phonemic awareness
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Phonemic AwarenessArchived Information
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Bridging the 5 Elements of Reading Phonemic Awareness Phonics Vocabulary Fluency Comprehension
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Framework for Reading
DECODING COMPREHENSIONWord
Recognition Strategies
Fluency Academic Language
Comprehension Strategies
• John Shefelbine/ Developmental Studies Center •
• Framework for Reading •
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Workshop Outcomes
Define phonological awareness and its components
Understand why phoneme awareness is important
Identify the progression of phoneme awareness skills
Learn how to teach and model effective phonemic awareness strategies
Know how to explicitly teach blending and segmenting
Understand the importance of concepts about print and letter identification
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Phonology
The study of sounds
Refers to the sound structure of speech, and to the perception, representation, and production of speech sounds.
Phonological aspects include prosodic and articulatory units.
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Phonological Awareness
Broad term that includes phonemic awareness
In addition to phonemes, phonological awareness activities can involve work with rhymes, words, syllables, and onsets and rimes.
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Phoneme & Phonemic Awareness
Phoneme:The smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words
Phonemic Awareness:
The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds – phonemes – in spoken words
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Why is Phonemic Awareness important? Phonemic awareness instruction helps
children learn to read.
Phonemic awareness instruction helps children learn to spell.
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The Research Says…
“Children who fall behind in first grade reading have a one in eight chance of ever catching up to grade level.”
(Juel, 1994)
“Phoneme awareness is the single best predictor of reading success between kindergarten and second grade.” (Adams, Stanovich, 1995)
“Phonemic awareness is more highly related to learning to read than are tests of general intelligence, reading readiness, and listening comprehension.” (Stanovich, 1993)
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Who is it for?
Preschool
Kindergarten through second grade
Basic and below grade level readers
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Age 3 Recitation of rhymesRhyming by pattern Alliteration
Age 4 Syllable counting (50% of children by age 4)
Age 5 Syllable counting (90% of children by age 5)
Age 6 Initial consonant matchingBlending 2-3 phonemesCounting phonemes (70% of children by age 6)Rhyme identificationOnset-rime division
Age 7 Blending 3 phonemesSegmentation of 3-4 phonemes (blends)Phonetic spelling Phoneme deletion
Age 8 Consonant cluster segmentationDeletion within clusters
Source: Straight Talk About Reading, Susan L. Hall and Louisa C. Moats, Ed.D
Skills mastered by …
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Areas of instruction
Isolation Identify Categorization Blending Segmentation Deletion Addition Substitution
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How Much Instructional Time?
“No more than 20 hours over the school year.”
Stanovich, 1993
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What does instruction look like?
Direct Instruction Model
How To
Let’s Do
You Do
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Phoneme Isolation
Children recognize individual sounds in a word.
How To:Teacher: What is the first sound in van?Children: The first sound in van is /v/.
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Phoneme Isolation
Let’s Do: What is the first sound in: Tire Pail Goat Clock Star Fish
What is the last sound in:
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Phoneme Isolation
You Do: I spy something in the room that starts like: Purple Water Teacher Cat
Handout Activity #1
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Phoneme Identity
Children recognize the same sounds in different words
How To:Teacher: What sound is the same in
fix, fall, and fun?Children: The first sound /f/ is the same.
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Phoneme Identity
Let’s Do: Which sound is the same in…?
sat sister sorry run rice river bike bake birth
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Phoneme Categorization
Children recognize the word in a set of three or four words that has the “odd” sound.
How To: Teacher: Which word doesn’t belong?
bus, bun, rigChildren: Rig does not belong. It doesn’t begin
with /b/.
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Phoneme Categorization
Shake ice shave
Milk butter bug
Candle cookie gutter
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Phoneme Blending
Children listen to a sequence of separately spoken phonemes, and then combine the phonemes to form a word. Then they write
and read the word.
How To:Teacher: What word is /b/ /i/ /g/?Children: /b/ /i/ /g/ is big.
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Types of Blending
Continuous Blending
Sound by Sound Blending
Vowel-First Blending
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Types of Blending
Let’s Do: What word is /_/ /_/ /_/?
/h/ /ou/ /s/
/p/ /i/ /t/ /f/ /o/ /k/ /s/
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Phoneme Segmentation
Children break a word into its separatesounds, saying each sound as they
tap out or count it. Then they write and read the sounds.
How To:Teacher: How many sounds are in grab?Children: /g/ /r/ /a/ /b/. Four sounds.
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Segmentation Levels
Counting words in a sentence
Counting syllables in words
Compound words
Counting phonemes in words
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Segmentation Levels
Let’s Do: How many sounds are in ___?
Cake
Lock
Hen
Flag
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Phoneme Deletion
Children recognize the word that remainswhen a phoneme is removed from
another word.
How To:Teacher: What is smile without the /s/?Children: Smile without the /s/ is mile.
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Phoneme Deletion
Let’s Do: What is ___ without the /_/?
Ball without /b/
Fly without /f/
Rent without /r/
Eight without /t/
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Phoneme Addition
Children make a new word by adding a phoneme to an existing word.
How To:Teacher: What word do you have if you add /s/
to the beginning of park?Children: Spark.
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Phoneme Addition
Let’s Do: What word do you have if you add /_/ to the beginning of ____?
/s/ to the beginning of mile
/c/ to the beginning of law
/g/ to the beginning of lad
/t/ to the end of pass
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Phoneme Substitution
Children substitute one phoneme for another to make a new word.
How To:Teacher: The word is bug. Change /g/ to /n/. What’s the new word?Children: Bun.
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Phoneme Substitution
Let’s Do: The word is ___. Change /_/ to /_/. What’s the new word?
Tight /t/ to /m/
Bag /b/ to /w/
Lid /d/ to /p/
Cot /o/ go /a/
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May seem like play; however,
Requires explicit teaching
Highly structured practice
Independent practice
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Which methods have the greatest impact?
Blending and Segmenting
Phoneme Awareness instruction is mosteffective when it focuses on only one ortwo types of phoneme manipulation, ratherthan several types.
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National Reading Panel reports:
“Phoneme Awareness measured atThe beginning of kindergarten is oneof the two best predictors of how wellChildren will learn to read.”
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How do I assess it?
Usually 1:1 Recommended to assess by mid
kindergarten year Focus on assessing blending and
segmenting Use information to make data driven
decisions for instruction
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Reveal the Data information
What do we know based on the data? What is my targeted skill for instruction? What is the best way to reteach it? How do I use assessment to improve
teaching and learning?
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Concepts About Print and Letter ID
Rapid and accurate recognition of letter name
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Summary
Phoneme awareness is necessary, but not sufficient.
Phoneme awareness can be directly taught.
Phoneme awareness does not require extensive teaching time.
Phoneme awareness should be assessed in kindergarten.
Focus majority of instruction on blending and segmenting sounds.