photosynthesis how plants make energy. 1. mesophyll a layer of cells that contain & are...
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Photosynthesis
How plants make energy
1. Mesophyll
1. Mesophyll
A layer of cells that contain & are responsible for most of the plant’s photosynthesis
chloroplastschloroplasts
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2. Stomata
Openings in plant leaves that allow for to occur
(CO2) passes in and (O2) passes out.
COCO22
OO22
gas exchange
Carbon Dioxide Oxygen
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Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
The site of Photosynthesis
Double-membrane bound organelle
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
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6. Stroma7. Thylakoid
8. Grana
8. Grana
resides in these membranes
Chlorophyll
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Bond Energy and Energy Storing Compounds
ATP, NADPH, FADH2, NADH
How is energy stored in organic compounds?
• When bonds are made by dehydration synthesis, energy is stored within the bonds of the compounds.
How is energy released?
• When bonds are broken by hydrolysis, energy is released from the bonds.
What are some examples of common energy storing
compounds? 1. ATP (Most important usable energy for
the cell.)
2. NADPH
3. FADH2
4. NADH
How is ATP made?
• ATP is made from the precursor AMP (Adenosine Mono-phosphate)
• If a phophate and energy is added to AMP, ADP is created.
• Furthermore, if another phosphate is added to ADP, ATP is created.
How ATP is Made
• AMP
• ADP
• ATP
A
A
A
P P
P P P
P
Equation for ATP synthesis
• ADP + P + energy ATP
How are NADPH, FADH2, and NADH made?
• NADP+ + H+ + electrons NADPH
• FAD+ + H+ + electrons FADH2
• NAD+ + H+ + electrons NADH
• Notice that high energy electrons and hydrogen ions are needed to create NADPH, FADH2 and NADH.
Draw and label the parts of the chloroplast
Photosynthesis (definition)
• The making of food in the form of _______________ (such as glucose) by autotrophic organisms by using sunlight, ____________ gas, and _________________.
What are the two main steps of photosynthesis?
1. ________________
2. ________________ Cycle
• In addition to the wave-like nature of light, light consists of discrete particles called
.
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The Nature of Light
photons
What happens in the light reaction?
• Green ______________ pigment embedded in the ________________________ captures the light energy ____________ from the sun.
• ____________(e-) are taken from __________, and are excited to a higher energy state by the light captured by the chlorophyll pigment.
What happens in the light reaction?
• A complex series of enzymatic reactions occur, and ____ molecules of oxygen gas (O2) are created as a waste product.
• Meanwhile, the energy from the excited electrons is used to create the compounds, __ __ __ and __ __ __ __ __.
• Both ATP and NADPH are high energy compounds used to fuel the ____________ Cycle.
Summary of the Light Reaction
+ ++ +
+ +
ATPATP
+++
+
++
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
2e-4e-
NADPHNADPH
What happens in the Calvin Cycle?
• The energy from the ATP and NADPH is released when their ___________ are broken.
• The energy released from ATP and NADPH starts another series of enzymatic reactions in the ______________, where __CO2 gas is captured and converted into monosaccharides such as glucose (_____________).
• Glucose serves as “food” or _________ energy for the plant.
PGAL
What is the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis?
• __H2O + __CO2 + sunlight C6H12O6 + __O2
• (water) (carbon dioxide gas) (glucose) + (oxygen gas)
• LR CC CC LR
• LR =
• CC =
Pathway of Photosynthesis
On your own, balance this equation:
CO2 + H2O + (Light) C6H12O6 + O2
Reactants must equal Products
1166 6666
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
66
1212
66
1212
1818 1818
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