phonetics and phonemics
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Phonetics and Phonemics. Phonetics and Phonemics :. The principle goal of Phonetics is to provide an exact description of every known speech sound Domain of phonetics is independent of any particular language - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Phonetics and Phonemics : The principle goal of PhoneticsPhonetics is to
provide an exact description of every known speech sound
Domain of phonetics is independent of any particular language
PhonemicsPhonemics is used for the study of speech sounds as they are perceived of by speakers of particular language
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Phonetics : Articulatory phonetics
How any given speech sound is produced, with particular emphasis on anatomical detail
Acoustical phonetics The emphasis is on observable, measurable
characteristics in the waveform of speech sounds
Provides theoretical and experimental background for speech recognition and synthesis by electronic hardware
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Articulatory phonetics : The first task of articulatory phonetics is to describe
speech sound in the terms of position of the vocal organs
Phonetic alphabetPhoneticians have had to devise their own
system of notation
IPA
ARPAbet
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Articulatory phonetics (consonants): Categories
Consonants: easy to define in anatomical terms Point of articulation:Point of articulation: this I the location of the principal constriction
in the vocal tract Bilabial Labiodental Apicodental Apicogingival Apicoalveolar Apicodomal Laminoalveolar Laminodomal Centrodomal Dorsovelar Pharyngeal Glottal
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…Consonants: Manner of articulation: the degree constriction at
the point of articulation and the manner of release into the following sound
Plosive Aspirated Affricative Fricative Lateral Semivowel Nasal Trill
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Articulatory phonetics (vowels):Vowels: vowels are much less well defined than consonants,
this because tongue typically never touches another organ and vowels described by
Tongue high or low Tongue front or back Lips rounded or unrounded Nasalized or unnasalized
Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another
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Articulatory phonetics :Diphthongs:Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound
in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another
Coarticulation:Coarticulation: No speech sound is produced accurately in
the context of other sound
Overlapping of phonetic features from phone to phone is termed coarticulationcoarticulation
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Phonemics : PhoneticsPhonetics is a view of speech sounds
considered in isolation from any languages
PhonemicsPhonemics is the view from within some specific language
Phonemes In phonetics, an individual sound is a phonephone
In phonemics, the smallest unit is the phonemephoneme
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Phonemics (phonemes): A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a
given language that is sufficient to differentiate one word from another
Example: In English, Voicing is a feature which
distinguishes between two phonemes ‘bug’ contrast with ‘buck’
In some contexts voicing is not phonemics in German
‘Tag’ can be pronounced either [ta:g] or [ta:k]
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Phonemics (phonemes): The largest number of phoneme known is
45 in Chipewyan, the smallest is 13 in Hawaiian
English has 31 to 64 and Persian has 29 to 45 phonemes, depending on how they are analyzed
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Phonemics (Allophones): A phoneme is actually a set of phonetically
similar sound which are accepted by the speakers of the language as being the same sound. Members of the set are called allophones.allophones.
Example:The /k/ in “kin” and “cup”.The /k/ in “cope” and “scope”.
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English PhonemesVowels
Semi-vowels
Fricatives
Nasals
Stops
Aspiration
uw ux uh ah ax ah-h aa ao ae ehih ix ey iy ay ow aw oy er axr ely r l el w
jh ch s sh z zh f th v dh
m n ng em en eng nx
b d g p t k dx q bcl dcl gcl pcl tcl kclhv hh
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Parsian Phonemesواكه ها
o
u
a
e
i
G
g
k
c
d
t
p
b
)(
)(
يه، ي به ،
و،و
و
ا،آ
ها انفجاريبپط ت،دككگگق،غء
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Parsian Phonemes (Cont’d)سايشي
ها
h
Z
s
v
f
ها سايشي انفجاريفو
ص س، ث،
ظ ض، ذ، ز،
شژخ
ح ه، هه،
t
dجچ
واكه شبهها
j
n
m
r
lلر
م
ن
يه، ي