica Acta, 50 (2004): 2732.

24.Mentus, Slavko. lektrohemija. Beograd: Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet za fiziku hemiju, 2008, 176.

25. Mentus, Slavko. Gel Combustion synthesis. In Combustion Synthesis, edited by Maximilian Lackner, 5571. Bentham Science, 2010. (Bentham, E-Books, eISBN: 978-1-60805-155-7).

26.Muoz, Andrs G. Semiconducting properties of self-organized TiO2 nanotubes. lectrochimica Acta, 52 (2007): 41674176.

27.Okamoto Atsuto and Hisanori Shinohara. Control of diameter distribution of singlewalled carbon nanotubes using zeolite CCVD method at atmospheric pressure. Carbon, 43 (2005): 431436.

28.Pinheiro Alexei L. N., Almir Oliviera-Neto, Elki C. De Souza, Joelma Perez, Valdecir A. Paganin, Edison A.Ticianeli and Ernesto R. Gonzalez. Electrocatalysis on noble metal and noble metal alloys dispersed over high surface area carbon. Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, 6 (2003): 18

29.Sachiko, Ono, Saito Makiko and Asoh Hidetaka. Self-ordering of anodic porous alumina formed in organic acid electrolytes. lectrochimica Acta, 51 (2005): 827833.

30.Shuming, Nie, Yun Xing, Gloria J. Kim, and Jonathan W. Simons. Nanotechnology Applications in Cancer. Annual Review of Biomedical ngineering, 9 (2007): 257288.

85

31.Stamenkovic, Vojislav R., Ben Fowler, Bongjin Simon Mun, GuofengWang, PhilipN. Ross, Christopher A.Lucas and Nenad M.Markovic. Nanosegregated Cathode Catalysts with Ultra-Low Platinum Loading. Science, 315 (2007): 493.

32.Stern, Alexander S. and Richard W. Baker. Membrane Pioneers: Thomas Graham. Membrane Quarterly, 25 (2010): 1719.

33.Tratnyek, Paul G. and Richard L. Johnson. Nanotechnologies for environmental cleanup. NanoToday, 1, 2 (2006): 4448.

34.Vujkovi, Milica, Ivana Stojkovi, Miodrag Mitri, Slavko Mentus and Nikola Cvjetianin. Hydrothermal synthesis of Li

4Ti

5O

12/C

nanostructured composite: morphology and electrochemical performance. Materials Research Bulletin, 48 (2013): 218223.

35.Vujkovi, Milica, Ivana Stojkovi, Nikola Cvjetianin and Slavko Mentus. Gel-combustion synthesis of LiFePO

4/C composite

with improved capacity retention in aerated aqueous electrolyte solution. lectrochimica Acta, 92 (2013): 248256.

36.Workman, Jerry and Art W. Springsteen, ed. Applied Spectroscopy: A Compact Reference for Practitioners. Boston: Academic Press, 1998.

37.Wei-Xian Zhang, Cao Jiasheng and lliot Daniel. Iron nanoparticles for site remediation. In Nanotechnology and the nvironment: Applications and Implications, edited by Barbara Karn, Tina Masciangioli, Wei-xian Zhang, Vicki Colvin and Paul Alivisatos, 248261. Washington: Oxford University Press, 2005.

86

Slavko V. Mentus The University in Belgrade, Faculty for Physical Chemistry and Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade

NANOMATERIALS: STATE IN WHICH PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS DEPEND ON PARTICLE DIMENSIONS

The terms: nanoparticles, nanomaterials and nanoengineering, came into literature in the early 1990s. Their appearance was connected to the names of Nobel Prize winner, physicist Feynman, and its follower Drexler. Initially, these terms were related primarily to the synthesis and manipulations with ball-like carbon molecules fullerenes, and carbon tubes of nanometric radii. However, the researchers working with finely dispersed matter, primarily through colloid chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis, recognized that their research area fitted easily with the terms nanomaterials and nanosciences. Some discrepancies related to particle dimensions emphasized in the literature by the term nanoparticles, was resolved in 2011by authorized European Commission, which accepted the convention that nanomaterials are generally either natural or artificial, atomic or molecular aggregates, with at least one dimension within the limits 1-100 nm, assuming that within these limits one may observe the transition from the atomic/molecular properties to the properties of macroscopic matter. A rapid development of different types of modern electron

microscopes from 1980s, which made possible the direct observation of single atoms and their arrays within the nanoparticles, enabled a fast development of various areas of nanosciences. The nanomaterials may be synthesized in different ways. The widest

group of synthesis methods starts from the sampling of atoms or molecules, from either gas or liquid phase, into nanoparticle aggregates, under a careful control of particle growth. Another way is the dispersing of the coarse particles by special mills to nanodimesnions. In the synthesis, long experience of chemists and physicochemists working traditionally in catalysis and colloid chemistry was very useful. The application of nanoparticles is based on the dependence of its

