phoneme my intro

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FOƱNI:M ƏND DɪSTɪŊ(K)TɪV FI:TƩƏR ΘI:ƏRI: phoneme and distinctive feature theory

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Page 1: Phoneme my intro

FOƱNI:M ƏND DɪSTɪŊ(K)TɪV FI:TƩƏR ΘI:ƏRI:

phoneme and distinctive feature

theory

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Hina Javaid

Tahira Akbar

Presenters

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DIFFERENCE?

kit

skill

sack

We pronounce them differently but we know they are the

same sound.

How do we know two sounds are the same or different?

[kh]Initial

/k/

[ko]after s

[k]elsewhere

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PHONOLOGY Phonology is how speech sounds are

organized and affect one another in

pronunciation.

Key terms: Phone Phoneme allophone

This organization is explained in phonological rules

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CONCEPTUALITY

Articulatory phonetics

Real sounds = phones

• [p], [t], [k]• [i], [æ]

• Phonology

• system and rules of sound patterns

• Abstractions = phoneme

• /p/, /t/, /k/• /i/, /æ/

• Inventory of sounds and how they are realized.

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CAN U IDENTIFY SMALLEST SEGMENT OF : SIGN LANGUAGE

ORSIGN WRITING?

7

Phonetics•Pho

ne

Phonology•Pho

neme

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PHONEME

a PHONEME is the minimal distinctive (contrastive ) linguistic sound

8

Phon

eme

Mental unit Meaningful Not

realized

Phon

e

Physical/

environmental

unit

Meaningless Realized

Allop

hone

Phonetic unit Variation of

phoneme

variations

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phoneme (from the Greek: φώνημα, phōnēma, "a sound

uttered") is the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances. (Wikipedia)

Segment: "any discrete unit that can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech."

1. separate and individual,

such as consonants and vowels,

2. occur in a distinct temporal order

multiple segments vowels, consonants

supra-segmentaltone,stress,

length,intonation secondary articulations

nasalizationvowel harmony

Marginal segmentsonomatopoeic words,

interjections, loan words Source: Wikipedia

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PHONEME

A unit of speech that can be used to differentiate

words(e.g.“cat”/kaet/vs.“bat”/baet/).

Phonemes identify minimal pairs in a language.

The set of phonemes in a language subject to interpretation;

most languages have 20 to 40 phonemes.

The phoneme cannot therefore be acoustically defined. The

phoneme is instead a feature of language structure.

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Defi ning phoneme

E a s y ?

NO

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What sort of entity is

the phoneme?

what is the contentof the

phoneme

how does one

identify phonemes

Issues

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1. WHAT SORT OF ENTITY IS THE PHONEME?

Twaddell (1935) 1) phoneme is a physical reality

“count for practical purposes as if they were one and the same.” JONES (1967: 258)

2) it is a psychological notion a mental or psychological reality the phoneme is a constant acoustic and auditory image (Sommerfelt); a

thought sound (Beni); a sound idea (Trubetzkoy); a psychological equivalent of an empirical sound (UÓaszyn);

In modern terms: phoneme is some sort of mental representation

TWADDELL criticized this mental phenomenon

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2. WHAT IS THE CONTENT OF THE PHONEME

What are phonemes made of? How are they represented?

what position specific phoneme takes in the given phonemic system.

Which phoneme is in the opposition to a specific phoneme

Sapir (1925, 1933) Sapir’s “point in the pattern.”

phoneme as a set of contrastively underspecified features

This notion further corresponded to the theory of Distinctive feature

⇒ this underspecification theory has been proposed under generative

phonology under the name Modified Contrastive Specification

underspecified, in the

sense that itconsists only of contrastive

properties and other

features are omitted

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CONTINUE… Prague School: Phonemic make-up or content

phonemic make-up(Jakobson) phonemic content of the phoneme (Trubetzkoy)

those properties which are common to all variants of a phoneme

Each phoneme has a definable phonemic content only because the system of distinctive oppositions shows a definite order or structure.

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3. HOW DOES ONE IDENTIFY PHONEMES

Practical aspect of phoneme: phonemic analysis

whether a sound is a single phoneme (/ts/,/nd/, or /oe/) a sequence of phonemes (/t-s/, /n-d/, or /s-j/).

Minimal pair Differ in one phonological element (phone, phoneme, toneme

or chroneme ) complementary distribution Contrastive distribution Free variation Mutation methods

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SPOT THE ODD ONE OUT

Look carefully at the words below. Can you spot the phoneme that is common to

each set? Which word doesn’t share the common

phoneme?

tree feet grew sleep rain pain mail slap know seat grow show Boat away play stay

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VIEWS OF WHAT THE PHONEME IS Empiricist notion: Twaddell

the phoneme is a collection of sounds (a fictitious unit )

Mentalist: Chomsky ( realistic view) the phoneme is the mental category that corresponds

to a coherent set of sounds in a language

American structuralist tradition: a phoneme is defined according to its allophones and

environments

generative tradition: a phoneme is defined as a set of distinctive features.

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BLOOMFIELD’S PHONEME “The smallest units which make a difference in meaning”

“A minimum unit of distinctive sound feature” (p. 77). non-mentalistic unit

He identifies “primary” (segmental sounds) and “secondary” (stress and tone) phonemes according to their function in language (primary: syllable forming; secondary: structuring larger units).

Phonemes are defined by their participation in structural sets. (syllabic, open-syllable, closed syllable, non-syllabic, initial, medial, final, initial cluster, final cluster, etc.)

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COMMON PHONEMIC RULES

Aspiration [h] Unreleased Stop [ ̚ ] Flap [ɾ] Dental Consonants [⊓] Velarization [ɫ] Voicelessness [˚] Vowel lengthening [׃] Vowel nasalization [~]

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Phonemic Awareness is a subset of 

phonological awareness in which listeners are able to

hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can differentiate meaning.

Separating the spoken word "cat" into three distinct

phonemes,

/k/, /æ/, and /t/, requires phonemic awareness skill. 

Phonemic Awareness

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Isolating Hear and isolate sounds in initial, medial or final

positions in word (e.g. bat, ball, bell, pal)

Segmenting Pronounce each phoneme in order as it occurs in word

(bat >> b-a-t)

Blending Combine phonemes to make a word (hear sh-ip and

say ship)

Manipulating Add or delete sounds in word to make new word (add a “t” to an” and say ant; replace the sound “d” in

sad with a “t” and say sat)

COMMON TYPES OF PHONEMIC AWARENESS

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THEORETICAL TIMELINE OF PHONEME

Ancient forerunners of modern descriptive linguistics (P¯ANINI, PATAÑJALI

(India), the Greeks & “Anon” (Iceland, 12th C.)) clearly recognized the

systematic nature between distinctive sound properties and the identity of

words in their languages

DE SAUSSURE (1857-1913) used “phonème”, first as a term for speech

sounds, later as a purely functional entity.

A. Dufriche-Desgenettes 1873

French word phonème as a speech soundSource: B. Elan Dresher

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TIMELINE… Structuralism (Ferdinand de Saussure(1879), E. Sapir, and L. Bloomfield)

Tried to eliminate cognitive and psycholinguistic function of phoneme

Used to refer to a hypothesized sound in a proto-language together with its

reflexes in the daughter languages

Polish Kazan school (Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay and MikoÓaj Kruszewski

1875–1895)

As an abstract set of alternating invariant psycho phonetic elements : fonema,

Prague School 1926–1935

the first group to formulate an explicit phonological theory

Generative linguistics (Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle) modern phonology