A POST-DATA

PRESENTATION ON

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, ENERGY EXPENDITURE

AND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF ELDERLY

IN URBAN AREAS OF ABEOKUTA SOUTH LOCAL

GOVERNMENT, OGUN STATE.

PRESENTED BY

JOHN EBENEZER PETER

MATRIC NO 2009/1311

SUPERVISOR: DR.(MRS) I. O. OLAYIWOLA

JUNE, 2013

INTRODUCTIONIt is now becoming clear that physical activities determine the energy expenditure of an individual, affecting the energy pull either positively or negatively. The United Nations held the First World Assembly on Ageing in Vienna in 1982 (United Nations, 1982). Subsequently, recognizing and affirming the facts that the global population is ageing and that it is ageing at an unprecedented rate, the United Nations designated 1999 as “The Year of the Older Person”. Its not a matter of choice, definitely, we all will reach this category of people. Over half of the world’s elderly population live in developing countries such as our dear country Nigeria and the elderly population in Nigeria will be double by 2015(ACC/SCN, 1999). Many of this elderly living in urban areas are involved in a number of activities from light to moderate such as reading newspaper, looking after their grandchildren, watching television series, indoor games while some are educational.Regular exercise and adequate nutrition makes the elderly resistance to diseases, ensure strength leading to longevity and healthy aging without financial burdens on sickness.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The elderly, because of their low metabolic rate, hormonal changes and their low activity level, they required a balance in their nutrient intake and energy expenditure, but due to the light of changing social structures in Nigeria, adopting the western cultures, yet neglecting the significant of exercise, lack of aggressive nutrition awareness and health benefits of exercise, the quantity of food intake by the urban elderly might be higher than their energy expended due to their financial stability. This will negatively affect their energy pull and thus putting them in the high risk group prone to some diseases that can hasten their mortality rate leading to increased mortality due to degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease( Fatmah and Yusran Nasution, 2011).

JUSTIFICATION

The changes in energy regulation occur during normal aging and contribute to the common phenomenon of weight and fat losses later in life. The ability of elderly to accurately regulate energy pull is impaired with a number of possible explanations including reduced physical activities delayed rate of absorption of micronutrients secondary to reductions in numerous hormonal and metabolic mediators of energy regulations that can change with aging. Also changes in patterns of dietary intake and reduction in the variety of foods consumed in the old age. Not only the food intake, but also their energy expenditure decrease with aging, in particular physical activity and basal metabolic rate, and the ability of energy expenditure to increase or decrease to attenuate energy imbalance during over-eating or under-eating which also decreases. This research study justify the influence of all the physical activities and energy expenditure of the elderly on their anthropometric indices.

OBJECTIVES

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To describe the daily physical activities carried out and their patterns.To calculate the time allocation and energy expended by the elderly.To determine the food consumption pattern of the elderly.To assess the nutritional status of the elderly using anthropometry measurements.To evaluate the relationship between the energy expenditure and the anthropometric measurements of the elderly.

BROAD OBJECTIVE

The broad objective is to assess the physical activity pattern, energy expenditure and anthropometric measurements of elderly in urban areas of Abeokuta South Local Governments, Ogun State.

METHODOLOGYBACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE STUDY AREAAbeokuta South Local Government is usually referred to as the Premier Local Government, owning to the historic eminence of that geographical entity as the traditional seat of the Local or Native Authority in Egba since 1898 as well as the seat of the Government of Ogun State that came into existence in 1976, with its headquarters at Ake. It has the land with size of 72km2 (21sq mi) and a population of about 250,295 according to the National population commission figure of 2006 census.

Christianity, Islam and Traditional religions are the three religions of the people of the Local Government. The occupations of its indigenes are tie and dye, pottery, woodcraft and blacksmithing among others. The Local Government has fifteen wards in which three urban areas will be purposely selected from three wards for the research purpose which are Ibara Housing Estate known as Ibara Government Residential Area, Sam Ewang Estate and Asero Housing Estate.

SELECTION OF SAMPLE SIZEThe sample size was determined using the formula:

N =Z2 (pq)/d2,where N is the sample size, Z is the standard normal

variable for a 95% confidence level, p is the prevalence of the attribute (using a value of p for underweight of 15% according to Olayiwola and Ketiku ), q is 1–p, and d is precision (= 0.05). The sample size for the present study was calculated to be:

N = 1.962×0.15×0.85 = 196 0.052

Thus, 196 elderly people were needed for this research. Another 10% was added to account for non-responses, yielding a total value of 215.6 which was rounded up to 220.