87

many physicochemical characteristics on the particle dimensions. Their very developed specific surface area enables high adsorption characteristics, which is useful in detergents and in both soil and marine surface remediation. Thanks to a high percentage of very mobile surface atoms relative to the total number of atoms, the sintering of nanoparticles is feasible at relatively low temperatures, which simplifies the production of compact refractory materials from nanodispersed powders.Thanks to their easy transport in living tissues, the use of

nanoparticles for targeted delivery of drugs to ill organs is an important research area in modern medicine. An alternative way of the application in medicine is to shadow the ill tissues by suitable nanoparticles to make them more visible in imaging by NMR spectroscopy. In Li-ion batteries, small particle radius was very useful in shortening

the time of lithium insertion and deinsertion, enabling a desirable level of battery power to become applicable in electromobiles. The possibility to obtain high surface area of platinum by its nanodispersion, enabled its high electrocatalytic effectiveness in fuel cells aimed also to run modern electric cars. The application of nanoparticulate matter is not limited to the cited examples, which are used only to illustrate the significance of nanosciences and nanotechnologies in modern life.

Key words: nanomaterials, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, colloid chemistry, heterogeneous catalysis, synthesis

26.06.2014.

89

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30 , . I . II , , 2 (1874): 4860.31 Sima Lozanitsch, Anslysen der serbischen Mineralwasser, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 20 (1887): 114.32 , , ( : - , 1886), 160.33 , , , 35 (1900): 104157. 34 . , . . . , , , (: , 1922), 1280.

16.

108

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35 , , , 41 (1875): 327355; , , , 48 (1880): 278283; , , , 48 (1880): 284289; , , ( : - . , 1886), 160; , , , 2 (1890): 79.

17.

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110

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111

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2.3. 1868. o 1870. .

, 43 : , , , , , , . , , , . , . , . 151 1861. 1872. .48

, , , .49 19. .

45 , , , 83 (1911): 5571.46 Marco Lecco, Ueber das Vorkommen von Jod im Wasser, Zeitschrift fr Analytische Chemie, 35 (1896): 318.47 arco Lecco, Bestimmung des Lithiums im Wasser, Zeitschrift fr Analytische Chemie, 49 (1909): 286.48 , , 80; . , .49 , , 231; , .

112

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114

, , a , . , . 1892. .51 .52

19. , .53

51 , , , 4 (1892): 125; , , 230232.52 , , , 50 (1881): 589600; Sima M. Lozanitsch, Analysen der serbischen fossilen Kohlen, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 20 (1887): 27162718.53 Sima M. Lozanitsch, Die radioaktiven Cinnabaryte, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 37 (1904): 29042906; , , , 69 (1905): 120.

21.

115

1881. , , 37 .54

, .

2.5.

, 1877. , .55 , , , , , .56

, , .

54 , , 53.55 Sima M. Lozanitsch , Das Metheor Sokol-Banja in Serbien, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 11 (1878): 9698.56 , -. , , 48 (1892): 102.

22.

116

57 .58

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, . : , , , .

, - , -. , :

5 (Al2O32SiO22H2O)

CrO2SiO22HO

: 46,37% SiO2, 30,18% Al

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3, 9,75% Cr

2O

3,

0,91% Fe2O

3, MgO, K

2O, 13,76% H

2O.

57 , , , 4 (1892): 119125.58 Sima M. Lozanitsch, Analyse des Metheoriten Jelica, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 25 (1892): 876880.59 , , , 7 (1884): 249; , , , , 41 (1894): 1; Sima M. Lozanitsch, Ueber Miloschin, Alexandrolit and Avalit, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 28 (1895): 2631; Sima M. Lozanitsch, Miloshin, Alexandrolit and Avalit, Chem. News, 69 (1894).

117

.

, :

2 (AlO3SiO2HO)

CrO3SiO2HO

: 52,07% SiO2, 20,76% Al

2O

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3,

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3, MgO, K

2O, 10,88% H

2O.

.

. . 1884. , , 1893. , .

:

(H2AlSi3O10)H2K4MgSi3O10

: 54,66% SiO2, 20,46% Al

2O

3, 10,88% Cr

2O

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Fe2O

3, 2,06% MgO, 4,61% K

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.

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, . . , 1877. , - , . , .

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118

.60 , . . .61 .62

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60 , , , 23 (1880): 251252.61 , , 232233.62 , , 234236.63 .

23

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2.8.

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, , . . 23 . - , , . . 1890, ,65 . 22 ,

64 , 1914. , , 13 (2005): 10.65 , I, , 27 (1890): 127; Sima M. Lozanitsch, Ueber die aromatische Dithiokarbamate, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 24 (1891): 30213028.

24

120

. I66 () , II67 . .

19. . 20. . 13 , .68 , . . ,69 ( I, II, III, IV i VI), .

