phylum platyhelminthes flatworms. introduction # of species: 13,000 size: wide range, from very...
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Phylum PlatyhelminthesFlatworms
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Introduction•# of species: 13,000•Size: wide range, from very small to very long/big•2 type of bodies:▫1) Slender and leaflike▫2) Long and ribbonlike
•2 types of symbiotic relationships▫1. Free living▫2. Parasites▫Adaptations: Organs that help them stick to host
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Acoelomate• Lack a coelom or pseudocoelom
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Characteristics
• Triploblastic – Organisms with three germ layers ▫1. Endoderm
Def – digestive system comes from this▫2. Ectoderm
Def – nervous system comes from this▫3. Mesoderm
Def – Muscular system and reproductive organs comes from this
Human development (germ layers)
Diploblastic vs. Triploblastic
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Characteristics•Symmetry: Bilateral▫Description: True anterior and posterior end
•Body: Flattened •Internal area: One space (with all organs contained
within it)•Head region: Cephalization present▫This is when animals have a well defined head
region
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Characteristics•Excretory system/Osmoregulatory▫Main cell type: Flame cell
Description: Bulb shaped
Function: Excretion of wastes Consist of: Large amount of cilia (hair-like
appendages), long canals that run the length of the body
Location: Along the length of body
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Flame Cell
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Characteristics•Digestive system: Incomplete (mouth, pharnyx
and intestine)•Nervous system▫Description: pair of ganglia (concentrations of
nervous tissue/cells)▫Longitudinal nerve cords▫Bilobed brain▫Ocelli - light sensitive eyespot▫Neurons – sensory, motor and association types
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•Muscular system▫Description: layers of circular, diagonal and
longitudinal fibers beneath the epidermis•Epidermis▫Cellular or syncytial (nuclei not separated by cell
membrane)▫Some are ciliated▫Often described as “tegument” rather than a true
epidermis▫Unsure if this arrangement relates to parasitism
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Characteristics
•Respiratory system▫NO real respiratory organs
•Circulatory system▫NO real circulatory organs
•Skeletal system▫NO skeletal system
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Characteristics•Reproductive System▫Most are monoecious Def: have BOTH male/female reproductive
parts in the SAME individual▫Practice cross-fertilization▫Asexual reproduction by fission▫Regeneration of missing parts
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Reproductive SystemHave complex reproductive systems - well developed gonads and accessory reproductive organs
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Classification•Kingdom Animalia▫Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Turbellaria
Ex. Planarians Most are free-living (do not rely on host to live) Mostly marine/salt-water Body: soft, flattened carnivorous
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Class TurbellariaProstheceraeus
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Class TurbellariaDugesia (Ex: Planaria)
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Classification•Kingdom Animalia▫Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda Ex. Lung, liver and blood flukes Symbiotic relationship: parasitic (live in host and harm
the host) Body: soft, flattened Oral and ventral suckers with no hooks Cause Schistosomiasis▫Description: world’s second most common infectious
disease, causes severe diarrhea
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Liver Fluke Life Cycle
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Class TrematodaLiver and Blood Flukes
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Classification•Kingdom Animalia▫Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoda Ex. Ribbon worms, tapeworms Symbiotic relationship: parasites OR free-living Body: flat, ribbon-like segmented body Digestion: No digestive tract so dependent on host’s
digestion Tegument covered in microthrix (similar to microvilli
which increases surface area)
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Scolex •most specialized structure•Organ of attachment
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Class CestodaRibbon Worms
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Class CestodaTape Worms
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Phylum Nematoda (Nemata)
Roundworms
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Origin and Diversity• Location in world: Live everywhere! (oceans,
freshwater, soil, polar regions, tropical zones, mountains)
•Simplest organism to have complete digestive tract ( mouthanus)
•# of species: hundreds of thousands•Symbiotic relationship: free-living and parasitic▫Ex: Pinworms▫Pinworms: can affect crops, domestic animals and humans,
infect 30% of all US children
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Characteristics•Symmetry: Bilateral •Unsegmented•Germ layers: Triploblastic (three layers)•Adults have a pseudocoelom ▫Def: closed fluid-filled space acting as a hydrostatic skeleton▫Description: tube-within-a-tube▫Function: aids in circulation and dispersal of nutrients and
