phoneme (2)
TRANSCRIPT
Phonemes, syllables and syllabification
WESTERN UNIVERSITY
Cengiz COBAN, LIM UykimDr. Gloria Baguingan2016-2017
PhonemesA phoneme is a unit of sound in speech. A phoneme doesn't have
any inherent meaning by itself, but when you put phonemes
together, they can make words. Think of when adults try to get a
baby to say his or her first word. They often coax him or her to
sound out the beginning of a word by repeating that sound, or
phoneme, over and over by saying something like, 'M, m, m' for
'Mommy.' The 'm' sound, often written as /m/,(mah)sound is an
example of a phoneme.
• There are 44 phonemes in English (in the standard British
model), each one representing a different sound a person
can make. Since there are only 26 letters in the alphabet,
sometimes letter combinations need to be used to make a
phoneme. A letter can also represent different phonemes.
(From A to Z)
Phoneme Segmentation and Minimal Pair
You can segment, or break apart, any word to recognize the sounds or phonemes in
that word. For example, if you say the word 'sun,' you will hear that there are three
sound units, or phonemes, in that word: /s/ /u/ /n/
Minimal Pair
A minimal pair is a pair of words that vary by only a single sound, usually meaning
sounds that may confuse English learners, like the /f/ and /v/ in fan and van, or the /e/
and /ɪ/ in desk and disk
Desk Disk Fan Van
AspirationVoiced stops are never aspirated.
Voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated and sometimes not.
These voiceless stops will be aspirated:
a. Word-initial, regardless of stress:
tap, cat, Topeka (stop precedes an unstressed vowel), command (ditto) b. Intervocalic (between 2 vowels) but only when preceding a stressed vowel.
meticulous, repair, recalcitrant, return
These voiceless stops will be unaspirated:
a. Following /s/::: stop, skate, stick, stare, spike
b. Intervocalic, preceding an unstressed vowel :::::napping, camper, sicken, supper
(Note: Sometimes these are unaspirated, sometimes they are lightly aspirated.)
English Consonants
Place of articulation
BilabialThe two lips articulate together.
If the soft palate is raised, we describe the sound as oral. There are two oral bilabial consonants in English: /p/ and /b/P: pope b: barber
If the soft palate is low, we describe the sound as nasal. There is one bilabial nasal consonant in English: /m/M: mum
Labio-dental
The soft palate is raised.There are two oral labio-dental consonants in English: /f/ and /v/F: fife V: vital live
The upper teeth articulate with the lower lip.
DentalThe tip of the tongue articulates with the upper teeth.
The soft palate is raised.There are two oral dental consonants in English: /θ/ and /ð/Θ: thousandth ð: this, breath
AlveolarThe tip of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge (teeth-ridge)
If the soft palate is raised, the consonant is oral. There are four oral alveolar consonants in English: Two plosives /t/ and /d/ t:taunt d; deedTwo fricatives /s/and /z/ s: source z: zanies
If the soft palate is low, we describe the sound as nasal. There is one alveolar nasal consonant in English: /n/ nun
AlveolarThe English alveolar lateral /l/ is produced with no friction or obstruction in the mouth cavity. It is described as an approximant.It is also described as a lateral because the sides of the tongue are lowered to let the air escape freely through them.L: lull
Post-alveolarThe tip and blade of the tongue articulate with the back part of the alveolar ridge (teeth-ridge)
The soft palate is raised, the consonant is oral. There are four oral post-alveolar variants in English: The post-alveolar approximant: /r/The voiced and voiceless post-alveolar fricatives:[ɹ] and [ɹ̥]The flap [ɾ] rare
Palato-alveolarThe tip and blade of the tongue articulate with the alveolar ridge (teeth-ridge) and the body of the tongue moves in the direction of the hard palate.The English palato-alveolar consonants are oral.
There are two palato-alveolar afficates: /tʃ/ and /dʒ/tʃ:churchdʒ: judge
And two palato-alveolar fricatives: /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ʃ:shush/ʒ/ measure
PalatalThe front of the tongue articulates with the hard palate. The tip of the tongue is not at work.The soft palate is raised, so it is an oral sound.
