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Killer whales of the Crozet IslandsPhoto-Identification Catalogue 2014
Paul Tixier, Nicolas Gasco, Christophe Guinet
Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé - CNRS
79360 Villiers en Bois
Réserve Naturelle des Terres Australes Françaises
Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises
Rue Gabriel Dejean – 97458 St Pierre Cedex
In collaboration with:
Institut Polaire Français Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris
Killer whales of the Crozet Islands
Austral and Antarctic French TerritoriesPhoto-Identification Catalogue 2014
Paul Tixier, Nicolas Gasco, Christophe Guinet
Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé - CNRS
79360 Villiers en Bois
CEBC-CNRS 2014
Réserve Naturelle des Terres Australes Françaises
Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises
Rue Gabriel Dejean – 97458 St Pierre Cedex
Study Area
The Crozet archipelago – French Southern Territory. The three main islands are presented as well as the limit of the french EEZ (dashed line). Encounters of killer whales occur both from Possession Island
and from licensed fishing vessels within the EEZ.
4
Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are top marine predators that feed on a wide range of prey items
and are also known to interact with fisheries worldwide (Dahlheim, 1988; Purves et al., 2004;
Hucke-Gaete et al., 2004). Killer whales around the Crozet Archipelago (Southern Indian
Ocean S 46°25′; E 51°59′) have been the focus of field studies since the 1970s. Two distinct
morphotypes exist in the area: type D killer whales (Pitman et al., 2011) and the “Crozet killer
whales”, which both interact with fisheries. This photo-identification catalogue focused on the
Crozet killer whales, which are the most commonly encountered type. Individuals from the
Crozet killer whales belong to stable and long-lasting social units and appear to be generalists
as they feed on fish, seabirds, pinnipeds and whales (Guinet, 1992).
Preface
5
In 1996, both legal and illegal Patagonian toothfish (Dissotichus elegenoides) longline fisheries
started in Crozet waters. Within the first year, killer whales were observed depredating longlines
and the degree to which each social unit interacted with the longlines greatly varied (Tixier et
al., 2010). While some social units were involved in most depredation events, others were
never observed interacting with longlines and were only photographed from Possession Island.
This heterogeneity had great implications in the demography of the population. For instance,
social units involved in depredation have undergone a period of increased mortality between
1996 and 2002 attributed to negative interactions with illegal fishers in the area rather than
entanglement with the lines (Poncelet et al., 2010). The presence of French navy vessels in the
Crozet EEZ since 2003 ended the poaching of toothfish as well as the incidental mortality of
killer whales. Nevertheless whales continue to interact with seven licensed longliners operating
in the Crozet EEZ.
Preface
6
This catalogue was achieved using photo-identification data collected from both Possession
Island and from fishing vessels. It is organized in two main parts. Part I provides an update of
all killer whales that belong to frequently encountered social units and that were known to be
alive past 2012. Part II presents all killer whales that were photographed at least once in the
Crozet waters since 2003 but that are not frequently encountered. Pictures were taken and
analyzed according to the photo-identification protocol developed in the NE Pacific by Bigg
(1982). Priority was on left sides of the dorsal fin and saddle patch but for some individuals
there were good pictures of the right side only. The edition of this catalogue was greatly based
on catalogues produced by Bigg and colleagues (Bigg et al., 1987; Ford and Ellis, 1999; Ford
et al., 2000) over the past 30 years. Social units were determined through extensive
association analyses (Whitehead, 2009). This catalogue intends to assist in identification the
different people encountering these whales.