SAMPLING PROCEDURE

The 220 participants was selected using a random sampling procedure. Three Estates from three wards were purposely selected for use in the study. In each estate, households was randomly selected until 25 households where elderly gave consent for the study was obtained, making 75 households in total. To be eligible for inclusion in the study, each prospective participant must have resided at the study location for at least 5 years. Home visits with the assistance of the landlord chairman committee was used to contact the 220 respondents.

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION A well structured questionnaire was developed to collect data on the following:

Socio-economic and demographic characteristics

Physical activity and time allocation

Anthropometric measurement (weight, height, waist, hip).

Food frequency..

DATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSIS

Statistical analysis was done through computation using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20.0 for Microsoft windows. NutriSurvey2007 was used to calculate the energy expenditure used by each individual based on their daily physical activity per the duration of time being used on each activity. Microsoft excel 2013 was used to describe the variables on bar chart and pie chart.Descriptive statistic: Mean standard deviation, frequencies and percentage was used in describing all the variables.Correlation analysis was used to establish the connection/relationship between energy expenditure and anthropometric measurements.

SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC DATA OF RESPONDENTSSOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC DATA OF RESPONDENTSFREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

AGE 60-69Years 96 43.6

70-79Years 85 38.6

80 and above 39 17.7

Total 220 100.0

SEX Male 133 60.5

Female 87 39.5

Total 220 100.0

EDUCATIONAL STATUS

No Formal Education 20 9.1

Primary Education 15 6.8

Tertiary Education 119 54.1

Total 220 100.0

OCCUPATION Civil Servant 44 20.0

Self Employed 84 38.2

Retired 92 41.8

Total 220 100.0

MONTLY INCOME 20,000-50,000 120 54.5

60,000-90,000 64 29.1

100,000 and above 36 16.4

Total 220 100.0

FREQUENCY OF CEREALS CONSUMED BY THE FREQUENCY OF CEREALS CONSUMED BY THE RESPONDENTSRESPONDENTS

FREQUENCY OF ROOTS & TUBERS CONSUMEDFREQUENCY OF ROOTS & TUBERS CONSUMED

FREQUENCY OF LEGUMES CONSUMED BY THE FREQUENCY OF LEGUMES CONSUMED BY THE RESPONDENTSRESPONDENTS

FREQUENCY OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

FREQUENCY OF MEAT & PRODUCT CONSUMED BY THE FREQUENCY OF MEAT & PRODUCT CONSUMED BY THE RESPONDENTSRESPONDENTS

FREQUENCY OF MILK & ITS PRODUCTS CONSUMED FREQUENCY OF MILK & ITS PRODUCTS CONSUMED BY THE RESPONDENTSBY THE RESPONDENTS

FREQUENCY OF BEVERAGES CONSUMED BY THE FREQUENCY OF BEVERAGES CONSUMED BY THE RESPONDENTSRESPONDENTS

FREQUNCY OF SNACKS CONSUMED BY THE FREQUNCY OF SNACKS CONSUMED BY THE RESPONDENTSRESPONDENTS

LIST OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND THE TIME ALLOCATION OF THE LIST OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND THE TIME ALLOCATION OF THE RESPONDENTS RESPONDENTS

  

List Of Activities

Time (Minutes)

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Sleeping (in hours) 220 6 60 7.60 .725

Using Toilet 220 5 20 7.77 2.874

Brushing 220 3 10 5.06 1.307

Showering 220 5 71 13.30 7.749

Eating 220 30 75 46.37 10.920

Sitting Down 220 620 970 853.40 82.135

Easy Cleaning Job 39 10 40 16.15 9.066

Cooking 36 30 90 51.25 16.404

Driving 42 20 120 45.95 24.871

Making Bed 15 3 10 5.13 2.615

Cleaning Car 18 5 15 10.00 4.201

Downstairs 11 5 5 5.00 .000

Going Upstairs 11 5 5 5.00 .000

Road Walking 11 10 60 39.55 24.130

Working While Sitting Down 92 15 180 77.39 52.059

LIST OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND ENERGY EXPENDED BY THE RESPONDENTS

  Energy Used (Kcal)

List Of Activities N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Using The Toilet 220 4 22 9.49 3.732