66 , - (I), , 95 (1921): 7988; Sima M. Lozanitsch , Note on Dithiocarbazinic Acid, Journal of the Chemical Society, 119 (1921): 763765.67 , II, , 103 (1922): 311; Sima M. Lozanitsch , Note on the decomposition of the Dithiocarbazinates, Journal of the Chemical Society, 121 (1922): 763765.68 , , 215219.69 Aleksandar Oparin, The Origin of Life (Moscow: Moscow Worker publisher, 1924, 1936, 1956; 1947).

25

121

1897. - , , . . 20. , , . 1955. (S. Miller),70 , e -. - , I, IV VI. , 19. 20. , , -, .

70 Sneana Bojovi, The contributions of Sima Lozani to science, Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 57 (1992): 225264; Stanley Miller, Production of some organic compounds under possible primitive Earth conditions, Journal of the American chemical Society, 77 (1955): 2351.

26

122

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2.9. -

- .

, 1859. 1871. , 1852. . , , . 1864. 1866. e.71 -, , .

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27 (1866)

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29

124

. 72 -, 73 . .74

2.10.

. , : , , , , , , , , , - , , ; , , .75

72 , , , 910 (1897): 460463, 499502; Marco Lecco, Ueber die mikrochemische Erkennung der Spermaflecken in gerichtlichen Fllen, Chemische Zeitung, 1 (1898): 5455.73 Marco Lecco, Ueber die Nachweisung der Quecksilbers und des Sublimats bei toxicologischer Untersuchung organischer Substanzen, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 19 (1886): 11751176; , , , 68 (1889): 214217; Marco Lecco, Zur Kenntnis der Quecksilbernachweisung bei toxicologischen Untersuchungen, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft , 24 (1891): 928929; Marco Lecco, The detection of mercury by toxicological analysis of volatile poisons, Reprented of the Seventh International Congress of Applied Chemistry (London: 1909); Marco Lecco, Ueber den Nachweis von Quecksilber und Quecksilberverbindungen in toxikologischen Fllen, Zeitschrift fr analytische Chemie, 49 (1910): 283284.74 , , 53; Rudolf Kobert, Anleitung zur Ausstellung der Gifte (Braunschweig: 1896), 221; Rudolf Kobert, Lehrbuch der Intoxikationen (Stuttgart: 1893), 275276; Georg Dragendorff, Die gerichtlich chemische Ermittelung von Giften (in Nahrungsmitteln, Luftgemischen, Speiseresten, Krpertheilen etc.) (Getingen:1888), 391.75 , (: , 1891); , (: , 1892), 145; ,

125

30.

.

, , , 1 (1891): 105116; Marco Lecco, Falsifications observe en Serbie. Extrait du rapport annuel prsent au Conseil munisipal de Belgrade, Revue internationale des falsifications, 5 (1891): 115116; Marco Lecco, Falschungen in Serbien, Revue internationale des falsifications, 5 (1892): 115116; Marco Lecco, Falsifications observe en Serbie. Extrait du rapport annuel prsent au Conseil munisipal de Belgrade, Revue internationale des falsifications, 6 (1893): 7778.

126

, 1892. , , , , , .

, 1906. .

, , , . Chemiker Zeitung-. , , , , , , , . .76

19.

, , , , , , , . , , . 19. . , , , , 19. , , , .

76 , , 177188.

127

1. , .

2. , 18901897.

3. , . (18531932). 4. : , 1998.

4. , . . 1, . . : , , 1995.

5. , . : , . , 48, 3 (1983): 79105.

6. , . XIX . : , 1989.

7. , . (18271872). 1. : , 1896.

8. , . , 18471935. : , 1996.

9. , . (18471935). 1. : , 1996.

10. , . (18601928). 3. : , 1998.

11. , . 1914. . , 13 (2005): 10.

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16. Dragendorff, Georg. Die gerichtlich chemische Ermittelung von Giften in Nahrungsmitteln, Luftgemischen, Speiseresten, Krpertheilen etc.. Getingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht,1888.

17. , . 1834 . , 2 (1955): 39.

18. , , . . : . , 1893.

19. Kobert, Rudolf . Anleitung zur Ausstellung der Gifte. Braunschweig: 1896.

20. Kobert, Rudolf. Lehrbuch der Intoxikationen. Stuttgart: 1893.

21. , . . . 7. 1893. : , 1894.

22. , . . . . . . : . , 1894.

23. , , . . . . , . : , 1922.

24. , . . : , 1895.

25. , . XIX . : , 1970.

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27. , . . , 23 (1956): 66.

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129

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. 1904. : 1904.

31. Oparin, Aleksandar. The Origin of Life. Moscow: Moscow Worker publisher, 1956.

32. , . 1843. . , 16 (1951): 4952.

33. , . 19. . , 6 (1974): 325.

