physical and mechanical characteristics for cotton and pigeon pie as agriculture residues

8/20/2019 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR COTTON AND PIGEON PIE AS AGRICULTURE RESIDUES

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected]

Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015 Page 156

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to study some physical and mechanical properties of the two major components cotton and pigeon pie stalks.

These properties are necessary to apply normal design procedures such as pneumatic conveying, fluidization, drying, and

combustion. The results obtained from determining the mechanical properties of average tensile and compressive strength for

cotton stalks at different moisture content (9.58, 14.22 and 16.00%) was (0.34, 0.35 and 0.23MPa) and (7.24, 5.58 and 5.40

MPa) respectively. The results obtained from determining the mechanical properties of average tensile and compressive

strength for pigeon stalks (pie) at different moisture content (10.10, 15.95 and 17.24%) was (0.54, 0.69 and 0.39MPa) and (8.95,

6.61 and 4.21MPa) respectively. Other than tensile and compressive strength the various test such as shear strength, impact

test, torsion test and bending moment are performed on the cotton and pigeon stalk. The modulus of elasticity and toughness

were evaluated as a function of moisture content. As the moisture content of the stalk regions increased the modulus of

elasticity and toughness decreased indicating a reduction in the brittleness of the stalk regions. Useful conclusions may be the

analysis of the stalk phenomenon refers to the correlation of the main mechanical properties of these residues. All the tests are

performed by taking the average diameter of three portion of stalk i.e. Top, middle and bottom portion of the plant

Keywords: Wood Analysis, Cotton stalks, pigeon stalks, physical properties, Average diameter of stalk, Mechanical

characteristics and moisture content.

I. INTRODUCTION

India is the leading manufacturer of paper and having large area covered by the forest trees from which the wood is

supplied to the paper manufacturing industries. The types of wood from which paper is produce includes soft wood like

- spruce & pine, hard wood like - short fiber, grasses - several types of long grasses like bamboo, sabai grass, sarkanda

etc, the cotton and pigeon plants also used as raw material in paper manufacturing units because it gives more strength

in paper or paper board, In India there is no any concept of producing the chips from the wood before supplying to the

industry. The concept behind the study is to do the research for designing the human powered operated wood chipper

machine that can do the chips of cotton and pigeon stalk and as we know the physical and mechanical properties such

as tensile and compressive strength, shear strength, impact test, torsion test and bending moment of these stalk then itis easier to design the various machine components based on the result obtained.

India is the agricultural based country where the production of cotton and pigeon takes places in maximum numbers.

Near about 70 % of farmers in the Maharashtra region is taking this production every year.

After extracting the cotton and red gram from the cotton and pigeon crops the farmer will store only 20% of the total

crops for food cooking purpose and leftover is count to be as waste. Leftover dry crops of cotton and pigeon are to be

produced in the form of chip by human powered wood chipper machine and can be supply to the paper manufacturing

industries.

Cutting and conditioning of cotton stalks & pigeon stalks, as only in recent years has cotton stalks, pigeon stalks

production for industrial purposes been permitted in India and some Asian countries. The crop residues stalks and

fiber have great potential for many products such as wood, paper, fuel resource, animal forage, compost and building

materials. These stalks are a tall plant and its stem has a large diameter. A stalk has high percentage of lignin and

consists of a woody core and an outer fibrous tissue. These characteristics may make cutting and conditioning cotton

and pigeon more energy intensive than any other crops.Important mechanical properties of the agricultural material from the cutting standpoint are strength in tension, shear

and bending, density and friction. These properties are influenced by species, variety and age of the plant, moisture

content and the cellular structure. The values of these factors are the mechanical properties and observed a wide range

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL

CHARACTERISTICS FOR COTTON

AND PIGEON PIE AS AGRICULTURERESIDUES

1Vivek M Sonde, Dr. P. N. Belkhode

2, Dr. C. N. Sakhale

3

1, Research Scholar and Assistant professor in Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur

2, Assistant professor in Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur

3, Associate professor in Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur


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of maximum shear strength for cotton stalk is from 6.24 to 24.94 MPA because of its marked dependence on moisture

content with a negative linear correlation between shear strength and moisture content. However, show little

dependence of shear strength on moisture content, based on dry matter cross-sectional area of the stem. The cross-

sectional area and moisture content of the crop had significant influence on cutting energy and maximum cutting force.

