Phycology LecturePhycology LectureCoverageCoverage:: Algae: Microalgae - phytoplanktonAlgae: Microalgae - phytoplankton

Macroalgae - seaweedsMacroalgae - seaweedsSea grasses – vascular (upper margin Sea grasses – vascular (upper margin

of the of the intertidal zone) intertidal zone)

Mangroves – vascular (estuarine)Mangroves – vascular (estuarine)Beach and coastal – seashore (inland)Beach and coastal – seashore (inland)

Plants RequirePlants Require::Water and CO2Water and CO2Mineral ions/NutrientsMineral ions/NutrientsLight – for photosynthesisLight – for photosynthesis

DevelopmentDevelopment::Life cycle – alternation of sporophytic and Life cycle – alternation of sporophytic and

gametophytic generationgametophytic generationHigher plants –involve tissues Higher plants –involve tissues

(xylem – conduction of water (xylem – conduction of water (phloem – conduction of food / by(phloem – conduction of food / by

products of products of photosynthesis)photosynthesis)

Sporophytic GenerationSporophytic Generation Multi-celled diploid body producing Multi-celled diploid body producing

haploid haploid sporessporesGametophytic GenerationGametophytic Generation

Multi-celled haploid body producing Multi-celled haploid body producing haploid gameteshaploid gametes

Algae DivisionAlgae Division

Cyanophyta (blue-green)Cyanophyta (blue-green) - - Monera

Chrysophyta (golden algae/ diatoms)Chrysophyta (golden algae/ diatoms)

Englenophyta (photosynthetic Englenophyta (photosynthetic flagellates) flagellates) Pyrrophyta/Dinophyta (dinoflagellates)Pyrrophyta/Dinophyta (dinoflagellates)

Rhodophyta – red algaeRhodophyta – red algae

Phaeophyta – brown algaePhaeophyta – brown algae

Chlorophyta – green algaeChlorophyta – green algae

Pyrrophyta/ Dinophyta (dinoflagellates)

Plantae

Intertidal Communication TiesIntertidal Communication Ties

SpeciesSpecies Major Sub-divisionMajor Sub-division Algal Groups Algal GroupsUltra, EnteromorphaUltra, Enteromorpha supra littoral zone supra littoral zone species w/ stand species w/ stand

dessicationdessicationProstrate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/ strong wavesProstrate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/ strong wavesSargassum, TurbinariaSargassum, Turbinaria mid littoral mid littoral species w/ species w/

anchored in deep anchored in deep substrate substrate

Brown AlgaeBrown Algae sub littoral sub littoral w/ stand variable w/ stand variable illuminationillumination

w/ stand wave actionw/ stand wave action w/ stand temperaturew/ stand temperature

FactorsFactorsa. Tidea. Tide

tidal amplitude (vertical range)tidal amplitude (vertical range)tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed)tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed)

b. Exposure of Algaeb. Exposure of Algaeshore topographyshore topographywave actionwave actiontime of dessicationtime of dessication

c. Type of substratec. Type of substratebasic composition (material forming)basic composition (material forming)peeblepeeblecalcified rockcalcified rock

Algal Body/ThallusAlgal Body/Thallus Higher PlantsHigher Plants Algae Algae Roots rhizoids/rhizomes (holdfast)Roots rhizoids/rhizomes (holdfast) Stems stipesStems stipes Leaves bladesLeaves blades

Pigments:Pigments: Chlorophyll – a, b, c, d, eChlorophyll – a, b, c, d, e Carotenoids Carotenoids – – B B carotenecarotene, L-, L-carotenecarotene ( (yellowyellow)) Xantophyll – Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Fucoxanthin, Xantophyll – Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Fucoxanthin,

Neoxanthin Neoxanthin ( yellow/golden)( yellow/golden) Phycobillins – Phycocyanin (blue-green), phycoerythrin (red, Phycobillins – Phycocyanin (blue-green), phycoerythrin (red,

purple) purple)

Reserved FoodsReserved Foods Cellulose Cellulose MannitolMannitol Laminarin/chrysolaminarinLaminarin/chrysolaminarin OilOil StarchStarch

MorphologyMorphology Filamentous – single/double strandedFilamentous – single/double stranded Foliose – blade likeFoliose – blade like Siphonoceous – siphonSiphonoceous – siphon Crustose – encrusted with CaCo3Crustose – encrusted with CaCo3 Parenchymatous-medulla cells cuboidal/sphericalParenchymatous-medulla cells cuboidal/spherical Pseudoparenchymatous-medulla cells isodiametricPseudoparenchymatous-medulla cells isodiametric

Location of Meristems – actively dividing cellLocation of Meristems – actively dividing cell Apical- apex region (elongate)Apical- apex region (elongate) Diffuse-all over (foliose)Diffuse-all over (foliose) Intercalary-at certain regions (usually give rise to branches)Intercalary-at certain regions (usually give rise to branches) Habit: Habit: sessile/attached sessile/attached Phytoplankton Phytoplankton

free-floating picoplankton- 2 umfree-floating picoplankton- 2 um planktonic ultraplankton – 2-5 umplanktonic ultraplankton – 2-5 um

nanoplankton – 5-20 nanoplankton – 5-20 microplankton – 20-200 microplankton – 20-200 umum

DivisionDivision PigmentPigment Reserved FoodReserved Food HabitHabit

CyanophytaCyanophyta chloro chloro aa starch starch planktonicplanktonic CaroteneCarotene benthicbenthic PhycobillinPhycobillin

ChrysophytaChrysophyta chloro chloro aa & & bb oil oil planktonic planktonic Xanthophyll chrysolaminarin Xanthophyll chrysolaminarin

Carotene Carotene benthicbenthic

PyrophytaPyrophyta chloro chloro aa & & cc starch starch planktonicplanktonic

XanthophyllXanthophyll oil oil Carotene fats Carotene fats Phaeophyta chloro Phaeophyta chloro a a & & c c laminarinlaminarin benthicbenthic XantophyllXantophyll oil oil Carotene Carotene

RhodophytaRhodophyta chloro chloro aa starch starch benthicbenthic CarotenesCarotenes PhycobillinPhycobillin

ChlorophytaChlorophyta chloro a & b starch chloro a & b starchbenthicbenthic

CaroteneCaroteneAnthophytaAnthophyta chloro a & b starch chloro a & b starch

benthicbenthic CarotenesCarotenes

Types of GametesTypes of Gametes1. isogametes (sex cells appear the same)1. isogametes (sex cells appear the same)2. anisogametes (unequal)2. anisogametes (unequal)3. heterogametes (unequal)3. heterogametes (unequal)4. homogametes (sex cells appear the same)4. homogametes (sex cells appear the same)

Spores ProducedSpores Produced Organs Organs

Monospore – Monospore – monosporgangiummonosporgangium

Tetraspore –Tetraspore – tetrasporangiatetrasporangia

Carpospores-Carpospores- carposporangiumcarposporangium

Conchospore- Conchospore- conchosporagium conchosporagium

Auxospore – Auxospore – auxosporangiaauxosporangia

Organs: Organs:

Male – antherium/spermatiumMale – antherium/spermatium

Female – ooganiumFemale – ooganium

Homogametes (sex cells appear the same) Homogametes (sex cells appear the same)

Special Types

FormsForms::