34. , , . . , 17. 1894. : 1895.

130

Sneana D. BojoviThe University in Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade

THE FIRST CHEMICAL LABS IN SERBIA

The first chemical labs in Serbia, in which chemistry is rooted, developed simultaneously with the development of the Serbian state in the 19th century. After a few centuries of slavery under the Turks, in 1830 Serbia gained limited independence and a possibility to establish schools and certain state institutions, among others institutions in which chemistry was developing.

Until the last decade of the 19th century, only two chemical labs existed in Serbia: the State Chemical Lab, which developed from the State Pharmacy, and Lyceum, i.e. Great School Laboratory. Development of chemistry in both labs was taking place continuously, almost simultaneously: in the State Chemical Lab from the first simple analyses by Pavle Ili in the State Pharmacy in the 1830s and 1840s, to sophisticated and accurate analytical methods of Marko Lek, some of which entered professional German literature and textbook; in the Lyceum and Great School Laboratory from the first analyses of minerals and forged money by Mihail Rakovi in the 1850s and 1860s, to complex analyses of natural wealth of the soil, organic syntheses and electro-chemical reactions of his successor Sima Lozani, who was publishing his works in the best known European magazines.

Until the 1870s, in Serbia there was one pharmacist-chemist and one professor of chemistry who were working in the Lyceum and Great School. Extensive and diverse work of the first pharmacist and first chemist contributed to fast development of chemistry and education of young people. In the last years of the 19th century, there were about thirty chemists working in Serbia (in laboratories and schools). All chemists would go through one of these two laboratories, and most of them would later continue advanced education in the best European schools. Educated young chemists would return to Serbia and develop chemical science there.

Keywords: State chemical laboratory, Lyceum laboratory, Great School laboratory, analytical chemistry, chemical analyses, sanitary-chemical analyses, hygiene analyses, analyses of mineral waters, analyses of minerals, analyses of money.

26.06.2014.

131

-1

, , ,

2

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: , , - , , , - ,

1 [email protected] , ( 172032).

UDK: 615.212.01:004

132

. . , : , - , , , . , , ( 1), .3

, , . : ( ,

3 David A. Williams and Thomas L. Lemke, Foyes Principle of Medicinal Chemistry, 5th ed. (Baltimor: MD, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002); Ernst Mutschler and Hartmut Darendorf, Drug Actions (Stuttgart: Medpharm, 1995).

1

2.

133

) , ,4 2.

? , , . , , , , , (Taxus baccata) ,5 ( 3). , .

, , . , . 6 ( 4).

, . . .

4 Larry F.Chu, David J. Clark and Martin S. Angst, Opioid-tolerance and hyperalgesia in chronic pain patients after one month of oral morphine therapy: a preliminary prospective study, Journal of Pain, 7 (2006): 4348.5 B V. Sorochinskii, A I. Prokhnevskii and Dmitri Mikhalovich Grodzinskii, Method of isolating taxol from Taxus baccata, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 26, 5 (1990): 598. 6 Ivan V. Miovi et al, The synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of 4-methyl fentanyl, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letter, 10,17 (2000): 2011-4.

3.

134

, , . . , . , (Rule of five).7 , :

5 , 500, LogP ( ) 5,

10. 5,

. , . ( ) .

7 Christopher A. Lipinski et al, Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 46, 13 (2001): 326.

4.

135

= ( )

(. ) , 5 ( ).

, , , , . QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship).8 3D-QSAR . , () , ., . , ( 6).

8 Alan Hinchliffe, Molecular Modeling for Beginners 2nd ed. (Chichester: UK, Wiley, 2008); Chanin Nantasenamat, Chartchalerm Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya and Virapong Prachayasittikul, Advances in computational methods to predict the biological activity of compounds, Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 5 (2010): 633654.

5. (. ) ( ).

6.

136

, , , 6, .

() (). , , - , . , , , - .

. , . , , GPCR (G Protein Coupled Receptors), . () - ( 7).

7 , , ( 8).

7.

137

9 9. (R) (). () , . -, . , , , , . (docking method), , 10. , , , .

9 Theresa M. Cabrera-Vera et al., Endocrine Reviews, 24 (2003): 765781.

8. -

9.

138

: ( 11), ( 12).

10.

11. :

12. :

139

, , , 13, -, , . 14. - .

, , . . , , , ( 15).

, , cis-3- ( 16). . , cis-3-

13.

14.

15.

140

. 3R4S 120 3S4R .

17 , , - ,10 -. 3R4S , 20 . 3S4R , - sp147 . , , , sp147 , 120 3R4S 6 .

10 Ljiljana Doen-Miovi, Milovan Ivanovi and Vuk Miovi, Steric interactions and the activity of fentanyl analogs at the -opioid receptor, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letter, 14, 9 (2006): 28872895.