movement of organism•Body wall: thickened cuticle▫Description: Hardened protective covering
•Muscle layers: mostly longitudinal
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Characteristics•Digestive system▫Complete digestive system▫“Tube within a tube” arrangement▫Food comes in through mouth, leaves through
anus•Circulatory system▫NO true circulatory system/organs▫Hydrostatic skeleton – aids in moving materials
•Respiratory system▫NO true respiratory system/organs
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Characteristics• Excretory System▫ Contain a cloaca▫ A cavity that receives excretory and reproductive systems
productsNervous System▫ Cerebral ganglia (nerve ring)▫ Nerve ring is connected anterior and posterior nerves▫ Contain many sensory organs (cilia, bristles, eyespots)
• Reproductive System▫Contain gonads▫Sexes usually separate▫Males are smaller than females
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Classification•Kingdom Animalia ▫Phylum Nematoda
•Examples: Pinworm, filarial worms, Ascaris, hookworms
•Can be parasitic▫Cause: Elephantiasis, inflammation of limbs, death, hearing
loss, intestinal irritation/diarrhea
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Trichinella spiralis
Ingestion of infected muscle
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Trichuris trichiura “whipworm”
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Ascaris lumbricoides
Intestinal Roundworm
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Dirofilaria immitis
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Dracunculus medinensis
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Phylum MolluscaMollusks
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Origin and Diversity•# of species: 100,000•Classified by shell type, foot structure and
internal body organization•Mollusca, means “soft animal”▫From the Latin word Mollis which means soft
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Characteristics•Development▫Torsion – twisting of the body
Causes the mantle to rest over the head Allows for body to face the incoming current (of water), so that they
can stay attached to rock surface
•Symmetry: Bilateral▫Usually have definite head region
•Bodies: Soft▫Some have a protective shell (snail)▫Others may have 2 shells (clams) OR internal shell
(octopus)
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Characteristics•Mantle▫Soft outer tissue layer▫Contained on DORSAL body wall▫Secretes a protective shell
•Mantle Cavity▫Forms between the mantle and other body tissues▫Holds respiratory organs (gills OR lungs)
•Muscular Foot▫Used for locomotion
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Characteristics•Visceral Mass/ Coelom▫Contains most of mollusk’s internal organs
Includes: heart, gonads, stomach, kidneys•Circulatory System▫Open circulatory system
Blood flows freely over body tissues Blood is enclosed in vessels in some places
▫Vessels are open ended▫Heart has three chambers
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Characteristics•Digestive System▫Digestive tract has two openings▫Contains a rasping organ called radula▫Anus empties into mantle
•Respiratory System▫Gas exchange may occur in gills, lungs, mantle or body
surface•Reproductive System▫Most have separate sexes▫All reproduce sexually▫ Internal fertilization: Squid, some snails▫External fertilization: Clams, oysters
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Characteristics•Nervous System▫Some have simple system▫Contain sensory organs
Touch, smell, taste, vision▫Eyes are highly developed▫Some contain ganglia: centralized nerve ring
Others have pairs of ganglia ▫Octopus have very complex nervous systems
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Characteristics•Movement▫May slide (snail, slug)▫Bury foot and use as a shovel (clams)▫Expel water quickly (squid, octopus)▫Sessile (don’t move)
•Shell▫Made of calcium carbonate
Fossilizes easily Explains rich fossil record
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Classification•Kingdom Animalia▫Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacophora
Marine organisms▫Found on hard sea bottoms/rocky coasts▫Can withstand strong waves▫How? By attaching its strong “foot” to rocks
Breathe? Gills along the side of body Eat? Use? Radula to scrape algae off rocks Some are predatory (hunt others for food) Other: Little use to humans (some can be eaten)
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Class Polyplacophora
• Ex. Chitons
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Classification•Kingdom Animalia▫Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda Ex. Snails, slugs Body: Coiled in shape Head: Well developed Feeding: Use radula # of species: ▫over 40,000
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Class Gastropoda
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Classification•Kingdom Animalia▫Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia
# of species: 15, 000 Includes: Clams, oysters # of shells: two (Bi = two) Feeding: Filter feeders
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Class Bivalvia
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Classification•Kingdom Animalia▫Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda
Includes: Squid, octopus Shell: Reduced or absent Head:▫Contains well developed eyes▫Contains arms and tentacles
Ganglia▫Centralized (form a brain)