MorphologyMorphology

Crustose – encrusted w/ CaC03 -CoenocyticCrustose – encrusted w/ CaC03 -CoenocyticFilamentous – as a filament -CylindricalFilamentous – as a filament -CylindricalFoliaceous – leafy -CartilaginousFoliaceous – leafy -CartilaginousSiphonaceous –Siphonaceous –

DistributionDistribution- Based on availability of photosynthetic pigments (red and blue) - Based on availability of photosynthetic pigments (red and blue) and activation of accessory pigments, carotenoids, and activation of accessory pigments, carotenoids, xanthophylls and phycobillinsxanthophylls and phycobillins

HTMHTM Green (dominant) Green (dominant)

Intertidal/LitoralIntertidal/LitoralBrownBrownRed Red

Photosynthesis at;Photosynthesis at; LTMLTM- Red and Blue- Red and Blue Brown (dominant) Brown (dominant) Effective Light Effective Light

RedRedGreenGreen

Red (dominant)Red (dominant)GreenGreenBrownBrown

R O YR O Y GG B I VB I V

chlorophyll xanthophyl

ls carotenoids

chlorophyll

Water Level

Water CharacteristicsWater Characteristics::

TransparencyTransparency -affect photosynthesis at certain depth-affect photosynthesis at certain depthTurbidityTurbidity

-Low penetration-Low penetration -Limits photosynthesis-Limits photosynthesis

Substrate Characteristics:Substrate Characteristics: Algae types based on Root StructureAlgae types based on Root Structure

Holdfast – discoid holdfastHoldfast – discoid holdfastRhizoids – stolonRhizoids – stolonHaptere – spines/spiresHaptere – spines/spires

Ecology of the AlgaeEcology of the AlgaePhysical:Physical:

Temperature - factor for the rate of metabolism. Temperature - factor for the rate of metabolism. Higher the temperature, rate of Higher the temperature, rate of metabolism metabolism up to the optimum range.up to the optimum range.

Shelford’s Law of ToleranceShelford’s Law of Tolerance

fatal

deficient optimum

excessive

fatal

Factor (Temperature/Salinity etc.)

Temperature SourcesTemperature Sources::1. radiation1. radiation2. radioactive decay of substances2. radioactive decay of substances3. day length3. day length

Heat LossHeat Loss- - conductive processconductive process- convection- convection- current flow- current flow

Water Current/MovementWater Current/Movement- waves- waves- currents- currents -distribution of -distribution of nutrientsnutrients- tides- tides

Photynthesis – spectrum (ROYGBIV)Photynthesis – spectrum (ROYGBIV) Day length: long – chlorophyll & carotenoidsDay length: long – chlorophyll & carotenoids short –xanthophylls and phycobilinsshort –xanthophylls and phycobilins

Affects;Affects;-Metabolism-Metabolism-Growth-Growth-Occurrence-Occurrence-Distribution-Distribution

-Reproductive Maturity-Reproductive Maturity

Penetration and AbsorbancePenetration and AbsorbanceVisible light – 390 nm to 760 nmVisible light – 390 nm to 760 nmUltra violet light – 290 nm to 390 nmUltra violet light – 290 nm to 390 nm

Infrared – 760 nm to 3000 nmInfrared – 760 nm to 3000 nm________290_________390________760________30000________290_________390________760________30000

UVUV VL IR VL IR

FATE OF LIGHTFATE OF LIGHT

reflected (reflected (90%90%) ) scattered scattered scattered & reflected backscattered & reflected back

absorbed absorbedabsorbed absorbed (10-45%)(10-45%)

TransmittanceTransmittanceT = I1 / I2T = I1 / I2 Overall Overall I1 = irradiance at depth 1 TransmitanceI1 = irradiance at depth 1 Transmitance

I2 = irradiance at depthI2 = irradiance at depth

50 m I2

25 m I1

DistributionDistributionZonation of AlgaeZonation of Algae

Light Light - irradiance Green (upper)- irradiance Green (upper) - temperature- temperature - substrate - substrate Brown (mean)Brown (mean)

Red (deeper water)Red (deeper water) Change of LightChange of Light Effects:Effects:

- color pigmentation/activation- color pigmentation/activation - reserve food production rate- reserve food production rate

- reproductive biology- reproductive biology - gametophytic development- gametophytic development

- sporophytic development- sporophytic development

TemperatureTemperature

Effect:Effect:Biological organizationBiological organization - Molecular (biochemical reaction; - Molecular (biochemical reaction;

carbohydrate, carbohydrate, protein metabolism)protein metabolism) - Cellular- Cellular - Organismal- Organismal

- Community Structure- Community StructureOrgansOrgans:: Spermatangium – sperm (male) Spermatangium – sperm (male)

Ooganium – egg (female)Ooganium – egg (female) Sporangium – sporeSporangium – spore

Effects:Effects:High temperatureHigh temperature

- denaturation of protein- denaturation of protein- damage to enzymes- damage to enzymes- damage in the cell membrane- damage in the cell membrane

Low temperature:Low temperature:- causes disruption of lipids- causes disruption of lipids- damage to cell membrane- damage to cell membrane- mechanical damage of cell through the - mechanical damage of cell through the

formation of formation of ice crystal ice crystal

Tolerance Tolerance - increase in cellulose- increase in cellulose- increase in cell membrane- increase in cell membrane- frost camouflage- frost camouflage- increase in the reserve food products- increase in the reserve food products- efficient but minimal use of products- efficient but minimal use of products

Water MovementWater Movement- Current flow- Current flow- tradewind- tradewind- easterlies - easterlies

- westerlies - westerlies

EffectEffect- distribution of heat(- conduction, convection)- distribution of heat(- conduction, convection)- distribution of nutrients effected by:- distribution of nutrients effected by:

- surface rate- surface rate- vertical movement- vertical movement- upwelling- upwelling

- distribution of gases- distribution of gases- distribution of spores, sex cells- distribution of spores, sex cells

Generation of WavesGeneration of Waves1. caused by wind (meteorological)1. caused by wind (meteorological)2. caused by tide (gravitational pull )2. caused by tide (gravitational pull )3. earthquake and land slide (geologic3. earthquake and land slide (geologic))

Waves Result fromWaves Result from::1. Deflection of wind as it blows over the 1. Deflection of wind as it blows over the

surfacesurface2. changes in atmospheric pressure2. changes in atmospheric pressure

Anatomy of WavesAnatomy of Waves

H – height CrestH – height CrestT – time T – time L – length L – length D – water depthD – water depth

Length

Height Depth Time

Wave Break:

D = (4/3) H (shallow water)H = 1/7 (L) (deep water)

1st quarter1st quarter

Neap TideNeap Tide

Full Moon Full Moon Spring tide Spring tide Spring tide Spring tide New New MoonMoon

Neap Tide Neap Tide

3rd quarter3rd quarter

WavesWavesWC – wave crestWC – wave crestWT – wave time/periodWT – wave time/periodWH – wave heightWH – wave heightWD – wave depthWD – wave depth

Shallow water break happens when ¾ H ;Shallow water break happens when ¾ H ; i.e Drag/Friction at the bottom of the wave i.e Drag/Friction at the bottom of the wave

happenshappensTides – the periodic rise or fall of sea level due toTides – the periodic rise or fall of sea level due to

gravitational attraction between sun, gravitational attraction between sun, moon moon and earth and earth

Neap Tide (1st & 3rd Quarter)Neap Tide (1st & 3rd Quarter)