The English palatal /j/ is produced with no friction or obstruction in the mouth cavity. It is described as an approximant.It is also described as a semi-vowel because it is phonetically like a vowel, but phonologically like consonants. (Roach:2005)/j/: yes (/jes)
VelarThe back of the tongue articulates with the velum.
If the soft palate is raised, we describe the sound as oral. There are two oral velar consonants in English: /k/ and /ɡ//k/ cook /ɡ/ got
If the soft palate is low, we describe the sound as nasal. There is one velar nasal consonant in English: /ŋ/ sing
Labial-velarThis sound is described as co-articulated because the lips articulate together and the back of the tongue articulates with the vellum. The soft palate is raises, so it is an oral sound.The tip of the tongue is not at work.
The English labial-velar /w/is produced with no friction or obstruction in the mouth cavity. It is described as an approximant.It is also described as a semi-vowel because it is phonetically like a vowel, but phonologically like consonants. (Roach:2005)/w/ wet
SyllablesSyllable is a unit of spoken language consisting of a single
uninterrupted sound.
Humans seem to need syllables as a way of segmenting the stream of speech and giving it a rhythm of strong and weak beats.
Syllables exist only to make speech easier for the brain to process.
A word contains at least one syllable.
Syllables and their parts The parts are onset and rhyme; within the rhyme we find the nucleus and coda.
Not all syllables have all parts; the smallest possible syllable contains a nucleus only.
A syllable may or may not have an onset and a coda.
Onset (O) and Rhyme (R)• Onset: the beginning sounds of the syllable; the ones preceding the
nucleus. • These are always consonants in English. The nucleus is a vowel in most
cases, although the consonants [ r ], [ l ], [ m ], [ n ], and the velar nasal (the 'ng' sound) can also be the nucleus of a syllable.
• Rhyme (or rime): the rest of the syllable, after the onset (the underlined portions of the words above). The rhyme can also be divided up:
Rhyme = nucleus + coda
Nucleus (N)is the core or essential part of a syllable.
[ l ] and the nasals [ m n ] become syllable nuclei when they
follow an alveolar consonant in the last syllable of a word. This
happens in the relaxed or casual rather than very formal
articulation of the word. Compare casual vs. formal
pronunciations of 'button', 'bottle', 'bottom'.
Coda (C)Coda is the ending sound of the syllable, the ones preceding
the nucleus.
Onsets are strongly preferred over codas
Consonants in codas are weakened: think of what happens to
r in many English dialects (car [kaa] versus red). Coda
consonants are much longer.
Coda, onset and nucleus
syllable
onset rhyme (optional) Nucleus coda (not optional) (optional) one or more consonants vowel one or more consonants
Coda, onset and nucleus
syllable
onset rhyme
Nucleus coda
C a t
Phonological Processes
•When we combine words with affixes and other words to form larger words and phrases.
(60)a. Photograph [fÓutɒgrà:f]b. Photography [fətɒɡrəfi]c. Photographic [fÓutƏgrá:fik]
• The complex alternation between the of the word(60)
• /ou a ɒ ɑ:/ /ə/
• In Phonological Process, a Phonological rule is one sound is
changed into another sound under certain circumstances.
(61) /ou a ɒ ɑ:/ (when stress) [ə]
(62) / ə / (when stress) [ou a ɒ ɑ:]
(63)a. Photograph [fÓutɒgrà:f]b. Photography [fÓutɒɡrəfi]c. Photographic [fÓutƏgrá:fik]
• Sound “o” represent /ou/ &/ɒ/, while “”ph” represent /f/.
• Underlying form(UR)• Surface form (SR)
(64) //foutɒɡrɑ:fi// UR
Vowel reduction
ə ə
[fətɒɡrəfi] SR
Phonological Feature
• IPA =International Phonetic Alphabet
• The voice sound /b d g v ð z ʒ ʤ/ are paired with / p t k f ϴ s ʃ ʧ/.
• [- or +] will be indicated the feature of the Alphabet which follow by the VERB.
•Vowels are [+syllabic]•Consonants are [-syllabic]• The place of consonants in the IPA(International
Phonetic Alphabet)
Labial = lipsCoronal = In front of the palateDorsal = On and behind the palate
Thank youænk jθ ʊ