The shearing energy and maximum shearing force were found to be directly proportional to the cross-sectional area and

inversely proportional to the moisture content of the stalk. Maximum shear energy in direct shear tests was observed todecrease with the rate of loading. Average maximum shear strength decreased from 24.94 to 6.24 MPA when the rate

of loading was increased from 0.9 to 3.63 KN.

Studies of cutting energy requirements have been conducted on soya bean stalks mesquita & Hanna, (1995), cotton

stalks El Hag et al., (1971), maize stalks Prasad & Gupta, (1975), and alfalfa stems Prince et al., (1969) and pyrethrum

flowers Khazaei et al., (2002). These studies showed that cutting energy is related to the stem mechanical properties

(e.g. maximum cutting force and stem shear strength), and physical properties (e.g. stem diameter, dry matter density

and moisture content). Types of cutting knife and blade edge also affect the cutting energy requirement. A serrated

blade edge gives a higher cutting force and requires more cutting energy than a smooth edge Persson, (1987), also

reviewed several studies on the cutting speed and concluded that cutting power is only slightly affected by cutting

speed, although an increase in cutting speed will often increase the power losses caused by material acceleration.

Information on plant properties and the power or energy requirement of equipment has been very valuable for selecting

design and operational parameters of the equipment Persson, (1987). Such information is needed for the design of wood

chipper machine, weeding, shredding and lawn mowing and conditioners, assuring appropriate machine functions and

an efficient use of energy. The specific objectives were to examine the physical and mechanical properties of cotton and

pigeon stalk. Considering the above points, there is a need for information on the variation in the physico-mechanical

properties of cotton and pigeon stalks to improve chopping conditions. This study was focused on determining the

shear, compression, bending test and the tensile and compressive strength of cotton and pigeon stalks according to

various stalk regions at different moisture contents.

II. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON AND PIGEON PIE STALKS

The results obtained from measuring several samples (100 samples) of each residue such as cotton & pigeon stalks and

showed that the maximum value of stem length cotton & pigeon stalks and were 182 and 250 cm respectively,

meanwhile the minimum value of stem length were 98 and 110 cm for the same residues in sequence. The maximum

values for cotton and pigeon stem diameter were 32 and 40 mm respectively meanwhile the minimum values of stem

diameter were 7.3 and 8.2 mm for the same residues in sequence. The obtained results of average values are tabulated

as shown in table 1.

Table 1. Average values of some physical properties of tested

farm residues

Residue

Property

Cotton stalks Pigeon pie

Range Average Range Average

Stem

length, cm182 - 98 147.69

250 -

110117.5

Stem

diameter,mm

32 – 6 18 40 – 5.8 24.11

Mass of

one stalk,

(g)

200 - 35 106.72300 -

58.25179.125

Number of

branches27 - 6 15.95 24-7 15.5

For the experimentation purpose the Sample Number, Length and diameter and average diameter of each sample was

taken by using a digital vernier caliper is given to the cotton and pigeon stalk

III. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 1.

Determination of mechanical and physical properties

The properties which influence the cutting process are the elastic behavior of the stem in shear, compression and

bending Chattopadhyay & Pandey, (1999).


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1.1

Shear

The indices which determine the shearing behavior of the plant material are maximum shear strength σs and specific

cutting energy E SS . The maximum shear strength is expressed by:

σs = Fmax / A

Where, σs are the maximum shear strength in (MPa), F max is the maximum shear force in (N) and A is the cross-

sectional area of stalk at the plane of shear in (mm2

).1.2 Compression

The indices which determine the compression behavior of plant material are the modulus of elasticity in compression

and the compressive energy. The modulus of elasticity in compression, which is given by:

σc = [(Fc / A) / (ΔL / d)]

Where, σc is the modulus of elasticity in compression in (N/mm2). Fc is the compressive force in (N), ΔL is the

transverse deformation due to compressive force in (mm), and d is the diameter of the stalk at the point of compression

in (mm).

