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Physiology 441

The Blood, Chapter 11

Text: Human Physiology (Sherwood), th!d"

#ulie Bal$h Samora, %P&, %PH

'samorahs$"w*u"edu

+-.-41+, /oom -140

mailto:jbsamora@hsc.wvu.edumailto:jbsamora@hsc.wvu.edu

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Components of the Circulatory System

Heart Pump

Blood *essel Passageways

Blood Transport %edium

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Functions of Blood

Transports:Nutrients

O2 & CO2

Waste Products

Hormones

lectrolytes

!efense:Forei"n or"anisms

#n$ury%infection

Clottin" process

Body temperature

aintains Homeostasis

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Components of Blood

Blood is a mi'ture of cellular components

suspended in plasma:

1"rythrocytes ()BCs*+" +eu,ocytes (WBCs*

Total Blood -olume: . / of 0ody 1ei"ht

234 % 44 liters of 0lood is plasma

(remainin" is the cellular portion*

-" Throm0ocytes (platelets*

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Blood 5essel)ed 0lood cell

platelet

Plasma

White 0lood cell

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Hematocrit 6Pac,ed Cells7

2 /BCs hea*iest 3 pa$ed at ottom a5ter

$entri5ugation

2 &*erage 406 5or men 7 4+ 6 5or women

2 8mportant $lini$al diagnosti$ marer

2 &nemia 9ow per$entage o5 erythro$ytes

2 Hemato$rit 3 mostly /BCs 7$ they are the most

aundant type o5 lood $ell (6)

2 Plasma rest o5 lood not o$$upied y /BCs

(006 o5 whole lood 5or males7 06 5or 5emales)

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Centrifu"ed Blood Sample

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Separation of Components

Plasma 8 +ess !ense

Hematocrit

6Pac,ed Cells7

ore !ense

Platelets % WBC9s

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Components of Plasma

Blood plasma Consists of:2;ater ? Cl.)16

Other components:2=utrients (e"g"

@lu$ose and amino a$ids)

2Hormones (e"g" Cortisol, thyroxine)

2;astes (e"g" Area)

2Blood gases (e"g" C+, +)

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Functions of Plasma

1" ;ater: Transport mediumD $arries heat

+" !le$trolytes:

%emrane ex$itaility

smoti$ distriution o5 5luid 7t !CE ? 8CE

Bu55ering o5 pH $hanges

-" =utrients, wastes, gases, hormones:3=o 5un$tion 3 'ust eing transported

4" Plasma Proteins (See =ext Slide)

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Plasma Proteins

Plasma Proteins: (al0umins "lo0ulins fi0rino"en*

1" %aintaining $olloid osmoti$ alan$e (al0umins)

+" Bu55ering pH $hanges

-" Transport o5 materials through lood (su$h as water

insolule hormones)

4" &ntiodies (e"g" gamma "lo0ulins, immunogloulins)

0" Clotting 5a$tors (e"g" fi0rino"en)

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; Cellular lements of Blood

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echanism of Transport

= Heme%ole$ules

> = O'y"en%ole$ules

xygenated Hemogloin

Bright /ed (systemi$)Feoxygenated Hemogloin

Blue (*enous $ir$ulation)

HO?+OB#N

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2 9a$ intra$ellular organelles ne$essary 5or$ellular repair, growth, di*ision

2 Short +ife Span(G1+< days)3 &ged /BC3 Eragile . prone to rupture

2 )uptured )BC9sare destroyed in spleen

3 Phago$yti$ ;BCs I$lear the derisJ

)BC9S (rythrocytes* cont@

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Formation of Ne1 )BC9s

)uptured cellsmust e repla$ed y new $ells y a

pro$ess $alledKKK ""rythropoiesis

Se$retion o5 the hormone erythropoietin

=ew /BCs (and platelets ? leuo$ytes) are produ$ed

in the Bone arro1

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Fi"ure

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Too 5ew, Too many

2 &nemia 3 low hemato$rit (elow.normal

oxygen.$arrying $apa$ity o5 the lood)

3=utritional, perni$ious, aplasti$, renal,hemorrhagi$, hemolyti$

2 Poly$ythemia. anormally high hemato$rit

(too many /BCs in $ir$ulation)3Primary, se$ondary

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)BC9s WBC9 s

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2 White Blood Cells

(+eu,ocytes*

2 %oile units o5 odys de5ense system:

2 6See, and !estroy7 Functions:1" Festroy in*ading mi$roorganisms

+" Festroy anormal $ells (ie: $an$er )

