phylum chordata (the chordates). what is a chordate? classification: kingdom animalia, phylum...
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Phylum Chordata (The Chordates)
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What is a chordate?• Classification: Kingdom Animalia,
Phylum Chordata• Four Phylum Characteristics
• Notochord: supportive rod (replaced by cartilage or bone in vertebrates)
• Tubular nerve cord: single, dorsal; anterior end enlarged into brain (develops into brain and spinal chord in higher vertebrates)
• Pharyngeal gill slits/pouches/folds (controversial) mostly embryonic in higher vertebrates
• Post anal tail: generally supported by notochord or vertebral column • provides method of locomotion in aquatic chordates• present in humans as coccyx; in most other mammals as
wagging tail.
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Chordate Anatomy
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Invertebrate Chordates (NO vertebrae): Sea Squirts or Tunicates
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Lancelet
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What is a vertebrate?
Characteristics:
•Animals with a backbone or vertebral column (endoskeleton)
•Presence of a Spinal Cord - dorsal, hollow nerve cord
•Anterior end of spinal cord develops a brain
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Vertebrate Classes
• Class Agnatha: Jawless Fish (lamprey, hagfish)• Class Chondrichthyes Cartilage Fish (sharks,
rays, skates, catfish…)• Class Osteichthyes: Bony Fish (salmon, bass,
goldfish, etc…)• Class Amphibia: Amphibians (frogs,
salamanders…)• Class Reptilia: Reptiles (lizards, turtles…)• Class Aves: Birds (sparrows, hawks…)• Class Mammalia: Mammals (humans, whales,
cats…)
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What are Fish?* Anything with gills, scales, and fins…
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TYPES OF FISH
Jawless fish (Agnatha): lamprey and hagfish
•Lamprey is a parasite, it attaches to other fish and sucks their blood
•Hagfish is a scavenger, it lives in the ocean and is known for its slimy secretions
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Cartilage Fish
•Kingdom Animalia, •Phylum Chordata, •Subphylum Vertebrata•CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
Sharks and Rays
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SHARKS
*The pectoral fins of sharks do not move* Sharks do not have an operculum or a swim bladder*sharks will sink if they stop swimming
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BONY FISH
•Class OSTEICHTHYES•Bony skeleton•75% of vertebrates•Most have swim bladder to regulate density•Operculum = bone covering the gills•Two chambered heart
External Anatomy: Bony Fish
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Coelacanth: living fossil, lobe-finned
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Clown Fish (Nemo)
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Kissing Fish…Awww…
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Other Vertebrate ClassesClass Amphibia: Amphibians
• Live in and out of water• Need water for soft skin and for
reproduction (external fertilization)• Respiration by gills, lungs, and skin• 3-chambered heart: 2 atria, 1
ventricle• Poikilotherms
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Amphibian Groups
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataClass Amphibia
3 Orders:Order Urodela (Salamander/Newts)Order Anura (Frogs/Toads)Order Apoda (Cecilians)
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METAMORPHOSIS• Series of changes that occur as an
organism grows
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Feeding• Larva (tadpoles) are usually herbivores• Adults are usually carnivores
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Respiration• Larva (tadpoles) breath with gills• Adult frogs have lungs
Some amphibians keep gills all their life, mudpuppy
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See videos at
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/index.html
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Class Reptilia: Reptiles
• Link between sea and land??• Adapted to land:
– Dry scaly skin- aids in conserving moisture– Internal fertilization- improves egg survival– Amniotic egg- embryo enclosed in fluid-filled sac covered
by shell– Lungs for gas exchange– Excretes uric acid - insoluble solid, nitrogenous waste– Poikilotherm– 3-chambered heart: 2 atria, partly divided ventricle
(exception: alligators have 4)
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Types of Reptiles
4 Main Groups (ORDERS) Crocodilia = crocodiles, alligators Testudines = turtles and tortoises Sphenodonta = tuatara Squamata = lizards, snakes ( largest group )
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Order Sphenodonta
Only found in New Zealand, they have no external ears and a 3rd eye
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Order Testudines
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Tortoises usually live on the land, turtles in the water
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Snapping turtles can be very aggressive
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The top of a turtle's shell is the carapace, the bottom is the plastron
Is this a turtle or a tortoise?
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Order Crocodilia
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*Ornithology is the study of birds
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Classification
Kingdom Animalia---Phylum Chordata------Subphylum Vertebrata---------Class Aves
Aviation = flight
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Characteristics
1. Forelimbs modified into wings 2. Feathers 3. Hollow, lightweight bones 4. Endothermic (a.k.a. Homeotherm)5. Efficient respiration 6. Heart with a completely divided ventricle (4 chambers) 7. Scaley feet (birds are related to reptiles) 8. Furculum (wishbone)
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Types of Feathers
Down feathers - provide insulation* birds are endothermic (homeotherms)
Contour feathers - cover head and body, provide coloration
Flight feathers - on wings and tail, provide lift