1.3

Bending

The indices which determine the bending behavior of plant material are beam failure stress, modulus of elasticity in

bending and bending energy. The beam failure stress σb in (MPa) can be expressed by the following equation:

σb = My / I and M = Fb x L

Where, M is the maximum bending moment at which the stem fails in (Nmm), y is the distance of outermost fibre from

the neutral axis in (mm), I is the second moment of area of the stem cross-section in (mm4), F b is the maximum

bending force at which the stem fails in (N), and L is the length of lever arm of the bending force in (mm).

IV. MATERIAL AND METHODS

1.

Experimental procedure

Three common residues with different moisture content were used: cotton stalks (9.58, 14.22 and 16.00%), and pigeon

pie (10.10, 15.95 and 17.24%). The electrical drying oven was used to dry the samples of residues to calculate the

moisture content.

The universal testing machine was used to measure some mechanical properties (tensile strength and compressive

strength at vertical plane) for cotton stalk, and pigeon pie. The machine as shown in Fig. (1).

Fig.1 Universal Testing Machine

2. Preparation of Sample For Test

a) Mechanical characteristics

•An ascending order is given to the samples along each stalk length, starting from stalk bottom to its top.

•This sample number is given to each sample according to the locations along the stalk length.

•Samples were taken from three different positions: bottom, middle and top portion of each stalk.

•30 cm sample were cut from each samples to determine Shear strength & tensile strength.

•2.5 cm sample were taken for determine compressive strength.

•43 cm sample were taken for determining bending force.

b) Physical characteristics

• The dimensional description of each stalk in all residues implied the measure of samples number, length and

diameter. The average diameter of each sample was determined by using a digital vernier caliper.

The various test conducted on cotton stalk and pigeon pie are:

1. Shear strength.

2. Compressive strength.

3. Tensile strength.

4. Bending movement.5. Impact test

6. Torsion test

7. Moisture content (M.C)


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1.

Test for Shear strength.

The indices which determine the shearing behavior of the plant material is maximum stress σs are expressed by the

equation σs = Fmax / A. Chattopdhyay & Pandy (1999). The fabricated fixture was fixed rigidly on the base plate form of

the test machine under the crosshead with the help of two bolts. A chisel measuring heads is placed perpendicular to

the length of stalks specimen as shown in Fig below. Fig. 2 shows the stalk under double shear and fig. 3 shows the

stalk under single shear. The stalk sample was held on the fixture with the help of two U-type clamps at both ends ofthe specimen. During the down ward movement of the crosshead, the chisel cut the specimen by shear and passed

through the slots provided in the fixture below the specimen. The force required for shearing the stalk was recorded.

The maximum shear strength was calculated using equation σs = Fmax / A. The shear test was conducted for the length

of the various stalk regions at three positions (bottom, middle and top regions).

Fig. 2 Double & Single Shearing Test

After conducting the shear test as per the procedure mention above on the cotton stalk and pigeon pie for double and

single shear, the result obtained as mention in table below.

Table 2. Shear Strength under Double Shear of Cotton Stalk

Position of

sample

Average

Diameter

(mm)

Area

(mm2)

Peak

load

(KN)

Peak load

(N)

Shear

strength

(N/mm2)

BottomPortion

31.25 766.602 4.7 4700 28.52

27.22 581.629 4.2 4200 26.18

25.27 501.280 3.7 3700 22.70

Middle

Portion

14.99 176.390 2.1 2100 16.98

12.45 121.677 1.9 1900 16.22

11.77 108.748 1.6 1600 11.85

Top

Portion

8.40 55.390 1.2 1200 8.87

7.56 44.866 1.1 1100 7.94

6.11 29.306 1.05 1050 5.59

Table 3. Shear Strength under Single Shear of Cotton Stalk

Position ofsample

Average

Diameter(mm)