Centrifugal force(rotation of the earth in its axis)

Moon

Gravitational Pull

Spring Tide

ClassificationsClassifications::

Semi-diurnal – 2 Low and 2 HighSemi-diurnal – 2 Low and 2 High

Diurnal – Single Low and Single HighDiurnal – Single Low and Single High

Mixed – Semi-diurnal and single Mixed – Semi-diurnal and single low/single low/single

highhigh Spring tide (Spring tide (S – M – ES – M – E aligned) aligned) Neap tides (Neap tides (S – M- E atS – M- E at 45 45o o

angle)angle)

CurrentsCurrents Horizontal current – wind driven ( westernlies, easterlies, Horizontal current – wind driven ( westernlies, easterlies,

trade winds) Caused by prevailing wind patternstrade winds) Caused by prevailing wind patterns Deep Vertical CurrentsDeep Vertical Currents C-slope, C-rise and abyssal plain (the result of salinity C-slope, C-rise and abyssal plain (the result of salinity

and temperature gradient)and temperature gradient)

AirAir - mixture of different kinds of gases- mixture of different kinds of gases

Process;Process;

First;Equator and at warmer latitudes, heated First;Equator and at warmer latitudes, heated air air expands and rises expands and rises

Later: Later: Low pressure area is produced and cooled air Low pressure area is produced and cooled air

movesmovesRising air is carried north or south of the equator Rising air is carried north or south of the equator

and eventually cools, contracts and sinks, creating and eventually cools, contracts and sinks, creating a high pressure areaa high pressure area

Deflection of air masses : to the right in N. Deflection of air masses : to the right in N. Hemisphere and to the left in S. Hemisphere Hemisphere and to the left in S. Hemisphere due to Coriolis effect because of the spinning of due to Coriolis effect because of the spinning of the planet.the planet.

Easterly TradewindEasterly Tradewind

- - produces the equatorial currentproduces the equatorial current EQ Current : North – western B. currentEQ Current : North – western B. current

Eastwind - Western Trade windEastwind - Western Trade windVertical CurrentsVertical Currents

Upwelling/Downwelling Caused byUpwelling/Downwelling Caused by::1. halocline/thermocline (salinity/density and 1. halocline/thermocline (salinity/density and

temperature grdient)temperature grdient)2. Offshore winds – push the surface and cause 2. Offshore winds – push the surface and cause the the deep water to move to the surface.deep water to move to the surface.

3. Divergence – produced when deep 3. Divergence – produced when deep water water and surface current and surface current interaction occurs that interaction occurs that is possible is possible when when currents pass through currents pass through another currentanother current

4. Wake strain – nearby water surface 4. Wake strain – nearby water surface is is pulled along with a strong currentpulled along with a strong current

5. Turbulence – due to rapid current 5. Turbulence – due to rapid current passing passing over shallow and rough over shallow and rough benthosbenthos

Chemical FactorsChemical FactorsAffect the: Occurrence of marine plantsAffect the: Occurrence of marine plants

Distribution Distribution AbundanceAbundanceRep cycle – seasonal (die-off; dormant Rep cycle – seasonal (die-off; dormant

in in the production of sex cell/sporethe production of sex cell/sporeFactorsFactors::

Pure water plus salt (Na, Cl, Mg ,Ca) increase, Pure water plus salt (Na, Cl, Mg ,Ca) increase, correspondingly increase correspondingly increase 1. osmotic pressure1. osmotic pressure2. boiling pt2. boiling pt3. density3. density4. conductance4. conductance

Lower:Lower:1. vapor pressure1. vapor pressure2. freezing pt (solidify pure water)2. freezing pt (solidify pure water)

SalinitySalinity Ranges;Ranges; Oceanic – 32-38 pptOceanic – 32-38 ppt

Neritic – 25 – 32 pptNeritic – 25 – 32 ppt

Estuarine – 1-15-32 pptEstuarine – 1-15-32 ppt

Hypersaline (Red Sea) – above 38 pptHypersaline (Red Sea) – above 38 ppt

Seaweeds ClassificationSeaweeds ClassificationEuryhaline – 30 to 40 pptEuryhaline – 30 to 40 ppt

Polyhaline – 18 to 30 pptPolyhaline – 18 to 30 ppt

Mesohaline – 3 to 18 pptMesohaline – 3 to 18 ppt

Oligohaline - .5 to 3 pptOligohaline - .5 to 3 ppt

Brackist - .5 to 5 pptBrackist - .5 to 5 ppt

Measurement of SalinityMeasurement of Salinity1. Density – hydrometer – specific gravity1. Density – hydrometer – specific gravity

pycnometer – wt of salts pycnometer – wt of salts both consider standard temperature and pressureboth consider standard temperature and pressure

2. Resistance to electrical current – conductivity 2. Resistance to electrical current – conductivity metermeter

- salinometer- salinometer3. Bending of right from air to seawater –3. Bending of right from air to seawater –

refractometerrefractometer4. Concentration of chlorine – chlorinity; titration with 4. Concentration of chlorine – chlorinity; titration with

AgN03 as major saltAgN03 as major salt Hydrometer – sp. Gravity x salt (k)Hydrometer – sp. Gravity x salt (k) Pycnometer – weight of saltsPycnometer – weight of salts Refractometer – measures the refraction index of Refractometer – measures the refraction index of

medium air to pure water = 1.3330medium air to pure water = 1.3330

Conductivity Meter – amount of chlorineConductivity Meter – amount of chlorine Cl (ppt) = 0.7324 R15Cl (ppt) = 0.7324 R15

RR1515 = rate of electrical conductance of one = rate of electrical conductance of one sample to one where;sample to one where; Salinity = 35 ppt; 1 atms 15oCSalinity = 35 ppt; 1 atms 15oC Sal = .003 + (1.805 x chlorinity (20oC)Sal = .003 + (1.805 x chlorinity (20oC)

Lab: AgN03 + NACl – AgCl + NaN03Lab: AgN03 + NACl – AgCl + NaN03

Dissolved Oxygen;Dissolved Oxygen;0.9% in water0.9% in water21% in air21% in air

SourcesSources: : Air, PlantsAir, Plants

ConcentrationConcentration::Polar – (2x) – compared to tropical region Polar – (2x) – compared to tropical region

Lower temperature/salinityLower temperature/salinityBelow photic zone = 0.2 to .3% (low)Below photic zone = 0.2 to .3% (low)Run-off = high O2Run-off = high O2

C02 in SeawaterC02 in SeawaterAvailable either as:Available either as:

C03C03HC03HC03H2C03H2C03

H + removal (Acid) – negative effect H + removal (Acid) – negative effect (Nutrients/elements are tied (Nutrients/elements are tied

up untilup untilAlkaline free)Alkaline free)

Ion Concentration in SeawaterIon Concentration in Seawater6.86.8 – 8.4 (normal reading) – 8.4 (normal reading)pH – rises ; C02 is removed via pH – rises ; C02 is removed via photosynthesisphotosynthesispH – lowered; C02 is added via respirationpH – lowered; C02 is added via respiration

Removal of C02Removal of C02- - CarbonateCarbonate- Bicarbonate- Bicarbonate- Carbonic acid- Carbonic acid

NutrientsNutrients2l – essential elements other trace 2l – essential elements other trace elementselements4 – elements for plant growth4 – elements for plant growth -C, N, P, K, O-C, N, P, K, O