16. cis-3-

17. cis-3-

141

- , - . - , . . , , , .

( 18) : F = m, F , m , . , , t. , . - . , . 19 (ORL1) . , . - , . - , 30 , , , .11

11 Milan Senanski and Ljiljana Doen-Miovi, In Silico Study of the Structurally Similar ORL1 Receptor Agonist and Antagonist Pairs Reveal Possible Mechanism of Receptor Activation, Protein J, 33 (2014): 231- 242.

18.

142

, . , , 6, , , . . - 12 , . .

. , . : - ( ), , , ., . , . , .

, . ,

12 Bartosz Trzaskowski et al., Action of molecular switches in GPCRs, Current medicinal chemistry, 19 (2012): 10901109.

19. RL1 - () 30 ()

143

, , , .

1. Chu, Larry F., David J. Clark and Martin S. Angst. Opioid-tolerance and hyperalgesia in chronic pain patients after one month of oral morphine therapy: a preliminary prospective study. Journal of Pain, 7 (2006): 4348.

2. Cabrera-Vera, Theresa M., Jurgen Vanhauwe, Tarita O. Thomas, Martina Medkova, Anita Preininger, Maria R. Mazzoni and Heidi E. Hamm. Endocrine Reviews, 24 (2003): 765781.

3. Doen-Miovi Ljiljana, Milovan Ivanovi and Vuk Miovi. Steric interactions and the activity of fentanyl analogs at the -opioid receptor. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 14, 9 (2006) 28872895.

4. Hinchliffe, Alan. Molecular Modeling for Beginners. 2nd ed. Chichester: UK, Wiley, 2008.

5. Lipinski, Christopher A., Franco Lombardo, Beryl W. Dominy and Paul J. Feeney. Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 46, 13 (2001): 326.

6. Mutschler, Ernst and Hartmut Derendorf. Drug Actions. Stuttgart: Medpharm, 1995.

7. Miovi, Ivan V., Milovan D. Ivanovi, Sonja M. Vukovi, Milica

144

. Prostran, Ljiljana Doen-Miovi and Vesna D. Kiricojevi. The synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of 4-methyl fentanyl. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letter, 10, 17 (2000): 20112014.

8. Nantasenamat, Chanin., Chartchalerm Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya and Virapong Prachayasittikul. Advances in computational methods to predict the biological activity of compounds. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 5 (2010): 633654.

9. Sorochinskii, B. V., A. I. Prokhnevskii and Dmitri Mikhalovich Grodzinskii. Method of isolating taxol from Taxus baccata. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 26, 5 (1990): 598.

10. Senanski, Milan and Ljiljana Dosen-Miovi. In Silico Study of the Structurally Similar ORL1 Receptor Agonist and Antagonist Pairs Reveal Possible Mechanism of Receptor Activation. Protein J, in press.

11. Trzaskowski, Bartosz, Dorota Latek, Shuguang Yuan, Umesh Ghoshdastider, Aleksander Debiski and Slawomir Filipek. Action of molecular switches in GPCRs. Current medicinal chemistry, 19 (2012): 10901109.

12. Williams, David A. and Thomas L. Lemke. Foyes Principle of Medicinal Chemistry. 5th ed. Baltimor: MD, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

145

Ljiljana Doen-MioviThe University in Belgrade, Center for Chemistry, IHTM, Belgrade

USING COMPUTERS TO DEVELOP NEW PAINKILLERS

This article gives an overview of some of the computational methods that are used in discovery of new drugs. Starting from isolation of pharmacologically active compounds from plants and from synthetic modifications of known drugs, it is described how computational methods can help in drug discovery. The main principle of QSAR methods ( type of ligand-based methods) is explained, where medications are searched for on the basis of similarity, in structure and properties, with the existing drugs. Also described is docking method, which belongs into the group of structure-based methods and which requires knowledge of structure of biological receptors. These structures are either determined experimentally, for example by means of crystallography, or were modeled by computational methods. Docking method is often used in combination with the method of molecular dynamics, which is also described. Molecular dynamics is a computational method that enables monitoring of a drug-receptor interaction and a change in the receptor structure that may result in the desired medical effect. The use of these computational methods is illustrated with examples from the chemistry of analgesics, the effect of which is connected to the interaction with their natural receptors, proteins of the G-protein coupled family. It is shown how, by using computational methods, the process of drug discovery is made easier and faster.

Keywords: molecular modeling, drug design, ligand-receptor interactions, docking method, molecular dynamics, G-protein coupled receptors, activation of receptors

26.06.2014.

147

1

, ,

20.

, , , , . , .

, 19471952. , , , , , , , 20. . , , . , , .

1 [email protected]

UDK: 54

148

20. . , : ? ?

. , , . .

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, .2

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. , , , , .

. , . .

2 . , ( , 83, , , , 1213. 5. 1983).