Preface
7
BAILLEUL Frédéric; BARRETT-LENNARD Lance; BELBEYC'H Bruno; BERTHET Philippe;BLANCHARD Pierrick; BOITEAU Christophe; BONNET Joël; BOST Charles-André; BURLE Marie-Hélène; CARCAILLET Christopher; CARDOT Gilles; CHEREL Yves; CHEVRIER Claude; DESTEPHANIS Renaud; DERVAUX Antoine; DESMARET Rolland; DESPIN Bernard; DONDELINGERCaroline; DOREMUS Ghislain; DUFRENE Rémy; FERNANDEZ Éric; FOURNIER Jean-Charles;GAUTHIER-CLERC Michel; GOUEDARD Yvon; GUINET Christophe; HANDRICH Yves; HANUISENicolas; LANGUENOU Roger; LEGRAND Jérôme; LEQUETTE Benoît; LERIDON Jean; LEROUX Éric;LESCAROUX Jean-Michel; LOUBON Maxime; MAISON Jérôme; MANGIN Stéphane; MANILEVEPatrick; MARECHAL Pierre; MELLEE Jean-Luc; MOURIES Jacques; NOORKHAN Alain; NOYANPatrick; PAULIN Rémy; PAWLOWSKI Frédéric; PERROT Yohann; PETER Jean; POUPART Timothée;PRUDOR Aurélien; RIDOUX Vincent; RINGOT Frédéric; SCHWEBEL Luc; SORIN Dominique;STENBERGER Ludovic; THERON Franck; TIXIER Paul; VERLAND Henri; VILLEMIN Catherine;WEIMERSKIRCH Henri
Photographers
AUBERT Anthony, AUBERT Fabien, AUBERT Jean-Luc, AUGER Thomas, BEAUFILS David,BEAUJEAN Alain, BEILLOEIL Michel, BERTRAND Geoffrey, BOCHARD Romain , BODIGERGwenaël, BOUTAIN Jérome, CADET Jean-Fred, CANTÉ Stephen, CAPEDEVILLE Didier,CASCADE Sophie, CAUVIN Gilles, CHARREYRE Benjamin, COROUGE Ewen, DELORMEQuentin, DERVAUX Antoine, DISS Quentin, FABIEN Moullec, GASCO Nicolas, GASPARDPatrick, GRANAUD Olivier, GUILLOTIN Olivier, HOARAU Eric, HOUILLOT Grégoire, HUILLIERJean-Tristan, LE BARZIC Franck, LE BERRIGAUD Patrice, LE CORRE Yann, LE PETITCORPSJean-Marie, LEMARCHAND Christian, MOIROUX Nicolas, PERE Anthony, RICHARD Emilie,ROCHARD Denis, SERVERA Nicolas , SIMIAND Frederic, TIXIER Paul, VERMANDE Hugues,VICINATI Eric
Possession Island
Fishery observers
© Paul Tixier: cover, p. 8, p. 28, back cover
8
AcknowledgmentsWe wish to thank all photographers involved in this study, whether they are fishery observers on
longliners or field workers on the Possession Island.
Special thanks are due to Pr. Guy Duhamel, C. Chazeau, P. Pruvost and A. Martin (Muséum national
d’histoire naturelle de Paris, Département des Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques) for providing part of
the data (PECHEKER database - see Martin & Pruvost, 2007).
We are grateful to all the people that have inspired this work especially the following: Mike Bigg,
Graeme Ellis, John Ford, Kenneth Balcomb, Craig Matkin, Eva Saulitis, Lance Barrett Lennard, Paul
Spong and Helena Symonds.
We thank all the partners who have contributed to the monitoring of the Crozet killer whale population
for many years: Cédric Marteau, Axel Falguier, Antoine Dervaux (Réserve Naturelle des Terres
Australes Françaises), Thierry Clot (TAAF), Henri Weimerskish (CEBC-CNRS Programme 109), Yves
Frénot (IPEV),
We thank all the interns that have contributed to the analysis of photo-identification data: Eric Poncelet,
Cécile Roche and Eve Jourdain.
We are also thankful to collaborators working on the Marion island killer whales: Ryan Reisinger and
Nico de Bruyn (Mammal Research Institute, U. of Pretoria)
9
Partners and funding
10
Alpha-numeric individual code
Years of first and last observations
* First year = year of birth
History of social unit
Gender (when known)
Social relationship
Map
probability of encounterfrom fishing vessels
Social unit iD
C067
C069
2000
High
Low
Individualsencountered from:
Possession Island
Fishing vessels(depredation on longlines)
2008
NB
Year of first observation
Missing individual – presumely dead
Year of last observation
Live individual
Newborn with no given iD
Constant associations(social unit)
Non observed
Casual associations or uncertainty due to limited data
Mother to offspring
Key
Part I: frequently encountered killer whales
Crozet killer whales 2014
12
C068
C161
C069C128
2007-2014
1998-2014 2003-20142003-2014 ♂♀♀
C116 2003-2014♀
2012*-2013
C128
C067C069 C035C068 C038
2008 20102010
C161
C128 C037
1977
C116
NB
♂
Crozet killer whales 2014
2000 19711968
2009
13
C063 C0641989-2014 1987-2014♂♀
C063