S - major component in protein S - major component in protein synthesis (300 mg/L (Sisynthesis (300 mg/L (Si0022) diatoms)) diatoms)

0 – 857,000 mg/L0 – 857,000 mg/L N – 28 mg/LN – 28 mg/L P – 0.07 mg/LP – 0.07 mg/L K – 0.03 mg/LK – 0.03 mg/L C – 28 mg/LC – 28 mg/L

Auxotrophic (seaweeds) req. some Auxotrophic (seaweeds) req. some VitaminsVitamins::BB1212 – Cyanocobalamin – Cyanocobalamin

B1 - ThiamineB1 - Thiamine BiotinBiotin

NitrogenousNitrogenousN03 – nitrate – 1 to 43 ; H2PO4 0.07- N03 – nitrate – 1 to 43 ; H2PO4 0.07- 0.070.07N02 - nitrite – 0.01 to 3.5N02 - nitrite – 0.01 to 3.5NH3 - ammonia – 0.35 to 3.5NH3 - ammonia – 0.35 to 3.5

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle Plants Plants

AnimalsAnimals UrineUrineDecompositionDecomposition(bacteria and fungi)(bacteria and fungi)

AtmosphereAtmosphere Amino acidAmino acidDissolved N2Dissolved N2 AmmonificationAmmonification

N2 fixation Photochemical fixation N2 fixation Photochemical fixation Denitrification Denitrification Ammonia Ammonia (Lightning)(Lightning)

(Blue green algae) (Blue green algae) ammoniaammonia

NitrateNitrate(NO3)(NO3) Nitrite(NO2)Nitrite(NO2) NitrificationNitrification

PhosphorousPhosphorous

Silica (cell wall formation)Silica (cell wall formation)Si0Si022 – 0 – 0.5 mg/L – 0 – 0.5 mg/L

Phosphorous CyclePhosphorous Cycle

LandLand PlantsPlants Higher Organisms Higher Organisms

WeatheringWeathering Dissolved Phosphate Dissolved Phosphate Dissolved Phosphate Dissolved Phosphate (inorganic) (organic)(inorganic) (organic)

Particulate Particulate Phosphorus Phosphorus

(inorganic + organic)(inorganic + organic) SedimentSediment

Macro Algae (Seaweeds)Macro Algae (Seaweeds)1. Unicellular to filamentous - Chlorophyta1. Unicellular to filamentous - Chlorophyta2. filamentous to thalloid - Phaecophyta 2. filamentous to thalloid - Phaecophyta

- Rhodophyta - Rhodophyta Evolved – Pre-cambrianEvolved – Pre-cambrian

Types of MeristemTypes of Meristem1. apical meristem – division of apical cells1. apical meristem – division of apical cells2. diffuse meristem – throughout the plant2. diffuse meristem – throughout the plant3. intercallary meristem – specific growth 3. intercallary meristem – specific growth regionsregions

Growth ConstructionGrowth Construction

1. filamentous – one to two rows of cells 1. filamentous – one to two rows of cells ((CladophoraCladophora))

2. foliose – flattened/membranous 2. foliose – flattened/membranous ((Halymenia)Halymenia)

Cytology of Green AlgaeCytology of Green AlgaeI. Physiological CharacteristicsI. Physiological Characteristics

1. chloro a and b1. chloro a and b2. B – carotene2. B – carotene3. xanthophylls3. xanthophylls

- lutein- lutein- zeaxanthin- zeaxanthin- violaxanthin- violaxanthin- siphonin- siphonin- siphonoxanthin (play a role in - siphonoxanthin (play a role in

acclimation inacclimation in deep water to the b-g spectrumdeep water to the b-g spectrum

II. Cell StructureII. Cell Structure- eukaryotic- eukaryotic- uninucleated (most)- uninucleated (most)- multi nucleated (few)- multi nucleated (few)- coenocytic – multinucleated in a single - coenocytic – multinucleated in a single

cellcellIII. Chloroplast (thyllakoids)III. Chloroplast (thyllakoids)

- cup- shaped- cup- shaped- discoid- discoid- reticulate- reticulate- laminate- laminate

Pyrenoids – amylase containing protein bodiesPyrenoids – amylase containing protein bodies

IV. Cell WallIV. Cell Wall- cellulose microfibrils – typical in flowering - cellulose microfibrils – typical in flowering

plants and plants and UlvalvesUlvalves- highly crystalline siphonodadales - highly crystalline siphonodadales

((CladophoralesCladophorales))- polymers of xylan and mannan (- polymers of xylan and mannan (CaulerpalesCaulerpales))- CaC03- CaC03

V. Cell DivisionV. Cell Divisiona. Karyokinesisa. Karyokinesis - closed (intranuclear) – no break of n. membrane- closed (intranuclear) – no break of n. membrane

- open (nuclear envelop disappears , e.g. like in - open (nuclear envelop disappears , e.g. like in flowering plants)flowering plants)

b. Cytokinesis b. Cytokinesis - closed - spindle fibers parallel to cross - closed - spindle fibers parallel to cross

wall wall - open – spindle fibers at right angle - open – spindle fibers at right angle

Asexual spores – zoosporesAsexual spores – zoosporesMotile cells:Motile cells:- Isokontae – pair of apically inserted - Isokontae – pair of apically inserted

flagella flagella of equal length that lack hairsof equal length that lack hairs

- Heterokontae – unequal length- Heterokontae – unequal length Life HistoryLife History

Alternation of: Haploid (gametophytic)Alternation of: Haploid (gametophytic) Diploid (sporophytic)Diploid (sporophytic)

PatternsPatterns Haplontic – dominant phase is haploid with zygoteHaplontic – dominant phase is haploid with zygote only as diploidonly as diploid

FusionFusion zygotezygote

1N1N 2N 2Ngametesgametes

ZygosporeZygospore

MeiosisMeiosis 2N2N

ZygosporeZygospore

Diplontic Life History – diploid phase is dominantDiplontic Life History – diploid phase is dominant

Anteridia Anteridia

FusionFusion

OogoniaOogonia 1N 1N 2N 2N

MeiosisMeiosis

1N 1N 2N 2N

Haplodiplontic – dominant phases are haploid and Haplodiplontic – dominant phases are haploid and

diploiddiploid

FusionFusion

Gametophytic 1N 2NGametophytic 1N 2N

SporophyticSporophytic

MeiosisMeiosis

IsomorphicIsomorphic

Heteromorphic – haploid & diploid; unequalHeteromorphic – haploid & diploid; unequal

FusionFusion

1N1N 2N 2N

MeiosisMeiosis

ChlorophytaChlorophytaTaxonomyTaxonomy

Class (phyceae)Class (phyceae)1. Chlorophyceae1. Chlorophyceae2. Prasinophyceae2. Prasinophyceae3. Charophyceae3. Charophyceae

Prasinophyceae FeaturesPrasinophyceae Features::1. unicellular, motile and appearing as green1. unicellular, motile and appearing as green2. cells with one or more layers of fibrillar scales2. cells with one or more layers of fibrillar scales3. the flagella is always attached in groove 3. the flagella is always attached in groove covered with covered with scales scales and hairsand hairs4. the flagellal roots with complex basal body4. the flagellal roots with complex basal body5. with single round- shaped chloroplast with 5. with single round- shaped chloroplast with pyrenoidspyrenoids6. specialized ejectosome. e.g. Pyraminomas – 6. specialized ejectosome. e.g. Pyraminomas – pear-pear- shaped unicel with 4 flagellashaped unicel with 4 flagella

