PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

0ºC 100ºC

CHAPTER 5: WATER AND SOLUTION

SOLID LIQUID GASESAbsorb heat

Gases liquid solidrelease heat

SOLID LIQUID GASESAbsorb heat

Gases liquid solidrelease heat

Test

Test

Liquid to solid - freezingMD = __

VContoh:

0.5 g

0.5cm

= 1 g/cmDensity

Density =

Jika: 0.5 g

1 cm

= 0.5 g/cmDensity

Density =

Fikir tentang `Volume’

Volume expand during freezing.

on cooling 4° C – volume of water contractBelow 4° C – volume of water expand

Freezing point: 1. Water 0° C2. Nafthelene - 80⁰ C3. Nitrogen – 210° CFloat (less density than water)

Freezing point: 1. Water 0° C2. Nafthelene - 80⁰ C (boiling 218⁰C)3. Nitrogen – 210° C

Naftalena - Not dissolve in water

Very dissolve in hot water (below boiling point)

Kinetic theory

Test presence of water

• Anhydrous copper sulphate (white blue)

• Anhydrous Cobalt chloride paper (Blue pink)

The effects of impurities on the physical characteristics of wateri. Boil at a temperature above 100ºCii. freeze at a temperature below 0ºC

MRSM 2012

• Anhydrous copper sulphate (white blue)

• Anhydrous Cobalt chloride paper (Blue pink)

SOLUTION & SOLUBILITY

Rate dissolving increase with:• increasing temperature of solvent (cold/heat)• Increasing surface area of solute (fine/coarse)• stirring

Water is a universal solvent.

SATURATED dissolving increase with:• increasing temperature /HEAT• Increasing VOLUME OF WATER (solvent)

Soalan PKBS

BB

questions

• 1. Is the boiling point of water with salt higher or lower than that of pure water?

• 2. Do impurities increase or decrease the boiling point of water?

• 3. How do you test whether tap water is pure water?

SOLUTION SUSPENSION

1. DISSOLVED IN WATER

1. DO NOT DISSOLVED IN WATER.

2. TRANSPARENT 2. NOT TRANSPARENT / OPAQUE

3. LIGHT CAN TRANSMIT

3. LIGHT CANNOT TRANSMIT

4. SMALL PARTICLES. 4. LARGE PARTICLES.

5. CANNOT SEPARATE WITH FILTER PAPER.

5. CAN SEPARATE WITH FILTER PAPER.

Sugar solution, salt solution

Milo solution

COMPARISON BETWEEN SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION

COMPARISON BETWEEN SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER AS A SOLVENT

DISSOLVES OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS.

DISSOLVES OXYGEN AND FOOD SO THAT THESE

CAN BE TRANSPORTED TO BODY CELL.

DISSOLVES MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF MINERAL

SALTS AND THIS ENABLES THE ROOTS OF PLANTSTO ABSORB THESE

DISSOLVED MINERALS.

MOST CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN OUR BODY NEED

WATER AS A SOLVENT.

Composition of water

1 molecule of water

2 atom hydrogen

1 atom oxygen

Awas BACAANPada test tube…

Process - Electrolysis of water

Water: H2O

Panjang (anode) – Positive - oxygen

The composition of water

Two atom hydrogen and one atom oxygenAre chemically combines to form one Molecule of water.

Johor 2010

A. CopperB. carbonC. sulphurD. aluminium

PMR 2011

MRSM 2011

Check ….apa salah …

- +

Water Molecules

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 8

The decomposition of two water molecules.