149

, , , , . . , , . . ,3 1947 1952.4 , -. , . , . 100.000 5 20. , . , . , .6 , , ,7 .

3 . , , . 4 , 19191979 (: , 1979).5 , , ( : , 1960), I-2; ( , , , 19-20.10.1960). 6 , , , , , , 27. 2012, 20. 2014, http://mecanov-dragana.blogspot.com/2012/05/postkolonijalna-arhitektura-i-urbanizam.html. 7 , (: XX , 1999).

150

2. 20.

, . (), , , , () () .

, 1929. .8

8 , 43, . , , , , , . 1947. , . 1948. , . , : , , , , , , . 1951. , (), . , , . . , , , . 1951. , : , , - , , , - . 1952. , . . . 1953. , , . . , , , , , . , , , . . 1965.

151

1950. , , , . . .9

-, , . , , , , . 19701986, -.10 , , , . 20. , , , .11 , , , . ( ) . , 12 . 13

, . , , , . , , 2014, http://www.institutims.rs/ims/istorijat.html, .9 Ibid.10 , (19701986), , 2014, http://stanovanje.yolasite.com/osnivanje.php, .11 Ibid.12 Ibid.13 ,

152

3. ,

, . , , , , . , , : ... , , ... . ,14 : ,15 : ( ).16

, , , . 20. , . , , . .

,

, 32/IV/83 5/88. , 1975. 1990. .14 , ( , 83, , , , 1213. 5. 1983. ), . 15 Ibid.16 Ibid..

153

.17 , , , . , , , . : , ,18 ... , .19

, , , .

, , , .

:

, , .20

17 Ibid.18 Ibid.19 Ibid.20 Ibid..

154

20. , , (), () , . :

( ) ( ) , .21

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, . . :

, .23

21 Ibid.22 ., : , , - (: , 1977). 23 Ibid.

155

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20. , , . , , .25

, , , .

, , , . , . , , , . , , ., , , . , , .

:

24 Ibid.25 Ibid..

156

... , .26 . , , . , . , , .

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, , , , , , , ( , , ): ... ,

26 Ibid.27 Ibid.28 Ibid..

157

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, (), . : . .

29 Ibid.30 , ( , 83, , , , 1213. 5. 1983), . 31 Ibid.

158

.32 ,

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. , . , . .33 . . . . , . . . , , . , , , , .

: ? ? ? , .

32 Ibid.33 , , (: , 1960), IId-1IId-22.

159

, , , .34 . , , . , , , .

-. , . - (AutoCAD) .

4.

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34 Ibid.35 14.36 Ibid.

160

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. 3, , .39 3 ,40 , , .

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37 Ibid.38 Ibid.39 III , .Vinja Kuko, Razvoj Splita III od 1968. do 2009. godine, Prostor 18 (2010): 167177.40 III , .

161

, . : , , , () , .

1971. . , , , . , , , .41 , , , , . . ,42 , , . (A.Musso), , . (S. Thyberg), , . (B.Fromes) , . (Erich Panzhauser) .43

, .

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41 , . . , , (: , 2003). 42 , 1/1978, , 32 (1978), .43 14.

162

, .44 , : , . .45

: ... . , , , .46

5.

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, ,

44 Ibid.45 Ibid.46 Ibid.47 2. 48 Ibid.

163

, , , , , . , .49

, -, , . , , .

- () () , , , , , , .

, , , . , - , , , . ... , .50

49 Ibid.50 Ibid..

164

, 1976. ( ),51 , ,52 . . , -, , . , , ,53 .

1977. , , .54 , , , , 1978. , .55

. , , , (), .

51 Ibid.52 , 19762009 ( : , 2010).53 Dragana Mecanov and Milo Djikic, Sofware for Review and Combinatorics of Spatial Organization of Apartmens Built in Prefabricated Industrialized Systems (on INDIS 2012, 12th International scientific conference on planning, design, construction and building renewal, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia, 28th30th, november, 2012).54 2.55 Ibid.

165

, 1978. 1979. .56 , : , , - .57

, , , , . , , .58 , - , .59 , , , , , .60 , .61

56 Ibid.57 Ibid.58 Ibid.59 Ibid.60 Ibid.61 Ibid.

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? , , .

. , , . , , . , - , . : ? , , , , , o , , .

, , . , , , .

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17. Mecanov, Dragana i Milo Djikic. Sofware for Review and Combinatorics of Spatial Organization of Apartmens Built in Prefabricated Industrialized Systems. On INDIS 2012, 12th International scientific conference on planning, design, construction and building renewal, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia, 28th30th, november, 2012.

18. Mecanov, Dragana. The Installations in Residential Buildings Built in Precast Systems The Approach f The Solution f the Problems f Renovation. On Fourth International Symposium Installation and Architecture, Architecture Faculty, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia, November 7th, 2013.