Brushing Of Teeth 220 8 51 15.69 5.761

Taking Shower 220 15 173 64.83 27.156

Eating 220 36 156 84.54 22.556

Sitting Down 220 247 811 525.71 109.929

Easy Cleaning Job 39 26 160 47.33 34.152

Cooking 36 96 179 133.47 29.685

Driving 42 51 210 107.52 41.980

Making Bed 15 7 19 10.53 4.470

Cleaning Car 18 19 108 53.72 29.397

Going Downstairs 11 12 19 16.09 2.700

Going Upstairs 11 17 53 39.64 13.033

Road Walking 11 88 431 301.64 153.871

Working While Sitting Down

92 33 276 145.18 74.460

Energy Expenditure 220 612 1296 837.66 117.064

General Activities with specific activities Frequency Percentage

General Activities 80 36.4

General Activities And Easy Cleaning Job 8 3.6

General Activities And Cooking 6 2.7

General Activities And Driving Car 9 4.1

General Activities And Cleaning Car 2 .9

General Activities And Working While Sitting Down 37 16.8

General Activities, Easy Cleaning Job And Cooking 6 2.7

General Activities, Easy Cleaning Job And Working While Sitting Down 6 2.7

General Activities, Cooking And Working While Sitting Down 2 .9

General Activities, Driving Car And Cleaning Car 6 2.7

General Activities, Driving Car And Working While Sitting Down 17 7.7

General Activities, Making Bed And Working While Sitting Down 1 .5

General Activities, Road Walking And Working While Sitting Down 5 2.3

General Activities, Easy Cleaning Job, Cooking And Making Bed 11 5.0

General Activities, Easy Cleaning Job, Cooking And Road Walking 1 .5

General Activities, Easy Cleaning Job, Cooking And Walking While Sitting Down 5 2.3

General Activities, Easy Cleaning, Road Walking And Walking While Sitting Down 3 1.4

General Activities, Cooking, Making Bed And Working While Sitting Down 3 1.4

General Activities, Cooking, Road Walking And Working While Sitting Down 2 .9

General Activities, Driving Car, Cleaning Car And Working While Sitting Down 10 4.5

Total 220 100.0

DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE RESPONDENTS BODY MASS INDEX PERCENTAGE

DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE RESPONDENTS WAIST TO HIP RATIO PERCENTAGE

ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS

VARIABLE VARIABLE Male (n=133) Male (n=133) (Mean ± SD)(Mean ± SD)

Female (n=87) Female (n=87) (Mean ± SD)(Mean ± SD)

t-valuet-value p-valuep-value

WEIGHT (kg) 78.39±10.92 73.30±11.39 3.325 0.001

HEIGHT (m) 1.71±0.08 1.64±0.78 5.734 0.000

BMI (kg/m2) 26.92±3.05 27.23±4.14 -.624 0.533

Waist (cm) 99.55±6.84 91.54±10.19 6.977 0.000

Hip (cm) 98.15±5.47 96.91±8.86 1.286 0.200

WHR (cm) 1.01±0.47 0.95±0.85 7.661 0.000

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND BMI OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND BMI OF THE RESPONDENTS RESPONDENTS

ENERGY EXPENDITURE BODY MASS INDEX Total    

UNDERWEIGHT

NORMAL OVERWEIGHT OBESE 1 OBESE 2 X2 P value

Energy Expenditure

600-699Count 0 9 11 0 0 20    

% of Total 0.0% 4.1% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 9.1%    

700-799Count 3 8 47 14 0 72    

% of Total 1.4% 3.6% 21.4% 6.4% 0.0% 32.7%    

800-899Count 0 7 46 21 2 76    

% of Total 0.0% 3.2% 20.9% 9.5% 0.9% 34.5%    

900-999Count 3 7 19 8 0 37    

% of Total 1.4% 3.2% 8.6% 3.6% 0.0% 16.8%    

1000-1099Count 0 4 0 1 0 5 0.000 121.657

% of Total 0.0% 1.8% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 2.3%    

1100-1199Count 3 1 0 3 0 7    

% of Total 1.4% 0.5% 0.0% 1.4% 0.0% 3.2%    

1200-1299Count 3 0 0 0 0 3    

% of Total 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.4%    

TotalCount 12 36 123 47 2 220    

% of Total 5.5% 16.4% 55.9% 21.4% 0.9% 100%    

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONDISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The study reveals that the respondents engaged in less physical activity which brings about the little energy expended, majority engaged in general activities that consumed little energy, such as brushing, using toilet, having shower, eating and sitting down throughout the left hours after sleeping and waking up for the day .(Sedentary lifestyle).

This greatly affect their anthropometric measurements, this was reflected in their Body Mass Index classification where majority were Overweight.

This lack of healthy physical activity place them on the high risks group of diseases and complications such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Atherosclerosis and others.

More so, the study reveals that the relationship between their Energy Expenditure and their anthropometric measurements, showing that the less energy they expend greatly affect their Body Mass Index and also their Waist to Hip Ratio prove this as well.

RECOMMENDATIONS

There is a need for the training of public health workers to inculcate the need for a healthy physical activity for elderly atleast 30minutes road walk a day, this can make a difference and make them less susceptible to illnesses related to people living a sedentary lifestyle.

Also nutrition information should be made available for this aged people on foods containing low caloric values and alternatives that can be used in replacing some general foods they cannot consumed due to their old age.

More study should be conducted on other factors that can negatively affect the nutritional status of the elderly.

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