Area(mm2)

Peak load(KN)

Peakload (N)

Shear

strength(N/mm2)

Bottom

Portion

30.75 742.267 5.1 5100 29.77

27.22 581.629 4.8 4800 28.11

26.82 564.660 4.2 4200 23.85

Middle

Portion

14.79 171.714 3.1 3100 17.54

11.52 104.178 2.2 2200 16.98

11.20 98.470 1.3 1300 12.85

Top Portion

8.10 51.504 1.2 1200 9.00

7.56 44.866 1.2 1200 8.74

5.98 28.072 1.1 1100 7.77

Table 4. Shear Strength under Double Shear of Pigeon Pie


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Position of

sample

Average

Diameter

(mm)

Area

(mm2)

Peak load

(KN)

Peak

load (N)

Shear

strength

(N/mm2)

Bottom

Portion

30.15 713.5827 4.7 4700 29.65

28.22 625.1492 4.4 4400 26.88

25.12 495.3463 3.9 3900 22.71

Middle

Portion

15.23 182.083 2.3 2300 17.26

12.1 114.9319 1.9 1900 16.53

11.2 98.4704 1.7 1700 12.63

Top Portion

8.54 57.25131 1.3 1300 7.87

7.22 40.92079 1.1 1100 7.04

6.78 36.08519 1.07 1070 6.59

Table 5. Shear Strength under Single Shear of Pigeon Pie

Position of

sample

Average

Diameter

(mm)

Area

(mm

2

)

Peak load

(KN)

Peak

load (N)

Shear

strength

(N/mm2)

Bottom

Portion

27.22 581.6288 3.63 5900 24.94

27.02 573.1131 3.6 5800 23.46

26.92 568.8788 3.59 5800 19.91

Middle

Portion

14.23 158.9569 1.9 3100 12.89

13.89 151.4517 1.85 3020 12.22

13.15 135.7442 1.75 2860 11.95

Top

Portion

8.54 57.25131 1.14 1860 6.31

7.22 40.92079 0.96 1570 6.28

6.78 36.08519 0.9 1470 6.24

2.

Test for Compression strength.

The indices which determine the compression behavior of plant material are the modulus of elasticity in compression.The modulus of elasticity in compression was calculated by the following equation σc = [(Fc / A) / (ΔL / d)]

Chattopdhyay & Pandy (1999). The specimen was placed on the base plate form perpendicularly. The compressive

force on the stalk sample was applied by a flat heads as shown in Fig. 3. During the test, the cross-head was moved

down at 25 cm/s speed deforming the sample until failure was achieved. The modulus of elasticity in compression was

calculated using above equation. The compression test was conducted for the length of the stalk at three position

bottom, middle and top of the stalks.

Fig. 3 Compression test

After conducting the Compression test as per the procedure mention above on the cotton stalk and pigeon pie, the result

obtained as mention in table below.

Table 6. Compression Strength of Cotton Stalk

Positi

on of

sample

Avera

ge

Diame

ter ofsampl

e

Sam

ple

Leng

th(mm)

Area

(mm2)

Comp

ressio

n

forceFc

(KN)

Compr

ession

forceFc (N)

Change

in length

of

sample(mm)

Compress

ive

strength(N/mm2)

Botto 29.63 25 689.18 2.88 2800 20.12 7.54


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m

Portio

n

28.12 25 620.73 2.51 2510 19.23 7.61

26.87 25 566.77 2.12 2120 19.33 6.55

Middl

e

Portion

15.91 25 198.71 1.5 1500 19.41 7.12

15.61 25 191.28 1.49 1490 18.75 5.55

11.85 25 110.23 1.29 1290 15.65 5.41

Top

Portio

n

8.25 25 53.43 0.75 750 14.78 5.23

7.5 25 44.16 0.71 710 14.52 5.31

6.7 25 35.24 0.62 620 13.88 5.27

Table 7. Compression Strength of Pigeon Pie

Positio

n of

sample

Averag

e

Diamet

er of

sample

Sam

ple

Len

gth

(mm)