C062 C064S029 C063C066
1988 19801987
Crozet killer whales 2014
1998 20021998
14
C018 C019C020
C148
2003-2014
2005*-2014
2003-20142003-2014 ♂ ♀
Crozet killer whales 2014
♀
♀
C018
C018C015
C148
C019
NB
C020C014
1999 1999
20112009 2008
2012
15
2005-2012C012 C137
2009*-2014
2005-2014♀
C187
C012
C012 C132
C187C131
2005
2005
♀
C133 C137
2005
♀
Crozet killer whales 2014
2009 2009
2010
M023 in Reisinger & De Bruyn, (2013)
16
C006C004 2005-20141986-2014♀
2012*-2014
♀
C002
C002 C006C004C003C001
19701987 1987
C199
C005
C199
1987
S001
1987
NB
2010
Crozet killer whales 2014
20112000 1996 1998
1998 2010
17
C121 C1432007-2014 2006-2014
2009*-2014
♀
2011*-2014
C121
C121
C211
C143
C200
♀
C200 C211♀
Crozet killer whales 2014
18
C009
C156C022 2003-20141989-2014
2001*-2014
♀
♂
C022
C022C008 C156
C009
2003
♀
Crozet killer whales 2014
C053 C054 C055
C057
C056
1997 2002 1998 2000
1998
1988 1979 1987 1987 1987
1987
19
C138 2005-2014 2009-2014
2009-2014
C172♀♀
C186 2010-2014 C185 2010-2014
C184 2011*-2014
C138
C138 C185C172C186
♀
C212
♂
Crozet killer whales 2014
C212C184
20
C149
C023C017 2003-20142003-2011
2007*-2014
♂
C016
C023C016
C149
C017
2003 2003
♀
Crozet killer whales 2014
2010 2011
21
C025C119 2005-20142006-2014 2003-2014
2009*-2014
♂♀ ♀C127
C188
C119
C188
C119C127 C025
Crozet killer whales 2014
M017 in Reisinger & De Bruyn, (2013)
M018 in Reisinger & De Bruyn, (2013)
M016 in Reisinger & De Bruyn, (2013)
M042 in Reisinger & De Bruyn, (2013)
22
C140C139 2005-2014 2006-20142005-2014
C155 2007*-2014
C106♀
C139
♀ ♀
C155
C106C139 C140
Crozet killer whales 2014
23
C013
C173C087
C1222003-2014 2003-2014
2003*-2014 2007*-2014
♂♀
♀ 2012*-2014
C013
C013
C213C173C087
C213
C223 2013*-2014
C122
C223
Crozet killer whales 2014
24
C174
C142C111
2007*-2014
2003-2014 2006-2014♀
♀ 2014*-2014
C111
C111
NBC174
C142
♂
Crozet killer whales 2014
25
2009-2013C169 C086 1998-2013♂
C169
♀
C169 C086
Crozet killer whales 2014
26
2009-20132009-20132009-2013 2009-2013 2009-2013 C165 C166C167 C168 C170 ♂ ♂
C167
Crozet killer whales 2014
C167 C166C165C170C168
27
C151 2013-20132007-2014
C124
C151C124
2003
C027C129 C228
2003
C228C027 2005-2012♀
Crozet killer whales 2014
20092007
28
2009-2014♂C194 C195 C1962009-2014 2009-2014
2010*-2014
C195
C225
C201 2010-2014 C226 2010-2014♀
Crozet killer whales 2014
C194 C195 C196 C201 C226
C225
2010-20142010-20142010-2014 C220C221C224
29
2010-2014C193 ♂
C224
Crozet killer whales 2014
C224 C221 C220 C193
♂
30
2008-2014 2008-2014 2008-2014C189 C190 C191 C192 2008-2011♂
2010*-2014
C190
C202
Crozet killer whales 2014
C189 C190 C191 C192
C202
Part II: infrequently encountered killer whales
Crozet killer whales 2014
32
C024
Crozet killer whales 2014
C024 C032
C157
1988-2010 1983-2010
2007-2010
♂♀
33
C010
Crozet killer whales 2014
C010
C158
2003-2009
2007-2009
♀
34
C021
Crozet killer whales 2014
C021 2005-2008
2007*-2008
♀
35
C1642009-2010 2009-2010C171 ♂
C171
Crozet killer whales 2014
36
2009-2009 2009-2009♂C197 C198
C198
Crozet killer whales 2014
37
C083 C082C081 1997-2010 1997-20072003-2010♀
C154 2007-2010
C081
Crozet killer whales 2014
38
C147 C1502007-2008 2007-2008♂
C147
Crozet killer whales 2014
39
C152 C153 2007-20082007-2008
C152
Crozet killer whales 2014
40
C134 C159 C1602005-2008 2008-2008 2008-2008♂
C160
Crozet killer whales 2014
M008 in Reisinger & De Bruyn, (2013)
M009 in Reisinger & De Bruyn, (2013)
M033 in Reisinger & De Bruyn, (2013)
41
C163C162
C101
2008-20082008-2008
2003-2008♀
C101
Crozet killer whales 2014
42
C099 C100 C103 C104
C102
2003-2003 2003-2003 2003-2003 2003-2003
2003-2003
♀
C099
Crozet killer whales 2014
43
2010-2013C204
C206
C204
♀
2009*-2013
2010-2014C210
2013*-2013
Crozet killer whales 2014
44
2010-20112010-2011 2010-2010
C203
C207 C208 C209C203 2010-2011 2010-2011♂C205
Crozet killer whales 2014
45
C227
2013-2014 2013-2014C227 C222
Crozet killer whales 2014
♂
46
2013-20142013-2014 2013-2014
2013*-2014
C214
C214 C215 C216 C218 C2192013-2014
2013-2014
2010-2014
Crozet killer whales 2014
♂♀
♀
47
References
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