CharophyceaeCharophyceae – – stone worts; ancient origin/evolutionstone worts; ancient origin/evolutionDivision:Division: Chlorophyta Class: Chlorophyceae

Chloroplast with pyrenoidChloroplast with pyrenoid– multi- uninucleatedmulti- uninucleated– haploid – haplodiplontic life historyhaploid – haplodiplontic life history– filamentous/caenocytic morphologyfilamentous/caenocytic morphology

1. Order: 1. Order: Ulvales Family: Percuriaceae - biserriate

Schizomeraceae - uniseriate Prasiolaceae -

filamentous/monostromatic Monostromaceae - monostromatic Ulvaceae - diastromatic and - diastromatic and

tubulartubular

Common CharactericticsCommon Characterictics::Parietal chloroplastParietal chloroplastLaminateLaminatePyrenoidPyrenoidRep-roduction(Anisogany/Isogamy)Rep-roduction(Anisogany/Isogamy)

2. Order: 2. Order: Chladophorales Genera: Cladophoraceae- filamentous

Rhizoclonium - - delicate, delicate, unbranched unbranched filament filament with rhizoidswith rhizoids

Chaetomorpha-Chaetomorpha- coarse, coarse, unbranchedunbranched

Cladophora -Cladophora - branching filamentbranching filament

Family: Family: Anadyomanaceae Anadyomanaceae - filamentous but - filamentous but fused to form fused to form

bladesblades Anadyomene Anadyomene - brilliant green with- brilliant green with

anastomosed filaments anastomosed filaments

3. Order 3. Order Acrosiphonales Family: Acrosiphonaceae Genera: Genera: UrosporaUrospora -- unbranched unbranched

filamentfilament SpongoporaSpongopora -- branched, branched,

uninucleateduninucleated AcrosiphoniaAcrosiphonia -- branched, branched,

multinucleatedmultinucleatedGeneral Characteristics:General Characteristics: - - single perforated chloroplast with hetero single perforated chloroplast with hetero

– haplodiplontic life history – haplodiplontic life history

4. Order 4. Order Siphonocladales Family: Family: Siphonocladaceae - filamentous Family: Boodleaceae - - net like blade net like blade

with with anastomosing anastomosing filamentsfilaments

Family: Family: Volaniaceae - aggregation of vesicle Siphoclodales Boodlea Valonia

General Characteristics:General Characteristics:- segregated cell division- segregated cell division- they enlarge to form and equal or similar - they enlarge to form and equal or similar

vesiclevesiclee.g. velonia degagropilae.g. velonia degagropila dictyospharia caveriosadictyospharia caveriosa

5. Order 5. Order Caulerpales – siphonous, coenocytic– siphonous, coenocytic Family: Family: Bryopsidaceae Genera: Genera: BroyopsisBroyopsis – hetero- haplo-diplontic – hetero- haplo-diplontic

life life history history DerbesiaDerbesia

Family Family Caulerpaceae – erect blades with rhizoid – erect blades with rhizoid - Trebeulae in growth of cell wall - Trebeulae in growth of cell wall - Leucoplast – without cross wall (coenocytic)- Leucoplast – without cross wall (coenocytic)

Genera: Genera: CaulerpaCaulerpa

Family Family Codiaceae – coenocytic with filament – coenocytic with filament called called siphons siphons - surface cell is made of utricles- surface cell is made of utricles - diplontic, onisogametes- diplontic, onisogametes

Family Family Udoteaceae – heavily certified to– heavily certified to Genera: Genera: HalimedaHalimeda

UdoteaUdotea PenicillusPenicillus ChlorodesmisChlorodesmis

AvrainvilleaAvrainvillea

6. Order Dassyclaudales6. Order Dassyclaudales 2 Family - Dasaycladaceae2 Family - Dasaycladaceae

AcetabulariaceaeAcetabulariaceae Characteristics: whorl branchingCharacteristics: whorl branching

Superficial calcificationSuperficial calcificationDiplontic, isogametic (produced in Diplontic, isogametic (produced in

cyst)cyst) Genera: Genera: DasycladeaDasycladea

CymopoliaCymopolia AcetabulariaAcetabularia

DivisionDivision: : PhaeophytaPhaeophyta (Brown Algae(Brown Algae)) Class:Class: PhaeophyceaePhaeophyceae

265 genera265 genera1,500 – 2,000 species1,500 – 2,000 species

ConstructionConstructiona. filamentousa. filamentousb. massive intertidal growthb. massive intertidal growthc. lithophytic – attached to stable substratec. lithophytic – attached to stable substrated. epiphytic – living on surface of other plantsd. epiphytic – living on surface of other plantse. drift population (S. filamentouse. drift population (S. filamentous

(S. ratens(S. ratensUsesUses::

- alginic acid (medicine, ice cream, shampoo)- alginic acid (medicine, ice cream, shampoo)- fodder (food of animal additives- fodder (food of animal additives- fertilizer- fertilizer

CytologyCytology- Chloro a & c - Chloro a & c - B. carotene- B. carotene

fucoxanthin and neofucoxanthin – brownish, fucoxanthin and neofucoxanthin – brownish, golden golden brown, brown-green, greenish, yellow color brown, brown-green, greenish, yellow color - Carotenoids- Carotenoids

- Uninucleated- Uninucleated- Thallykoid in bonds of 3- Thallykoid in bonds of 3- Reserved food- Reserved food

Motile CellsMotile Cells- heterokontae (unequal flagellum – usually - heterokontae (unequal flagellum – usually

inserted)inserted)a. acronomatica. acronomatic

- shorter- shorter- smooth- smooth- basally oriented- basally oriented

bb. pleuronomatic. pleuronomatic- long- long- anteriorly nemated- anteriorly nemated- hairy- hairy

Life HistoryLife History- diplontic- diplontic-gametes derived in sporangia-gametes derived in sporangia

1. unilocular1. unilocular2. plurilocular2. plurilocular

TaxonomyTaxonomy1. 1. Ectocarpales

Ectocarpaceae Ectocarpus

Characteristics:Characteristics:- uniseriate filament- uniseriate filament- isomorphic – equal in form- isomorphic – equal in form

2. 2. Ralfsiales Ralfsiaceae

RalfsiaNeoderma

Characteristics:Characteristics:- crustose morphology- crustose morphology- diplontic- diplontic- gametes (isogametes, heterogametes)- gametes (isogametes, heterogametes)

3. 3. Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae

ClodostaphusHolotrix

Characteristics:Characteristics:-small, filamentous, multiseriated-small, filamentous, multiseriated

4. Class 4. Class Tiliopteridales- filamentous construction- filamentous construction- uniseriate – multiseriate- uniseriate – multiseriate- trichothallic growth- trichothallic growth

Genus: Genus: HalosporaHalospora

5. Class 5. Class Cutleriales- amisogamete- amisogamete- crustose morphology- crustose morphology- trichothallic- trichothallic- alternation of isomorphic life history- alternation of isomorphic life history

6. Class Dictyotales6. Class Dictyotales- pan tropical- pan tropical- isomorphic – haplo-diplomatic- isomorphic – haplo-diplomatic- parenchymatous construction- parenchymatous construction

DIVISION PHAEOPHYTADIVISION PHAEOPHYTACharacteristics:Characteristics:

- chloro a and c- chloro a and c- fucoxanthin (xanthophylls) predominate- fucoxanthin (xanthophylls) predominate- laminarin and oil are reserved foods- laminarin and oil are reserved foods- haplo-diplomatic life history- haplo-diplomatic life history

asexual – fragmentation (vegetative)asexual – fragmentation (vegetative)sexual – isogametessexual – isogametes

- products: alginate- products: alginate

Order FucalesOrder Fucales

Blade morphologyBlade morphology

- crustose – encrusted with lime- crustose – encrusted with lime

- duplicated – double margin- duplicated – double margin

- cystic – enclosed reproductive structure- cystic – enclosed reproductive structure

(antheridium – sperm)(antheridium – sperm)

(ooganium – egg)(ooganium – egg)

2 years life cycle2 years life cycle

1st year – vegetative growth1st year – vegetative growth

2nd year – reproductive age2nd year – reproductive age

Family Family FucaceaeGenera: Genera: HormophysaHormophysa (triangular blade) (triangular blade)

Sargassum duplicationSargassum duplication S. crispifoliumS. crispifolium S. polycystumS. polycystum S. giganteifoliumS. giganteifolium

Characteristics:Characteristics:- predominantly floating (pneumatocyst)- predominantly floating (pneumatocyst)- erect thallus with air bladder- erect thallus with air bladder- at the margin of littoral and sub-littoral - at the margin of littoral and sub-littoral

zonezoneGenera: Genera: Turbinaria ornataTurbinaria ornata (ornate leaf without (ornate leaf without branching)branching) T. trialataT. trialata (with branching) (with branching)

Family Family CystoseriaceaeCharacteristics:Characteristics:

- triangular type of thallus- triangular type of thallus- seldom with air bladder- seldom with air bladder

Genera: Genera: Hormophysa triquetraHormophysa triquetra’’ CystoseiraCystoseira

Order Order ScytosiphonalesGeneral Characteristics:General Characteristics:

- hallow ball structure erupting at maturity- hallow ball structure erupting at maturity- morphology net-like to ball-like- morphology net-like to ball-like- sexual reproduction only- sexual reproduction only- seasonal (summer)- seasonal (summer)

Family Family Scytosiphonacea

Genera: Genera: ScytosiphonScytosiphon

HydroclathusHydroclathus

ChnooseporaChnoosepora

ColpomeniaColpomenia

Order Order DictyotalesDictyotales

General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics

- divaricate branching- divaricate branching

- heavily calcified- heavily calcified

- linear branching to flabellate- linear branching to flabellate

Family Family DictyotaceaeGenus Dictyoty – linear branch, turcated, semi-Genus Dictyoty – linear branch, turcated, semi-permanentpermanent

Padina – flabellate blades, destructs lines of Padina – flabellate blades, destructs lines of growth, growth,

heavy calcificationheavy calcification

Economic ImportanceEconomic Importance- source of alginate- source of alginate - medicinal property- medicinal property- fertilizer- fertilizer - insecticidal property- insecticidal property- animal fodder - animal fodder

LaminarialesLaminariales- large group of brown algae- large group of brown algae- hetero morphic (unequal; sporophytic; - hetero morphic (unequal; sporophytic; gametophytic)gametophytic)- developed:- developed:

rhizoidrhizoidstemstembladeblade

RED ALGAE (RHODOPHYTA)RED ALGAE (RHODOPHYTA) CharacteristicsCharacteristics

- intertidal to subtidal – chloro to phycoerythrin - intertidal to subtidal – chloro to phycoerythrin change in colorchange in color

- enkaryotic- enkaryotic- flagella lacking- flagella lacking- phycobillin (phycoerythrin- phycobillin (phycoerythrin- reserved food (Floridean starch)- reserved food (Floridean starch)

long chain of glucose to lipidlong chain of glucose to lipid

CytologyCytology- Chloro A packed in a thyllakoid- Chloro A packed in a thyllakoid- Phycocyanin- Phycocyanin

r – phycocyaninr – phycocyaninc – phycocyaninc – phycocyanin

- Carotenoids- CarotenoidsB- caroteneB- caroteneL – caroteneL – carotene

- pyrenoid (starch grain) distinct- pyrenoid (starch grain) distinct- phycocolloids- phycocolloids

agar-(agarophytes)agar-(agarophytes)carrageenan –( carrageenophyte)carrageenan –( carrageenophyte)funoranfunoranfucellarianfucellarian

- starch (Floridean)- starch (Floridean)XyloseXyloseamylaseamylase

Life HistoryLife History- - triphasic (3 life stages)life history triphasic (3 life stages)life history 1. gametophytic – produce gametes1. gametophytic – produce gametes2. carposphorophytic – produce carpaspore2. carposphorophytic – produce carpaspore3. tetrasporophytic – produce tetraspore3. tetrasporophytic – produce tetraspore

Other Spore Types (Asexual)Other Spore Types (Asexual)- monospore – derived monosporagia- monospore – derived monosporagia- paraspore – derived parasporangia- paraspore – derived parasporangia- carpospore – derived carposporangia- carpospore – derived carposporangia

TaxonomyTaxonomyDIVISION – RHODOPHYTADIVISION – RHODOPHYTA Class – RhodophycidaeClass – Rhodophycidae

Sub class – Sub class – Bangiophycidae Floridiophycidae

Characteristics:Characteristics:– uninucleate cellsuninucleate cells– single stellate central plastidssingle stellate central plastids– diffuse (intercellary) meristemdiffuse (intercellary) meristem– absence of pit connectionabsence of pit connection– must have absent sexual reproductionmust have absent sexual reproduction– except, parphyra, bangia and polysiphoniaexcept, parphyra, bangia and polysiphonia– simple venicellular in multicellular groupsimple venicellular in multicellular group

3 Orders3 OrdersParphyridialesParphyridialesCampsogonalesCampsogonalesBangialesBangiales

a) Prephyridiales– UnicellularUnicellular - pseudofilamentous- pseudofilamentous– Colonial - no sexual reproductionColonial - no sexual reproduction

b) Comprogonales– produce monospore of unequal divisionproduce monospore of unequal division– Rep Groups:Rep Groups:

- Erythrocladia – filamentous- Erythrocladia – filamentous- Erythrotrichia- Erythrotrichia

c) Bangialesmonotype – monostromamonotype – monostroma– diatromaticdiatromatic– filamentousfilamentous

Rep. GroupRep. Group- Bangia- Bangia- Porphyra- Porphyra

Sub-classSub-class – – Florideophycidaeoccurrence of multinucleated cellsoccurrence of multinucleated cellspresence of pit plugpresence of pit plugpresence of several discoid chloroplastpresence of several discoid chloroplastapical cell divisionapical cell divisionmulticellular (macroscopic)multicellular (macroscopic)sexual reproduction (gametophytic sexual reproduction (gametophytic plant)plant)

Order: Order: Bangiales Family: Family: Bangiaceae Genera: Genera: PorphyraPorphyra

BangiaBangiaOrder: Order: Palmariales Genera: Genera: RhodymeniaRhodymenia

Order: Order: Nemalionales Genera: Genera: LiagoraLiagora ;soft calcareous Helminthocladia ;soft calcareous HelminthocladiaOrder: Order: Bonnemaisorales Genera: Genera: BonnamaisonaBonnamaisona AsparagosisAsparagosisOrder: CryptomonialesOrder: Cryptomoniales Genera: Genera: HalymeniaHalymenia

CrytonemiaCrytonemia w/ auxiliary cells w/ auxiliary cells GrateloupiaGrateloupia

Order: Order: Corallinales Genera: Genera: CorallinaCorallina LithothammionLithothammion AmphiroaAmphiroa JaniaJaniaOrder: Order: Gigartinales Family: Family: Chaetangiaeecae

Galaxura

Order: Gigantinales Family: Solieriaceae

Eucheuma Kappaphycus

Family: Gracilariaceae Gracilaria

Order: Ceremiales Family: Ceremiaceae Genera: Ceramium

Lithothamnium Family: Dellesereaceae Genera: Rhodomelaceae

Laurancia Acanthophora

Florideophycideae

ClassesClasses::Palmariales

- male gametophye and tetrasporophytes are - male gametophye and tetrasporophytes are microscopicmicroscopic

- female gametophyte is microscopic- female gametophyte is microscopic- tetrasporophyte is parasite in female - tetrasporophyte is parasite in female

gametophytegametophyte Genus:Genus:

Palmaria/RhodymeniaPalmaria/RhodymeniaNemalialesNemaliales

- heterotrichous – crest or postrate - heterotrichous – crest or postrate thallusthallus

Family: Family: Helminthocladaceaeee.g.e.g. Liagora Liagora – heavily calcified – heavily calcified

HelmithocladiaHelmithocladia – gelatinous – gelatinous

GelidialesGelidiales- typical triphasic life history- typical triphasic life historygametophyticgametophytictetrasporophytictetrasporophytic- presence of nutritive cells (after - presence of nutritive cells (after

fertilization)fertilization)- agar sources- agar sources

Genera: Genera: Gelidiella Gelidiella GelidiumGelidium

BonnemaisonalesBonnemaisona- heteromorphic

gametophytic, tetrasporophytic generation

Asparagopsis – fee living filamentous; tetrasporophytic

CryptonemialesCryptonemiales- auxiliary cells on a vegetative branch- auxiliary cells on a vegetative branch

Genera:Genera:- - CryptonemialesCryptonemiales – heteromorphic life – heteromorphic life history w/ crustae history w/ crustae -G-Gloiosiphonloiosiphon – tetrasporic phase and – tetrasporic phase and

fleshy gametophyte fleshy gametophytee.ge.g. Halymenia. Halymenia,, Grateloupia Grateloupia, ,

GGloiosiphonloiosiphon CorallinalesCorallinales

- with white cells- with white cells- reproduction structure in pits - reproduction structure in pits conceptacle conceptacle- intercalary and apical meristem- intercalary and apical meristem

Articulated species (non-calcified with genicula , Articulated species (non-calcified with genicula , joint joint

between segments)between segments) e.g. e.g. AmphiroaAmphiroaNon-articulated speciesNon-articulated species - lack genicula which are crustose with - lack genicula which are crustose with erect non- erect non-

jointed branchedjointed branched e.g. Le.g. Lithothannionithothannion

Family: Family: SolieriaceaeSolieriaceae Genera: Genera: Soliera, EucheumaSoliera, EucheumaFamily; KappaphyceaeFamily; Kappaphyceae Characteristics:Characteristics:

- fission of cells that occur during fertilization- fission of cells that occur during fertilization- some have filamentous medulla- some have filamentous medulla

Family: Family: Gracilariaceae- multiaxial construction w/ medullary layer which is - multiaxial construction w/ medullary layer which is

parenchymatousparenchymatousGenera: Genera: GracilariaGracilaria GigartinaGigartina MastocarpusMastocarpusRhodymeniales- multi axial growth and triphasis life history - multi axial growth and triphasis life history (isomorphic)(isomorphic)- gametophyte with a procarp (arrangement of 3 to - gametophyte with a procarp (arrangement of 3 to 4 cells carpogonial branches adjacent 2 auxiliary 4 cells carpogonial branches adjacent 2 auxiliary cells cells e.g. Genera: e.g. Genera:

CChampiahampia CChrysonemiahrysonemia

Ceremiales- filamentous, uniseriated- filamentous, uniseriated- carposporophytic stage is exposed- carposporophytic stage is exposed- multinucleated cell- multinucleated cell- pit connection visible- pit connection visible

3 Family (3 Family (Dascyaceae, Rhodomelaceae, are , are provided with provided with

trichoblast /colorless hair)trichoblast /colorless hair)

Genera: Genera: LaurenciaLaurencia HypneaHypnea

AcantophoraAcantophora DasyaDasya

Intertidal Communication TiesSpecies Major Sub-division Algal GroupsUltra Enteromorpha supra littoral zoneUltra Enteromorpha supra littoral zone species w/ stand species w/ stand

dessicationdessicationProstate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/ Prostate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/

strong wavesstrong wavesSargassum turbinaria mid littoralSargassum turbinaria mid littoral species w/ species w/

anchored in deepanchored in deep SubstrateSubstrate

Brown Algae sub littoralBrown Algae sub littoral w/ stand w/ stand variable illuminationvariable illumination

w/ stand wave actionw/ stand wave action w/ stand temperature

Factorsa. Tidea. Tide

tidal amplitude (vertical range)tidal amplitude (vertical range)tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed)tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed)

b. Exposure of Algaeb. Exposure of Algaeshore topographyshore topographywave actionwave actiontime of dessicationtime of dessication

c. Type of substratec. Type of substratebasic composition (material forming)basic composition (material forming)peeblepeeblecalcified rockcalcified rockcalcified rockcalcified rocklimestone rocklimestone rocksilt / mudsilt / mudtexturestexturessmoothsmooth ruggedrugged

d. Biological Interactiond. Biological Interaction-relationship among algae-relationship among algae

1. Succession- involves seral1. Succession- involves seral

Bare - pioneer -succeedingBare - pioneer -succeeding

Species speciesSpecies species

Bare -seagrass –Bare -seagrass –UlvaUlva – –SargrassumSargrassum - -GGracilaciaracilacia

StableStable

a.) Progressive –bare – climaxa.) Progressive –bare – climax

b) Reverse –climax -bareb) Reverse –climax -bare

ClimaxCommunity

123

2. Competition2. Competitiona.) Interspecies –between 2 different speciesa.) Interspecies –between 2 different speciesb.) Among a particular speciesb.) Among a particular species

shading of shading of UlvaUlva against against EnteromorphaEnteromorpha Ulva Ulva shading shading LaurenciaLaurencia SargassumSargassum shading shading Ulva, Ulva,

Enteromopha Caulaperpa Enteromopha Caulaperpa Species of Species of UlvaUlva-competing -competing

for for a limited spacea limited space SargassumSargassum species species

competing competing for lightfor light 3. Grazing3. Grazing

-feeding-feeding-preferences (profifying) disappear-preferences (profifying) disappear-less preferences-less preferences

Micro algae CommunitiesMicro algae CommunitiesDivision –CyanophytaDivision –Cyanophytablue green (phycobillin)blue green (phycobillin)nitrogen fixer (heterocyst)nitrogen fixer (heterocyst)Significance:Significance:

-food chain / food web (Iry -food chain / food web (Iry producers) absorb inorganic substancesproducers) absorb inorganic substances

-Nutrient recycling-Nutrient recyclingDistributionDistribution

-epizoic, epiphytic-epizoic, epiphytic -endozoic, endophypic-endozoic, endophypic -sessile (substrate attached)-sessile (substrate attached)