Area

(mm2)

Comp

ression

force

Fc

(KN)

Compr

ession

force

Fc (N)

Change

in

length

of

sample(mm)

Compr

essive

strengt

h

(N/mm

2

)

Bottom

Portion

28.02 25 616.32 3.05 3050 20.15 7.85

27.6 25 597.98 3 3000 20.23 7.69

26.8 25 563.82 2.92 2920 20.95 6.75

Middle

Portion

15.6 25 191.04 1.7 1700 19.53 7.24

15.51 25 188.84 1.69 1690 19.22 5.67

12.8 25 128.61 1.39 1390 15 5.58

Top

Portion

8.1 25 51.50 0.8 800 14.64 5.20

7.1 25 39.57 0.77 770 14.1 5.37

6.2 25 30.18 0.67 670 13.77 5.40

3.

Test for Tensile strength.

Tensile strength tests were conducted by placing the samples between two parallel clamps in each sides of sample. The

sample axis is placed perpendicular to the clamps axis. There were placed between the clamps and connected by two

arms at no loading. Force was applied to the sample by the tensile and force transducer to the moveable cross-head.

During the test, the cross-head was moved up at 25 cm/s speed deforming the sample, until failure was achieved. A

digital computer unite showed the variations in the force acting on the sample and the force deformation at which

sample tissue failed was recorded as shown in Fig. 4. The mechanical properties of these samples (cotton, and pigeon

stalks) such as modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and toughness have been determined

Fig. 4 Tensile Test


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After conducting the tensile test as per the procedure mention above on the cotton stalk and pigeon pie, the result

obtained as mention in table below.

Table 8. Tensile Strength of Cotton Stalk

Position

of

sample

Average

Diamete

r ofsample

Length

(mm)

Area

(mm2)

Tensil

e force

Fc(KN)

Tensil

e force

Fc (N)

Change

in

lengthof

sample

(mm)

Tensile

strength

(N/mm2)

Bottom

Portion

29.56 300 685.93 2.00 2000 303.1 0.32

28 300 615.44 2.74 2740 304.25 0.32

27.52 300 594.52 2.02 2020 306.22 0.31

Middle

Portion

15.98 300 200.46 1.2 1200 307.77 0.24

15.66 300 192.51 1.25 1250 309.20 0.24

12.75 300 127.61 0.74 740 310.84 0.23

Top

Portion

8.12 300 51.76 0.71 710 310.89 0.22

7.41 300 43.10 0.60 600 311.12 0.216.54 300 33.58 0.54 540 312.29 0.20

Table 9. Tensile Strength of Pigeon Pie

Position

of

sample

Average

Diamete

r of

sample

Length

(mm)

Area

(mm2)

Tensil

e force

Fc

(KN)

Tensil

e force

Fc (N)

Change

in

length

of

sample

(mm)

Tensile

strength

(N/mm2)

Bottom

Portion

29.11 300 665.20 2.08 2080 304.5 0.35

28.22 300 625.15 3 3000 305.1 0.35

27.57 300 596.68 2.92 2920 305.68 0.34

Middle

Portion

15.4 300 186.17 1.7 1700 308.47 0.33

15 300 176.63 1.69 1690 308.9 0.33

12.57 300 124.03 0.9 900 309.98 0.31

Top

Portion

7.65 300 45.94 0.8 800 309.99 0.31

7.1 300 39.57 0.77 770 310.1 0.27

6.09 300 29.11 0.67 670 311.29 0.23

4. Test for Bending Moment.

The indices which determine the bending behaviors of plant material are beam failure stress. The maximum bending

moment was calculated by equation σb = My / I and M = F b x L Chattopdhyay & Pandy (1999). The bending property of

the stalk was determined by simply supported teat as suggested by Persson, (1987). The sample axis is placed perpendicular to the plunger axis. Both end of the stalk specimen was fixed rigidly to the fixture with the help of a

screw clamp with two inner semi-circular rims. The vertical force was applied by the chisel heads at the middle of the

mounted specimen at a distance of 90 mm from the fixed point as shown in Fig. 5.