2 Clean up cellular de0ris (pha"ocytosis*-" &ssist in in'ury repair

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4 A Types of WBC9s

ach WBC has a specific function

?ranulocytes"ranulocytes

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Blood Cell Ori"in and Production

Bone arro1

Circulation

Fi"ure

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4DA3D/ of all leu,ocytes

(most a0undant of WBC9s*

> Pha"ocytes that en"ulf0acteria and !e0ris

> #mportant in inflammatory

responses

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2 OS#NOPH#+S

> ttac, parasitic 1orms

> #mportant in aller"ic reactions

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; BSOPH#+S

> )elease histamine

and heparin

> D4/ of the WBCEs

> #mportant in ller"ic

)eactions

> Heparin helps clear fat from 0lood

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Types of WBC9s

ononuclear "ranulocytes

= onocytes

4 +ymphocytes

(B and T cells*

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= ONOCTS

> 'it 0lood (diapedesis*to 0ecome macropha"es

> 2AG / of the WBCEs

> Pha"ocytic 8 defend a"ainst

5iruses and 0acteria

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4 +PHOCTS

> BAlymphocytes:

Produce nti0odies

> TAlymphocytes:

!irectly destroy 5irusA

in5aded cells and cancer

cells

> 24A;; / of the WBCEs

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Blood 5essel)ed 0lood cell

Plasma

White 0lood cell

Platelets

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; Platelets (Throm0ocytes*

> Cell fra"ments 0ound to me"a,aryocytes

> 6Bud Off7 and are released into the 0lood

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Function of Platelets

2 Stop leeding 5rom a damaged *essel

> Hemostasis

2 Three Stepsin*ol*ed in Hemostasis

1" Las$ular Spasm

+" Eormation o5 a platelet plug

-" Blood $oagulation ($lotting)

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Steps in Hemostasis

2 #mmediate constrictiono5 lood *essel

2 Lessel walls pressed together 3 e$ome

Isti$yJ7adherent to ea$h other

2 %inimiMe lood loss

>!? TO B+OO! -SS+9!&FS T:

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Steps in Hemostasis

a" P+T+TSatta$h to exposed $ollagen

" &ggregation o5 platelets $auses release o5$hemi$al mediators (!P Throm0o'ane 2)

$" !Pattra$ts more platelets

d" Throm0o'ane 2(power5ul *aso$onstri$tor) promotes aggregation ? more &FP

2 Platelet Plu" formation: (fi"ure

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Fi"ure

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Final Step in Hemostasis

a" Trans5ormation o5 lood 5rom liJuid to solid" Clot rein5or$es the plug

$" %ultiple $as$ade steps in $lot 5ormation

d Fi0rino"en (plasma protein* Fi0rinThrom0in

; Blood Coa"ulation (clot formation*:

6Clottin" Cascade7

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Fi"ure

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inacti5e

acti5e

Ha"eman factor (K##*

C+OT I

K

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Clottin" Cascade

2 #ntrinsic Path1ay:

3Stops leeding within (internal*a $ut *essel

3Eoreign Sustan$e (ie: in $onta$t with test tue)

3Ea$tor O88 (Hageman Ea$tor)

2 'trinsic path1ay:

3Clots lood that has es$aped into tissues

3/euires tissue 5a$tors e'ternalto lood

3Ea$tor 888 (Tissue Thromoplastin)

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Clottin" Cascade

2 Fi0rin :3Threadlie mole$ule.5orms the meshwor o5 the $lot

3!ntraps $ellular elements o5 the lood 5orms C9T

3Contra$tion o5 platelets pulls the damaged *essel

$lose together:2 Eluid sueeMes out as the $lot $ontra$ts (Serum)

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Clot dissolution

2 Clot is slowly dissol*ed y the I5irin splittingJ

enMyme $alled Plasmin

2 Plasminogenis the ina$ti*e pre.$ursor that isa$ti*ated y Factor K## (Ha"eman Factor*

(simultaneous to $lot 5ormation)

2 Plasmin gets trapped in $lot and slowly dissol*esit y reaing down the 5irin meshwor

Fi"ure

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Clot 5ormation:

Too mu$h or too little o5 a good

thingK2 Too mu$h:3 8nappropriate $lot 5ormation is a thromus (5ree.

5loating $lots are emoli)

3 &n enlarging thromus narrows and $an o$$lude*essels

2 Too little:

3 Hemophilia. too little $lotting. $an lead to li5e.

threatening hemorrhage ($aused 5rom la$ o5 one o5 the$lotting 5a$tors)

3 Thromo$yte de5i$ien$y (low platelets) $an also lead to

di55use hemorrhages