19. Mecanov, Dragana. Typology of architectural complexes and housing units built using prefabricated systems. In III International Symposium for students of doctoral studies in the fields of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Protection, PHIDAC 2011, edited by Vlastimir Radonjanin and Nadja Kurtovic-Folic, 157164. Novi Sad: University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical Sciences, 2011.

20. Mecanov, Dragana, The typology of architectural structures and flats bilt using the IMS system. ,

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23. Navarro Campos, Nelson. Implementation and developement of IMS building technology in Cuba. , , , 215220. : , 2010.

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30. / Serbian architects. , ., 2012. . : . : 1. O . . 15. 2014. http://serbianarchitects.yolasite.com/

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Dragana Mecanov Projmetal ad, Bureau for Architectural Design, Belgrade

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE CONTEXT OF APARTMENT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH

CENTURY

A few years after the end of World War Two and for Yugoslavia in the upcoming period of economic recovery, industrialization and economic growth, the realization of a very noble idea begins the idea to uproot social inequalities.

These ideas originate in revolutionary cries from the eighteenth century, in the French ideal of freedom, equality and brotherhood. The abstract ideas are gaining their material contours only in the early twentieth century, with the appearance of modernistic theories of art and architecture and increasingly frequently published works on architecture and urbanism of the new age. After World War Two, we can say that modernism is becoming an acceptable movement in accordance with the dominant and powerful ideology, trend of reconstruction of the country, industrialization, struggle for the working class and its social rights. Although the actors of the post-War period, and the second half of the twentieth century, had before them an ambitious political and social objective that was difficult to achieve, housing needs and housing policies bile were essential elements of the dominant ideology, which sought to reduce the shortage of apartments in the cities.

The first five-year plan of industrialization of the country (19471952) in Yugoslavia was adopted for the purpose of industrialization of the economy and other areas, as well as solving major economic problems. In the available literature, we find serious and intensive development of related scientific fields, as well as application of the ideas primenu of prefabricated building, only from the mid 1950s, and later increasingly more often during 1960s, 1970s and the first half of 1980s 80-ih.

Some of the best known and most commonly used technologies in residential architecture, but also in architecture of public and industrial buildings, resulted from research institutes, as well as construction companies that were investing in scientific research. Unfortunately, such affirmative relationship between economy and scientific research, which were supporting and understanding each other, was never repeated after that period.

In order to understand the problem and providing a more realistic

172

picture of the importance of scientific research in the field of technologies, prefabricated construction, design and materials, the article explores the relationship between the key actors in this process during several decades. In order to create an objective picture, it is important to demystify the mutual relations of researchers and other actors in the system of residential construction researchers and designers, researchers and investors, public authorities, users, etc..

It has been confirmed through analysis that the technologies were not affirmative or negating in themselves. They were (like internet and social networks) generally neutral, not determined in terms of ideological, class, politics or ethnicity. It is through physical forms of residential architecture, as well as public buildings, that prefabrication technologies revealed those ideas that had already existed in the society already, i.e. had been adopted dominant.

In addition, the paper also touched on a number of important questions: How did the technologies function in the service of political ideas on housing and social equality? Can the genesis of ideas in technology and scientific disciplines be connected with the parallel development of architecture of a specific movement and with its stylistic features?

The ambitious, and somewhat utopian goal the eradication of social inequalities, ensuring healthy living for all citizens, the exercise of occupancy rights was getting closer, but was still elusive. Achieving this goal was largely supported by housing policies, which were changed over time, but one can not say that there was continuity in their implementation. Technologies into the development of which the most resources were invested, with the cause-and-effect relationships, were technologies in which the largest number of housing units were implemented. Observed from the perspective of time, the development of the first technologies produced artifacts of reduced forms and modest formal potential. The increasing development of technologies of industrialized prefabricated construction in the skeletal system opened a space to more creativity and possibilities for realization of more diverse forms.

There is a question of whether today, when the information is more accessible and technologies insufficiently developed, i.e. less present in practice as dominant, we have the right, or if there is any point in giving the assessment of achievements in technological development and scientific research of the previous era? The answer is certainly yes, because today there is sufficient historical

173

distance more than 30 years have passed from the observed period, the realization of the last analyzed examples and scientific conferences held. In addition, the exploitation of these residential buildings showed certain experience, value in use and problems that have possibly occurred. Current estimates are that further study, research and practice related to residential architecture in prefabricated systems will be focused on finding solutions for their reconstruction, revival and the increasingly needed energy remedy of post-war residential buildings.

What is missing in the modern construction industry are primarily large investments, i.e. realization. Potential scientific research could be applied or reviewed on them. They currently exist in other, more developed parts of the world and more populated countries, but not in our country.

Keywords: history of technologies, prefabrication, institutes, construction industry, mass residential construction, industrialization

26.06.2014.

177

. 1 ,

,

. , . . , . 19. , . , . , , . , , , .

