• pH Scale: a standard measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution (0-14)

Neutral solutions: pH of 7 (H2O) Acidic solutions: pH less than 7 Basic solutions: pH more than 7 Difference of 10X between each pH number

• Acid: Sour; High #of H+ ;Low # of OH-

• Base: Bitter; slippery; High # of OH-; Low # of H+

• Litmus Paper : an indicator for the determination of an acid or base

Qualitative test Red: acid Blue: base

• Acid + Base ----- Salt + H2O(neutralization)

• Physical Change: appearance changes slightly; still recognizable

• Chemical Change: rearrangement of atoms; appearance totally changed

• Chemical Equation: describes a chemical reaction A + B ------ C + D Reactants ------ Products

• Law of the Conservation: During a chemical reaction, mass (energy) is neither created nor destroyed.

• Inorganic Compound: No carbon is present Example: H2O

• Organic Compound: Carbon is present; found in living things; shown by structural formula

• Isomers: compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas; with different physical and chemical properties

• Carbohydrates: (end in OSE)• Give quick energy; contain C,H,O (2H:O); sugars,

starches

• Monosaccharides: C6H12O6 (simple sugars) Examples: glucose (commercial name of dextrose), galactose,

fructose (in fruit) Isomers: glucose, fructose, galactose

• Disaccharides: C12H22O11 (double sugars) Examples: maltose, sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar) Isomers: maltose, sucrose, lactose

Dehydration Synthesis Reactions:

A + B ----- C + H2O (H2O out)

Hydrolysis Reaction:

C + H2O ------ A + B (H2O in)

Glucose + Glucose ------ Maltose + H2O

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ------- C12H22O11 + H2O

Glucose + Fructose ----- Sucrose + H2O

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ------- C12H22O11 + H2O

Glucose + Galactose ------ Lactose + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ------ C12H22O11 + H2O--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maltose + H2O -------- Glucose + Glucose C12H22O11 + H2O ------- C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Sucrose + H2O ------- Glucose + Fructose C12H22O11 + H2O ------- C6H12O6 + C6H12O

Lactose + H2O ------ Glucose + Galactose C12H22O11 + H2O ------ C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

• Polysaccharides: starch (complex sugars) Cellulose (plant starch) Glycogen (animal starch); stored in the liver

• Test for Monosaccharides: Benedict’s Solution (blue solution) is added to an

unknown substance + heat Results: green, orange, brown (+) for monosaccharides;

blue (-) for disaccharides, polysaccharides A qualitative test

• Test for Polysaccharides: Iodine (brown solution) is added to an unknown

substance Results: black, blue (+) for polysaccharides; brown (-)

for monosaccharides and disaccharides A qualitative test

• Lipids: • Gives stored energy ; contains C,H,O (H:O greater

than 2:1); never dissolve in H2O Examples: oils (liquid), waxes (solid)

• Body: padding around organs, insulation under skin

Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids -------- Lipid + 3 H2O

Lipid + 3 H2O ------- Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids

• Types of Fats: Saturated Fat (bad) -C-C- Unsaturated Fat C=C Polyunsaturated Fat (good) C=C=C

• Cholesterol: clogs arteries• Steroids: important for growth, hormones

• Proteins: • For maintenance and repair ; contain C,H,O,N• Another name for a protein: polypeptide chain• Bonds in a protein: peptide bonds Examples: antibodies, hormones, enzymes Enzyme: speeds up chemical reactions; also called catalyst, end in

ASE

• Amino Acids = “the building blocks of proteins”

Amino Acid + Amino Acid ----- Protein + H2O

Protein + H2O ------- Amino Acid + Amino Acid

• Parts of a Protein: COOH (carboxyl group) NH2 amino group)

• Lipoproteins (lipids and proteins in blood) HDL (high density lipoproteins): Remove cholesterol (+) LDL (low density lipoproteins): Produce cholesterol (-)