Characteristics:Characteristics:

-cyanophycean starch-cyanophycean starch

-chloro a and b (chlorophyta)-chloro a and b (chlorophyta)

-some endolithic –within rocks-some endolithic –within rocks

-oligotrophic-oligotrophic

Cytology:Cytology:

Cytoplasm of 2 typesCytoplasm of 2 types

-chromoplasm – periphery and -chromoplasm – periphery and pigmentrypigmentry

-centroplasm – center and -centroplasm – center and usually pailusually pail

Accessory Pigments:Accessory Pigments: -Carotene-Carotene -Xanthophylls (myxoxanthin)-Xanthophylls (myxoxanthin)

zeaxanthinzeaxanthin -Phycobillins-Phycobillins

Arranged in a thyllakoid (phycobillisomes)Arranged in a thyllakoid (phycobillisomes)-Phycocyanin-Phycocyanin-Phycoerythrin-Phycoerythrin-Allophycocyanin-Allophycocyanin-Gas vacuole –bounded by -Gas vacuole –bounded by

carboxysomescarboxysomes-Reserved Food-Reserved Food

-Starch-Starch-Granules-Granules-polyhedral-polyhedral-polyglucan-polyglucan

Arranged in a thyllakoid

(phycobillisomes)

Reproduction:Reproduction:-fragmentation of filaments at -fragmentation of filaments at

hormogoniahormogonia

-occur where -occur where akinetsakinets are located are locatedResting sporeResting spore

-endospore – product of internal -endospore – product of internal division of cytoplasmdivision of cytoplasm

Resting spore

Taxonomy:Taxonomy:

CyanophyceaeCyanophyceae

Orders: Chamaesiphonales Orders: Chamaesiphonales (filamentous and endopore producing)(filamentous and endopore producing)

Chroococcales (unicellular Chroococcales (unicellular or colonial)or colonial)

Oscillatoriales Oscillatoriales (filamentous) (filamentous)

Division: Prochlorophyta composed of 3 Division: Prochlorophyta composed of 3 genera;genera;3 Genera3 Genera

Prochloron Prochloron Prochlorotrix Chloro a and bProchlorotrix Chloro a and bProchlorococcusProchlorococcusProchloron-intracellular, obligate Prochloron-intracellular, obligate

symbionts ; free living groupsymbionts ; free living groupProchlorotrix, Prochlorococcos- Prochlorotrix, Prochlorococcos-

filamentous; causes blooms in filamentous; causes blooms in lakeslakes

Division EuglenophytaDivision Euglenophyta

-grass green motile unicells-grass green motile unicells

-chloro a and b, B carotene-chloro a and b, B carotene

-xanthophyll (neoxanthin)-xanthophyll (neoxanthin)

-astaxanthin (responsible for red -astaxanthin (responsible for red color)color)

Flagellum

Ampulla (reservoir)

Non-emergent falgellumBlepharroplast

Chloroplast

Paramylum (starechgrain)

C. vacuole

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Taxonomy:Taxonomy: Class EuglenophyceaeClass Euglenophyceae

Trophic ClassificationTrophic Classification-phageotrophic (particle absorbing, -phageotrophic (particle absorbing,

particle ingesting)particle ingesting)-osmotrophic –absorption of organic -osmotrophic –absorption of organic

matter to photosynthesismatter to photosynthesisOrders:Orders:

EutretialesEutretiales-photosynthetic-photosynthetic-flagella, unequal-flagella, unequal-active, euglenoid movement-active, euglenoid movement

EuglenalesEuglenales-photosynthetic, one emergent -photosynthetic, one emergent

flagellaflagella-sessile (attached to substate)-sessile (attached to substate)-with lorica (in capsulized)-with lorica (in capsulized)

HeteronematalesHeteronematales-phageotrophic, particle colorless -phageotrophic, particle colorless

and leaking photoreceptors; and leaking photoreceptors; flagellar swelling flagellar swellingRhabdonematalesRhabdonematales

-osmotrophic type-osmotrophic typeSphenomodalesSphenomodales

-both (osmotrophic, phageotrophic)-both (osmotrophic, phageotrophic)

Division Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)Division Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)

Trophic Forms:Trophic Forms:

-autotrophs –free living-autotrophs –free living

-auxostrophic –need other accessory -auxostrophic –need other accessory elements (vitamins)elements (vitamins)

-heterotrophic –phageotrophic-heterotrophic –phageotrophic

-symbiotic –with zooxanthellae-symbiotic –with zooxanthellae

Cytology:Cytology:-chloro a and b-chloro a and b-B carotene-B carotene-peridinine-peridinine-diadinoxanthin-diadinoxanthin-specialize cells-specialize cells

-trichocyst –rod of protein material-trichocyst –rod of protein material-nematocyst –ejectile organelle-nematocyst –ejectile organelle-pusule –sac-like (function as -pusule –sac-like (function as

contractile vacuole)contractile vacuole)-muciferous odies – mucilage -muciferous odies – mucilage

bodies that attach to the subatatebodies that attach to the subatate

EyespotEyespotForms:Forms: 1. mass of lipid globules1. mass of lipid globules 2. single layer of globules2. single layer of globules 3. double layer of globules3. double layer of globules 4. complex ocellus4. complex ocellusLife History:Life History: 1. isogametes (sexual fusion) 1. isogametes (sexual fusion)

onisogametesonisogametes 2. haplontic life history2. haplontic life history

TaxonomyTaxonomyHeterotrophic:Heterotrophic: 1. Ebriophyceae –colorless, naked1. Ebriophyceae –colorless, naked

Parasitic naked cellsParasitic naked cells 2. Ellobiophyceae2. Ellobiophyceae 3. Syndimophyceae3. Syndimophyceae 4. Dinophyceae Group4. Dinophyceae Group

a. Blastodiniales –parasitica. Blastodiniales –parasiticb. Dingamoebomeales –amoeboidb. Dingamoebomeales –amoeboidc. Dinoclomiales –filamentousc. Dinoclomiales –filamentousd. Gleodiniales –coloniald. Gleodiniales –coloniale. Pyrocystales –coccoide. Pyrocystales –coccoid

Parasitic naked cells

PeridianialesPeridianiales-motile-motile-armonia-armonia-toxic-toxic

Cause of ciguatera –fish poisoningCause of ciguatera –fish poisoninge.g. Ceratiume.g. Ceratium GonyaulaxGonyaulax

Gymnodiales (common red tide forming Gymnodiales (common red tide forming species)species)e.g. Gymnodiniume.g. Gymnodinium

Cause of ciguatera –fish poisoning

Division:Division:Cryptophyta (Cryptomonels)Cryptophyta (Cryptomonels) Characteristics:Characteristics:

-assymetrical (dorso-ventral flatter)-assymetrical (dorso-ventral flatter)Top/ventralTop/ventral cross-sectioncross-section

-pleuronematic flagella, unequal-pleuronematic flagella, unequal-ejectosomes at the reservoir-ejectosomes at the reservoir-single chloroplast-single chloroplast-one to many pyrenoids-one to many pyrenoids-red, brown, olive, yellow –is due to -red, brown, olive, yellow –is due to chlorophyll and phycobillin chlorophyll and phycobillin-Nucleomorph –double membrane DNA -Nucleomorph –double membrane DNA enclosed in ER enclosed in ER