1 [email protected]

178

: , , ,

, . , , , . , . . , , .2 , , - , .3

, . , , . . (Tony Garnier), (Peter Behrens), (Walter Gropius), (Le Corbusier) (Alvar Aalto) . , , .4

2 , (: , 1972), 6.3 Ibid., 6, 7. 4 Ibid., 10.

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.7 , .8 , . , .

19. 20. . 19. , , . 19. , . . , , , , , (Jan Dubov), ( ), , , , , , , , , , , 19. 20. .

5 -, , , 41 (2003): 12.6 Ibid. 7 , , I , (: , 1950), 15.8 Ibid.

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9 , , 12 (1971): 63.10 (18971967) 1923. . , , . , , . : , 7: , 1 (1981): 4551; , , XXVIIXXVIII (199596): 237251; , , , (: , , 1998); -, 19451967 (: , 2002); , , , Encyclopedia architectonica, . (: , 2008), 100104.

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, (Andr Papkov).14 , . , , .

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(19611962), , . , , .

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193

Sneana D. ToevaThe Museum of Science and Technology, Belgrade

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE IN PLANS, CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS AND PUBLICATIONS FROM THE COLLECTION

OF THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

In discovering the rich history of industrial heritage, its forming and construction have a prominent place. Although at the beginning no attention was paid to architectural qualities of industrial buildings and complexes, the role of architects in designing of industrial buildings was becoming bigger and more significant with the development of industry and society. Many big names of world architecture have given immeasurable contribution to industrial construction. By using new materials and structural systems on industrial buildings, the limits of contemporary architecture were being shifted, so that many solutions can be credited for the development of construction science and technology. Presence of Serbian architects industrial construction began in the late 19th century, when many important architects were engaged. The goal of the work was to research, analyze and publish the previously unknown material that reveals rich activity in the area of industrial construction. By presenting the materials from collections of the Museum of Science and Technology, we reveal a part of the industrial construction, less known area that some of the most important personalities of Serbian architecture of modern times were involved in. Designs of railway stations, factories, post offices, printing offices and institutes bear witness to the creative challenge that the architects were solving in a particular manner and to the equal place of industrial architecture with other fields of construction.

Designs from the collections of the Museum of Science and Technology, in terms of quality and inventiveness, have equal value as other achievements. Although initially neglected and beyond reach of the designers, architecture of industrial buildings was becoming increasingly equal with other types of buildings.

Works we have presented bear witness to the fact that complex construction programs, functional requirements, different structural systems and use of different materials were true challenge for creative solutions. Architectural expressions colored with a personal stamp were evidence that industrial architecture

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was not only on equal footing with other areas of construction, but was often the carrier of all those changes that characterized contemporary architecture. Works of Nikola Dobrovi, Miladin Prljevi, Ratomir Bogojevi and Boidar Petrovi only confirm that industrial architecture deserves all the attention of future researchers who, by revealing and valuing this important segment of our civil construction, should evaluate true contribution of many creators who gave an important contribution to its development.

Keywords: architecture, industry, industrial objects, industrial projects

26.06.2014.

195

. 1

, ,

-2

3

- ,4 (Arthur Honegger, 18921955). 5 ,6 7

(Ambroise-Paul-Toussaint-Jules Valry, 18711945). , 8

1 [email protected] - . Anti-Babylone , , , 1. o 2005. (Lausanne), (La Suisse), ...3 , . . , .4 Association des Amis du Centre Ferdinand Gonseth. Ferdinand Gonseth, (18901975). 5 Hommage Arthur Honegger, , , 1. o 2005. 6 Amphion, 1931. 7 , , , , ...8

196

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, , -. ... . - 9. , , , . -10 , () ... , , , , . , , - .11 . , , - .

: , , /, , (), , , ,

, .9 ... , -, / . 10 , , , , , , (Jean Balissat, 19362007). 11 , ... , , .

197

-12

ric et delaine

... , .13

1. . . . . . .

, , , ... , , .

(Hamphrey Davey Findley Kitto)14, , , , ( ) . , : ... , ; ; ...15, : ; .16

, ... () . , ... () ,

12 -, 2005, / 2014. Phlogiston, .13 Vasilij Vasilijevi Rozanov, Osamljenosti (Beograd: Dereta, 2005), 9. 14 Hamphrey Davey Findley Kitto (18971982), . , , , , , 1963. 15 Hamphrey Davey Findley Kitto, Grci (Novi Sad: Matica srpska, 1963), 7.16 Ibid., 8.

198

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) , , , . , : ... ? ; ...18

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2. NIHIL HUMANUM ALIENUM ME PUTO... ...

480. 380. , .

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17 Ibid. 18 Ibid., 77, 78. 19 , . ... , , . , ... , , . / , . , (: , 2012), 91.

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, , ,

phlogiston 22, 2014

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