phylum chordata -...
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PhylumChordata
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Chordates
• Characterizedby– anotochord,– ahollowdorsalnervecord,and– pharyngeal(throat)slits
• Somechordatespossesthesecharacteris=csasadults;othersasonlyembryos;butallhavethematsomestageoflife
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Organiza=on• 3Sub-phyla– SubphylumUrochordata• Tunicates– smallmarinechordates– filterfeeders
• notochordanddorsalnervecordpresentinthetadpole-shapedlarvaeonly
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Organiza=on• SubphylumChephalochordata– Lancelets– smallfishlikecreatures– LiveinsandyboHomsofshallowtropicaloceans
– Adultlanceletshaveadefinitehead– Filterfeeders
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Organiza=on• SubphylumVertebrata– Fish,Amphibians,etc.– Notochordreplacedbythevertebrae(backbone)
– Twopairsofappendages– Closedcirculatorysystemwithaventralheart
– Vetebralcolumnsurroundsandprotectsthedorsalnervecord
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SubphylumVertebrata• Advantagestohavingvertebrae:– Providesbodywithstructureandsupportwhileallowingflexibility.
– ProvidesaHachmentsitesformuscles
– Protectsthenervecord
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Vertebrates• Sevenclasses– Fish
• Agnatha• Chondrichthyes• Osteichthyes
– Amphibia– Rep=lia– Aves– Mammalia
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Fish• ClassAgnatha– Jawlessfish
• Longeel-likebody• Circularmouth• 2-chamberedheart• Noscales• Nopairedfins• Nobones• Havenotochordsasadults• Ectothermic
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Vertebrates• ClassChondrichthyes– Car=lagenousfish
• Ex.Sharks,skates,etc.• Jaw• 2-chamberedheart• Tough,smallscales• Pairedfins• Car=lagenousendoskeleton• Ectothermic
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Evolu=onaryAdvances• Jaws– Madeitpossibleto
• Eatlargerorganisms,and• Defendthemselvesby“bi=ng”
• Pairedfins– pectoral(anterior)andpelvic(posterior)• Allowsformorecontrolovertheirmovementinwater
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Vertebrates• ClassOsteichthyes
– Bonyfish• Ex.Tuna,salmon,etc.• Jaw• 2-chamberedheart• Scales• Pairedfins• Bonyendoskeleton• Gills• Swimbladder• Ectothermic
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Evolu=onaryAdvances• Importantadapta=onsofbonyfishes– Swimbladder
• regulatesbuoyancy– Laterallinesystem
• assessesrateofmovementthroughwateraspressurewavesagainstthelateralline
– Operculum(Gillcover)• flexingtheoperculumpermitsbonyfishtopumpwaterovertheirgills
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Amphibians• Amphi=both;bio=life• Larvaearefish-likeandaqua=c.• Adultsareterrestrial.
– Requiremoistenvironment• Smallestgroupofliving
vertebrates.• Havemoistslimyskinthat
containsmanyglands• Noscalesandclaws.• Webbedfeet.• Ectothermic
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Evolu=onaryAdvances• Movementontoland– Lungs
• Madeitpossibletobreatheonland
– Limbswithstrongerbones• Supportbodyweight
– 3-chamberedheart14
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ClassRep=lia• Dryskincoveredwithscales.• Lungs• 3chamberedheart• Toesandclaws• Ectothermic• LayAMNIOTICeggs
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Evolu=onaryAdvances• Movementontoland– Dryskin– Scales– Respiratorymuscles– Amnio=cegg
• Allowsfordryreproduc=on
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ClassAves• Dryskincoveredwithfeathers.– Scalesonfeet.
• Wings• Lungs• 4chamberedheart• Bipedal– Toesandclaws
• Endothermic• LayAMNIOTICeggs
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Evolu=onaryAdvances• WingsandFeathers– Flight
• PorousBones– Reducesweight
• VeryefficientRespiratorysystem
• Endothermic– Ac=veinallclimatecondi=ons
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Feathers• Threetypesoffeathers:– Contour• Largefeathersthatcoverthebodyandwings• Flightfeathers
– Down• Growunderneathandbetweenthecontourfeathers• Insulatethebird
– Powder• Importantforwaterbirdsforwaterproofing.
• Preeningiswhenbirdsgroomtheirfeathers.
• Mol=ng(sheddingoffeathers)inlatesummer
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ClassMammalia• Diversegroupoforganisms• Sizevariesfrom=nybumblebeebattolargebluewhales
• Endothermic– Excellenttemperatureregula=on
• Mostareviviparous
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Evolu=onaryAdvances• Dryskincoveredwithfur.• Mammaryglands• Subcutaneousfatfor
insula=on.• Diaphragm• Sweatglands• Specializedteeth
– Incisors– Canines– Premolars– Molars
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