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Fig. 5 Bending Test

The test were done till the stalk fails under the application of load, so the performance gives the following test results.

Table 10. Bending Test of Cotton Stalk

Position of sample

Average

Diameter of

sample

Compression

force

Fc (N)

Bottom Portion

28.33 2020

27.88 1990

27.11 1940

Middle Portion

15.98 1140

15.1 1080

14.77 1050

Top Portion

12.57 900

7.62 540

7.12 500

Table 11. Bending Test of Pigeon Pie

Position of sample

Average

Diameter of

sample

Compression

force

Fc (N)

Bottom Portion

28.33 2700

27.51 2600

27.19 2590

Middle Portion

15.14 1400

14.78 1400

12.77 1200

Top Portion

8.52 810

8.1 7707.56 720


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5.

Impact Test.

The impact teat of sample is done for determining the energy required to shear the sample in transverse as well as

along the axis. The impact test can be done in two types.

i. Charpy impact test.

Sample required for Charpy impact teat is of length 55 mm and it should be placed in horizontal against the load. Load

is to be released from 1350

by using “V” notch for shearing as shown in the fig. 6 below.

Fig. 6 Impact Test

ii.

Izod impact test

Sample required for Izod impact teat is of length 80 mm and it should be placed vertical in the provided slot against the

load. Load should be released from 900 by using “U” notch for shearing, the observation for Charpy and Izod Impact

test are mention in the table below.Table 12. Observations of Charpy Impact test

Pigeon Pie Cotton Stalk

Position of

sample

Average

Diameter

of sample

Energy in

Joule

Average

Diameter of

sample

Energy in

Joule

Bottom

Portion

25.63 673 25 656.46

24.66 647 24.55 644.11

24.1 633 24.21 635.89

Middle

Portion

14.88 390 15.12 396.29

14.1 370 14.22 373.15

14 367 13.67 358.35

Top Portion

7.9 207 7.4 193.90

7.5 197 7.2 189.12

7.1 186 6.54 171.33

Table 13. Observations of Izod Impact test

Pigeon Pie Cotton Stalk

Position of

sample

Average

Diameter

of sample

Energy in

Joule

Average

Diameter of

sample

Energy in

Joule

BottomPortion

25.61 760 25.22 662.23

24.88 737 24.12 632.83

24.56 728 24.56 645.08

Middle 14.22 441 14.11 369.82


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Portion 14.1 418 14.02 367.90

13.88 411 13.28 348.13

Top Portion

8.51 252 7.1 186.04

8.41 249 7 183.87

7.1 210 6.33 165.83

6. Torsion Test.

The torsion teat of sample is done for determining the torque required to shear the sample. Sample required for torsion

teat is of length 350 mm and it should be clamp horizontal in the jaws provided as shown below in the fig. 7 and the

test performance are tabulated below.

Fig. 7 Torsion Test

Table 14. Observations of Torsion test

Cotton Stalk Pigeon Pie

Position of

sample

Average

Diameter

of sample

Torque in

N.m

Average

Diameter of

sample

Torque in

N.m

Bottom

Portion

26.1 108.75 26.87 127.14

25.1 104.5 26.11 123.52

24.58 102.4 25.12 118.86

Middle

Portion

15.2 63.3 14.1 66.72

14.23 59.29 13.1 61.98

14.1 58.75 12.16 57.54

Top Portion

7.98 33.25 7.54 35.67

7.55 31.45 7.22 34.16

7.17 29.875 7.11 33.64

7. Test for Moisture Content

Stalk samples were oven dried at 105° C for 24 h by using electrical oven as shown in the below fig 8. The samples

were weighted before and after drying and the moisture content was determined by using the following equation:

Moisture Content = (SB – SA) / SB x 100

Where:

• SB = Sample mass before drying

• SA = Sample mass after drying


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Fig. 8 Electric Oven for Moisture Test

• For bottom sample with average diameter of 25.69 mm

Sample mass before drying = 21.56 g

Sample mass after drying = 19.77 g

Moisture content = (21.56 – 18.11)/21.56 x 100

= 16.00 % (WB)

• For middle sample with average diameter of 15.87 mm



Moisture content = (16.59 – 14.23) /16.59 x 100

= 14.22 % (WB)

• For middle sample with average diameter of 13.66 mm


Sample mass after drying = 11.98 gMoisture content = (13.25 – 11.98) /13.25 x 100

= 9.58 % (WB)

• For top sample with average diameter of 15.87 mm



Moisture content = (11.15 – 10.25) /11.25 x 100

= 8.07 % (WB)

Results and Discussion

There are many parameters affecting the performance of cutting processes in this study. Some of these parameters are

related to the cutting tools, some are related to the plant materials and others are related to the performance of the

chipping machine. The obtained results throughout the several stages of laboratory are presented and discussed in this

paper.1. Physical characteristics of cotton, maize stalks and sugar cane bagasse.

The results obtained from measuring several samples (100 sample) of each residues such as cotton stalks and pigeon pie

showed that the maximum value of stem length cotton stalks and pigeon pie were 182, 330 and 300 cm respectively,

meanwhile the minimum value of stem length were 98, 240 and 190 cm for the same residues in sequence. The


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maximum values for cotton stalks and pigeon pie stem diameter were 32 and 40 mm respectively meanwhile the

minimum values of stem diameter were 6 and 5.8 mm for the same residues in sequence. The obtained results of

average values are tabulated in Table 15

Table 15. Average values of some physical properties of

tested farm residues

Residue Property

Cotton stalks Pigeon pie

Ran

ge

Avera

geRange

Avera

ge

Stem length, cm182 -

98

147.6

9

250 -

110117.5

Stem diameter,

mm

32 –

618 40 – 5.8 24.11

Mass of one stalk,

(g)

200 -

35

106.7

2

300 -

58.25

179.12

5

Number of

branches

27 -

615.95 24-7 15.5

The mechanical properties of the entire plant, such as stress-strain behavior, resistance to tensile, compressive strength,

modulus of elasticity and toughness as guidelines of plant and design experts, mechanical properties of residues (cotton

stalks and pigeon pie) may be defined as those properties that determine the behavior of material under applied loads.

The entire above mention test done on both plant residue and the result obtain is mention below table 16 & 17

Table 16. Mechanical and Physical characteristic of Cotton Stalk

Shear

stren

gth

(Dou

ble)

(N/m

m2)

Shear

stren

gth

(Singl

e)

(N/m

m2)

Com

pres

sive

stre

ngth(N/

mm2

)

Tens

ile

stre

ngth

(N/

mm

2)

Com

pres

sion

force Fc

(N)

Ener

gy in

Joule

Tor

que

in

N.

m

Mo

istu

re

con

tent

Bott

om

Port

ion

28.52 29.77 7.54 0.32 2020 656.108

.7516.

00

%

26.18 28.11 7.61 0.32 1990 644.104

.5

22.7 23.85 6.55 0.31 1940 635.102

.4

Mid

dlePort

ion

16.98 17.54 7.12 0.24 1140 396.63.

314.

22%

16.22 16.98 5.55 0.24 1080 373. 59.29

11.85 12.85 5.41 0.23 1050 358.58.

75

Top

Port

ion

8.87 9 5.23 0.22 900 193.33.

25

9.5

8%7.94 8.74 5.31 0.21 540 189.

31.

45

5.59 7.77 5.27 0.2 500 171.29.

875

Table 17. Mechanical and Physical characteristic of Pigeon pie

Shear

stren

gth

Shearstren

gth

(Singl

Compres

sive

stre

Tensile

stre

ngth

Compres

sion

forc

Energy

in

Joul

Torqu

e in

N.m

Mois

tu

re


13/14




(Dou

ble)

(N/m

m2)

e)

(N/m

m2)

ngth

(N/

mm2

)

(N/

mm

2)

e Fc

(N)

e co

nt

en

t

Bottom

Port

ion

29.6

5

24.94 7.85 0.35 2700 760 127.14

18.2

2

%

26.8

823.46 7.69 0.35 2600 737 123.52

22.7

119.91 6.75 0.34 2590 728 118.86

Mid

dle

Port

ion

17.2

612.89 7.24 0.33 1400 441 66.72

15

.2

1

%

16.5

312.22 5.67 0.33 1400 418 61.98

12.6

311.95 5.58 0.31 1200 411 57.54

Top

Portion

7.87 6.31 5.20 0.31 810 252 35.67 8.

59%

7.04 6.28 5.37 0.27 770 249 34.16

6.59 6.24 5.40 0.23 720 210 33.64

V. CONCLUSIONSThe entire test of cotton stalk and pigeon pie is done in view of designing characteristic required for wood chipping

machine, the cotton stalk and pigeon pie are the prime production of farmers in Vidarbha region. After taking out the

production of cotton and pigeon pie these plants are to be scraped. The scraped material of all these plant residue can

be properly utilized for the paper manufacturing units in the forms of chips (small sizes) through chipper machine, but

in order to design the wood chipper for cotton stalk and pigeon pie the basic characteristic are required such as the

maximum shearing strength, maximum compressive strength, tensile strength, total energy and torque required for

shearing various diameter of cotton stalk and pigeon pie. These maximum values can gives the basic design platform

for wood chipper machine such as power required, diameter of cutter shaft, maximum rpm of cutter shaft, number of

chipping blades required etc. The design procedure of wood chipper based on all above obtained values is under process

and that can be presented later. To do the various tests and get the result as various mechanical and physical behavior

of cotton stalk and pigeon pie is itself an achievement. The result of various test at various region of stalk is mention

below in table no 18.

Observations for

Cotton stalk

Observations for

Pigeon pie

Botto

m

Porti

on

Mid

dle

Port

ion

Top

Porti

on

Botto

m

Porti

on

Midd

le

Porti

on

Top

Port

ion

Double

Shearstrength

(N/mm2)

28.52 16.98

8.87 29.65 17.26 7.87

Single

Shear

strength

(N/mm2)

29.7717.5

49 24.94 12.89 6.31

Compres

sive

strength

(N/mm2)

7.54 7.12 5.23 7.85 7.24 5.20

Tensile

strength

(N/mm2)

0.32 0.24 0.22 0.35 0.33 0.31

Compres

sion

force Fc

2020 1140 900 2700 1400 810


14/14



(N)

Energy

in Joule

656.4

6

396.

29193.9 760 441 252

Torque

in N.m

108.7

563.3 33.25

127.1

466.72

35.6

7

Moisturecontent

16.00%

14.22 %

9.58%

18.22%

15.21%

8.59%

From the above test result it can be concluded that the pigeon pie stalk is quite hard and tough to break and than that of

cotton stalk for same diameter. Here the shear strength required for cotton stalk for bottom portion of stalk is 28.52

N/mm2 and for pigeon pie is 29.65 N/mm

2, the compressive and tensile strength for the cotton stalk at the bottom

region 7.54 N/mm2 & 0.32 N/mm

2 and for pigeon pie is 7.85 N/mm

2 & 0. 35 N/mm

2. The energy required to shear the

cotton stalk is less than that of pigeon pie and it is in the ration of 1: 1.15. Even after the moisture content of the pigeon

pie is greater than cotton stalk.

REFERENCES

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deformation. J. Agri. Eng. Res. 73: 199-206.

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ultimate strength of cotton stalks. Transactions of the ASAE, 13(3), 713–716

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physical and mechanical characteristics for cotton and pigeon pie as agriculture residues

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