Electriccurrent

Watermolecules

Diatomic Diatomicoxygen molecule hydrogen molecules+

• Electrolysis of Water

Water

Hydrogengas forms

Oxygengas forms

ElectrodeSource ofdirect current

• Electrolysis

*Must add acid catalyst to conduct electricity

*H1+

water oxygen hydrogen

“electro” = electricity “lysis” = to split

H2O(l) O2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)

Test presence of oxygen (anode) +ve1.burning wooden splinter – more brightly2.glowing wooden splinter – flame/ignite/rekindless

Test presence of hydrogen (cathode) -ve1.burning wooden splinter – produce `pop sound’ –

not support combustion

EVAPORATION & BOILING

EVAPORATION BOILING

Any temperature Comparison

Slow process

At the surface of the water

Liquid changes to gases Similarities

Heat energy is absorb

Application of evaporation in daily life1. To obtain salt from sea water2. To dry product from agriculture such as cocoa, pepper, tea leaves and paddy.3. To dry clothes4. To process milk powder

1.Surface area

2.humidity

4.temperature3.Air movement

Factors evaporation

Pahang 2011

State the relationship between the rate of Evaporation and condition of cloth.…………………………………………….

ORGANIC SOLVENT SUBSTANCES THAT ARE DISSOLVES

ALCOHOL CHLOROPHYLL (GRASS), IODINE, SHELLAC, VARNISH,BALL POINT PEN INK

KEROSENE FRESH PAINT, OIL, IODINE

TURPENTINE TAR, GREASE

PETROL FRESH PAINT, OIL, TAR, GREASE, WAX, LATEX

ACETONE LIPSTICK

AMYL ACETATE NAIL POLISH

ETHYL ACETATE IODINE

ETHER GREASE, OIL, FATS

CITRIC ACID FRUIT STAINS

LIME JUICE RUST

CHLOROFORM PLASTIC

MILK INK

BENZENE LATEX, GREASE STAINS

acid

Organic acid Inorganic acid

Sulphuric acid – laboratoriesNitric acid – lab

Hydrochloric acid – labCarbonic acid – carbonated drinks

differences

Acetic acid – vinegarFormic acid – ants PMR 2011Lactic acid – sour milkMalic acid – young applesCitric acid – limesTannic acid – teaTartaric acid - grapes

Living thing (plants & animals)

Weak acids

Less corrosive

Originalsource

Strength of acids

Very corrosive

Strong acids

Rocks and minerals

Corrosive properties

- fertilizers

Hydrochloric acid has many uses. It is used in the production of chlorides, fertilizers, and dyes, in electroplating, and in the photographic, textile, and rubber

Test for acid • Litmus paper

Biru Merah • PH less than 7• Universal

Indicator – yellowish green to Red

Test for alkali • Litmus paper

Merah Biru• PH more than 7• Universal

Indicator – yellowish - Purple

Bas MERAH

ABCDEFGHIJKL…..

Test for acid • Litmus paper

Biru Merah • PH less than 7• Universal

Indicator – yellowish green to Red

• Litmus paper Merah Biru

• PH more than 7• Universal

Indicator – yellowish - Purple

Test for alkali

Milk of magnesia is a liquid used in medicinal applications as an antacid and a hydrating laxative. Also known as magnesium hydroxide or Mg(OH)2, the solution is taken orally. It is so named because it looks milky white and contains the naturally occurring mineral magnesium. The substance acts to work within six hours of a dose in adults and children to temporarily relieve occasional bouts of constipation. The original concentrated formula was concocted by a man named Charles Henry Phillips in 1880, and sold under the brand Phillips' Milk of Magnesia. Today, the rights to the name "milk of magnesia" appear to be owned by Bayer Corporation.Milk of magnesia is an alkaline suspension, meaning that it undergoes a neutralizing reaction when encountering anything acidic.

Do you know?

ACID ALKALINE

REACTS WITHMagnesium, Wooden

Block, Meat, cloth

REACTS WITHMagnesium, Wooden

Block, Meat

CONDUCT ELECTRICITY CONDUCT ELECTRITY

SHOW THEIR PROPERTIES IN PRESENCE WATER

SHOW THEIR PROPERTIES IN PRESENCE WATER

BLUE LITMUS PAPERBlue to Red

RED LITMUS PAPERRed to Blue

Sour Bitter

Burn Skin Skin Dry Slippery

pH < 7 pH > 7

Corrosive Corrosive

PMR 2011

PKBS 4 2011

PMR 2011

PKBS 4 2011

PMR 2011

PMR 2011

PMR 2011

PKBS 4 2011

MRSM 2011

ACID ALKALI NEUTRALISATION

SULPHURIC ACIDPOTTASIUM HYDROXIDE

POTTASIUM SULPHATE + WATER

PHOSPHORIC ACID

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE

CALCIUM PHOSPHATE + WATER

NITRIC ACIDPOTTASIUM HYDROXIDE

POTTASIUM NITRATE + WATER

HYDROCHOLORIC ACID

SODIUM HYDRIXIDE

SODIUM CHLORIDE + WATER

Method used - titration

Product – salt + water

NEUTRALISATION

Neutralisation

Acid + Alkali Salt + Water

Hydrochloric acid + Sodium

hydroxide Sodium chloride + Water

Hydrochloric acid + Potassium

hydroxide ______________

+ water

acidic alkaline neutral neutral

What is made?

Nitric acid + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Nitrate + WaterSulphuric acid + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Sulphate + Water

Hydrochloric Acid + Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Chloride + Water

1. Hydrochloric acid + calcium hydroxide ________ + water

2. Nitric acid + potassium hydroxide ________ + water

3. _______ acid + potassium hydroxide potassium sulphate + water

4. Sulphuric acid + magnesium _______ magnesium sulphate + ____

5. _______ acid + rubidium hydroxide rubidium chloride + water

Use the pattern and the word equation to copy and complete these equations

1. hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide = …………. universal indicator (purple to green) pH 7, salty

2. Hydrochloric acid + potassium hydroxide = …………………………………… universal indicator (purple to green) pH 7, salty

3. Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide = ………………………………………… universal indicator (purple to green) pH 7, salty

4. Hydrochloric acid + calcium hydroxide = …………………………………………5. Hydrochloric acid + ammonium hydroxide = ………………………………………6. Sulphuric acid + ammonium hydroxide = …………………………………………7. Sulphuric acid + potassium hydroxide = …………………………………………8. Sulphuric acid + sodium hydroxide = ………………………………………………9. Nitric acid + calcium hydroxide = ……………………………………………………10. Nitric acid + sodium hydroxide = ……………………………………………………11. Phosphoric acid + Sodium hydroxide = ……………..12. Phosphoric acid + Potassium hydroxide = ……………..13. Phosphoric acid + Calcium hydroxide = ……………..14. Phosphoric acid + Ammonium hydroxide = ……………..

Test PRODUCT Neutralisation

1. Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid = …………. universal indicator (purple to green) pH 7, salty

2. potassium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid = ………………………3. sodium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid = ……………………………4. calcium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid = …………………………5. ammonium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid = ……………………6. ammonium hydroxide + Sulphuric acid = …………………………7. potassium hydroxide + Sulphuric acid = …………………………8. Sodium hydroxide + Sulphuric acid = ………………………………9. calcium hydroxide + Nitric acid = ……………………………………10. Sodium hydroxide + Nitric acid = …………………………………11. Sodium hydroxide + Phosphoric acid = ……………..12. Potassium hydroxide + Phosphoric acid = ……………..13. Calcium hydroxide + Phosphoric acid = ……………..14. Phosphoric acid + Ammonium hydroxide = ……………..

Test PRODUCT Neutralisation

PMR 11

Any other uses of neutralisation?• 1. Wasp stings are treated with vinegar• 2. Bee stings are treated with bicarbonate of soda

• 3. What does this tell us about the pH of the bee and wasp stings?

Neutralisation• Universal _______ tells us what the pH of a solution is.

• If the pH is below 7 we say it is an ___ and it will turn ___.

• If it is above 7 it will turn ___ and we say it is an ____ .

• If the solution turns ____ we say it is _____ and it has a pH of 7.

Indicator

acid redbluealkali

greenneutral

PMR 2010

ACID + ALKALI Salt + Water

Method - TITRATION Process - NEUTRALISATION

More alkalin

Preservation of water quality.

Preservation of water quality.

PMR 2007

SOALAN PMR 2008

Penutup

2. Tasbih Kifarah.

1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr