physical, nutritional and biochemical status of vermiwash … · 2016-02-26 · attempt with a...

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WSN 42 (2016) 228-255 EISSN 2392-2192

Physical, nutritional and biochemical status of

vermiwash produced by two earthworm species Lampito mauritii (L) and Eudrillus eugeniae (L).

Vitthalrao B. Khyade1,*, Sunanda Rajendra Pawar2, Jerzy Borowski3

1The Research Group, Agriculture Development Trust, Shardanagar,

Malegaon (Baramati) Dist. Pune – 413115, India

2Trustee and Head Academic Section, Agricultural Development Trust, Baramati Shardanagar,

(Malegaon Col.) Post Box No.- 35, Tal. Baramati. Dist. Pune - 413 115 Maharashtra, India

3Department of Forest Protection and Ecology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW,

ul. Nowoursynowska 159/34, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland

*E-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In vermiculture, it is mandatory to keep the feed given to earthworm moist which will enable

them to eat and procreate. Water is regularly sprinkled over the feed. The water mixes in the feed and

oily content of earthworms body and slowly drains out from earthworm beds. The outgoing liquid is a

concentrate with nutrients which is very beneficial for plants growth. This liquid is called vermiwash.

The vermiwash is potential application in sustainable development for agriculture and biotechnology.

This attempt deals with assessment the physico-chemical, nutritional and biochemical status of the

vermiwash obtained using the popular composting earthworm species Eudrillus eugeniae (Kinb.)

(Eudrilidae: Haplotaxida) and Lampito mauritii from three different leaf litters namely, Mango

(Mangifera indica), Guava (Psidium guajava) and Sapota (Achrus sapota). The results showed

substantial increase in the nutrient quality of the vermiwash produced with time in all of three cases.

However, the vermiwash produced from guava leaf litter showed more content of electrical

conductivity, magnesium, calcium, nitrite, phosphorus, carbohydrate, protein, lipid and amino acid

compared with the vermiwash produced from the other two sapota and mango leaf litter by using the

both earthworm species Eudrillus eugeniae and Lampito mauritii respectively. Comparison of

physico-chemical, nutritional and biochemical parameters of the vermiwash produced from the present

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World Scientific News 42 (2016) 228-255

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attempt with a standard commercially produced and marketed by A. D. T. Malegaon Sheti Farm,

Baramati (India) was also carried out to ascertain the quality of produced vermiwash. In the present

attempt, control attained the values of most of the parameters of the standard on 60th day. Whereas,

the vermiwash was produced by two composting earthworm species and leaf litters from three

different plants in the experimental sets that attained the values of the parameters of the standard at an

early days. It revealed that the quality of vermiwash can be achieved as in the standard even within 45

days with the use of these earthworms. Vermiwash serve to orchestrate the developmental and growth

progression of the crops.

Keywords: Mangifera indica; Psidium guajava; Lampito mauritii; Eudrillus eugeniae; Eudrilidae;

Haplotaxida; Vermiwash

1. INTRODUCTION

Earthworm is a tube-shaped, segmented worm found in the phylum Annelida. They are

commonly found living in soil, feeding on live and dead organic matter. Its digestive system

runs through the length of its body. It conducts respiration through its skin. An earthworm has

a double transport system composed of coelomic fluid that moves within the fluid-filled

coelom and a simple, closed blood circulatory system. It has a central and a peripheral

nervous system. The central nervous system consists of two ganglia above the mouth, one on

either side, connected to a nerve cord running back along its length to motor neurons and

sensory cells in each segment. Large numbers of chemoreceptors are concentrated near its

mouth. Circumferential and longitudinal muscles on the periphery of each segment enable the

worm to move. Similar sets of muscles line the gut, and their actions move the digesting food

toward the worm's anus. Earthworms are cold blooded animals and live in a place where there

is food, moisture, oxygen and favourable temperature are available. Approximately 3600

kinds of earthworms are found in the world and are represented from every soil type of the

globe (Verma and Prasad, 2005).

It feeds on dead organic matter present in soil that is ingested together and the later,

along with the undigested food is finally egested in the form of worm castings that are rich in

nitrate, available phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium (Subbarao, 2002). It

assimilates nutrients and energy from a wide range of ingested materials with variable

efficiency, depending on the species and the nature of the ingested materials (Curry and Olaf,

2007). Vermiwash as a wonderful gift from the “farmer’s friends” to boost up plant growth

and yield so safely, economically and eco-friendly. It is the fluid collected by pouring water

slowly through vermicompost or by washing the compost with water. It is a very nutritious

input to plants since it contains a lot of minerals, micronutrients, hormones, vitamins,

antibiotics, etc. in a form which is readily absorbable by plants. It is also a repository of

different micro organisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen and also increase the

availability of phosphorus from the soil. It can either be applied as a foliar spray over the

plants or drenched in soil. Plants treated with vermiwash are green much more resistant to

pests and disease and also more vigorous in growth (Jayashree, 2006).

Within the world of taxonomy, the stable 'Classical System' of Michaelsen (1900) and

Stephenson (1930) was gradually eroded by the controversy over how to classify earthworms,

such that Fender and McKey-Fender (1990) went so far as to say, "The family-level

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelom#Coelomic_fluid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelom


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classification of the megascolecid earthworms is in chaos." (Fender & McKey-Fender, 1990).

Over the years, many scientists developed their own classification systems for earthworms,

which led to confusion, and these systems have been and still continue to be revised and

updated. The classification system used here, developed by Blakemore (2000), is a modern

reversion to the Classical System that is historically proven and widely accepted (Blakemore,

Robert J., 2006).

Categorization of a megadrile earthworm into one of its taxonomic families under

suborders Lumbricina and Moniligastrida is based on such features as the makeup of the

clitellum, the location and disposition of the sex features (pores, prostatic glands, etc.),

number of gizzards, and body shape. (Blakemore, Robert J., 2006).Currently, over 6,000

species of terrestrial earthworms are named, as provided in a species name database.

The families, with their known distributions or origins (Blakemore, Robert J., 2006):

Acanthodrilidae – (Gondwanan or Pangaean?)

Ailoscolecidae – Pyrenees and southeast USA

Almidae – tropical equatorial (South America, Africa, Indo-Asia)

Benhamiinae – Ethiopian, Neotropical (a possible subfamily of Octochaetidae)

Criodrilidae – southwestern Palaearctic: Europe, Middle East, Russia and Siberia to

Pacific coast; Japan (Biwadrilus); mainly aquatic

Diplocardiinae/-idae – Gondwanan or Laurasian? (a subfamily of Acanthodrilidae)

Enchytraeidae – cosmopolitan but uncommon in tropics (usually classed with

Microdriles)

Eudrilidae – Tropical Africa south of the Sahara

Exxidae – Neotropical: Central America and Caribbean

Glossoscolecidae – Neotropical: Central and South America, Caribbean

Haplotaxidae – cosmopolitan distribution (usually classed with Microdriles)

Hormogastridae – Mediterranean

Kynotidae – Malagasian: Madagascar

Lumbricidae – Holarctic: North America, Europe, Middle East, Central Asia to Japan

Lutodrilidae – Louisiana southeast USA

Megascolecidae – (Pangaean?)

Microchaetidae – Terrestrial in Africa especially South African grasslands

Moniligastridae – Oriental and Indian subregion

Ocnerodrilidae – Neotropics, Africa; India

Octochaetidae – Australasian, Indian, Oriental, Ethiopian, Neotropical

Octochaetinae – Australasian, Indian, Oriental (subfamily if Benhamiinae is accepted)

Sparganophilidae – Nearctic, Neotropical: North and Central America

Tumakidae – Colombia, South America

In the light of information presented above, the present attempt was carried out to

analyse the physico-chemical, nutritional and biochemical availability in the vermiwash

produced by two different composting earthworms namely Eudrillus eugeniae and Lampito

mauritii when provided with the provision of leaf litter from mango, guava and sapota trees.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodrilidae

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ailoscolecidae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almidae

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benhamiinae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criodrilidae

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplocardiinae/-idae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchytraeidae

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudrilidae

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exxidae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossoscolecidae

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplotaxidae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormogastridae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kynotidae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbricidae

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutodrilidae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megascolecidae

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microchaetidae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moniligastridae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocnerodrilidae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octochaetidae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octochaetinae&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparganophilidae

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumakidae&action=edit&redlink=1


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2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Procurement and Maintenance of Experimental Animals:

The exotic, epigeic earthworm species Eudrillus eugeniae was selected for the present

attempt. The earthworm, Eudrillus eugeniae was obtained from A. D. T. Malegaon Sheti

Farm, Baramati (India) , while the earthworm, Lampito mauritii was collected from a field in

Dhakale village near Malegaon Baramati (India). The worms were transported safe along with

native soil substrate in wet gunny cloth bag and introduced into separate containers having a

composting bed prepared using cow dung and garden soil. This was maintained as a stock.

The vermibed was kept moist by sprinkling water as and when needed.

Fig. 1. Eudrillus eugeniae (L).

.

Fig. 2. Lampito mauritii (L).


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Collection and Storage of Cow-dung:

The cow dung was collected from a nearly dairy farm. This was shade dried, sieved and

stored for use as the basic bedding material in vermicomposting. Most kinds of animal dung

are highly attractive and nutritious food sources of earthworms.

Collection and Storage of Leaf-litter:

The leaf litter from three plants, Mango (Mangifera indica), Guava (Psidium guajava)

and Sapota (Achrus sapota) locally from A. D. T. Malegaon Sheti Farm, Baramati (India).

These were then pounded and stored separately in plastic bags. Required quantities of this leaf

litter were weighed out and sprinkled with water for pre-digestion. This pre-digestion leaf

litter was used as the organic substrate in the present study.

Fabrication of Vermiwash Collection Unit:

The collection of vermiwash for the present study was carried out by the effective

Earthen pot method (Sonia et al., 2007) developed in our lab. For this, the earthen pot with lid

was placed over the tripod stand. A hole was made at the bottom of the pot to accommodate

the nozzle of the blood transfusion tube and was fitted firmly using M-seal in order to prevent

the leakage of vermiwash from the pot. The nozzle end facing inwards the pot was covered

with an empty coconut shell and sponge like material to effect the filtration of vermiwash

from the soil particles. The vermibed was prepared using gravel, sand, cow dung and sieved

soil layered carefully one over the other. The earthworms were then introduced into the pots

separately for the attempt of experimentation.

Fig. 3. Fabrication of Vermiwash Collection Unit.


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Design of Experimentation (Experimental Set up):

The grown up/ mature earthworms of equal length and weight from the stock of

Eudrillus eugeniae and Lampito mauritii were selected and introduced separately into their

respective experimental pots for its collection of vermiwash as follows. Seven earthen pots

were taken separately (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3 and C).

The pods A1, A2 and A3 were for Eudrillus eugeniae in the number of fifty each. The

pots B1, B2 and B3 were for Lampito mauritii in the number of fifty each. The pot C was the

control without earthworm and leaf litter.

Fig. 4. Design of Experimentation (Experimental Set up).

Vermiwash Collection:

One hundred milligram of different leaf litter mango, guava and sapota after pre-

digestion were added in A1, A2, A3 and B1, B2, B3 respectively and water was sprinkled

with regular intervals in all pots to maintain the moisture content of 75-85 % RH and

temperature at 25 ºC.

The water after percolation through the compost and burrows of the earthworms get

collected amidst gravel bed. The vermiwash was collected at the base due to gravitational

force. The roller in the blood transfusion tube was adjusted and the vermiwash was collected

in fifteen day interval. Thus collections were made on the initial day (0 day) and on the 15th,

30th, 45th and 60th days respectively.

The vermiwash were collected in the bottle placed at the bottom and analysed for the

nutrient composition. The extract of the compost in the pot without earthworms and leaf litter

was also collected simultaneously and considered as control. Their collections were made on

the same day and were treated as replicates in the present attempt of study. The vermiwash

produced and marketed by A. D. T. Malegaon Sheti Farm, Baramati (India) was obtained and

used as a standard.


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Fig. 5. Vermiwash Collection.

Physico-chemical Analysis:

The physico-chemical analyses of all the collected samples were carried out to get as

idea about their nutrient status. For this, the vermiwash samples were diluted ten times and

various parameters like as pH, Electrical conductivity, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Chloride

and Salinity were studied in the every collected samples for the present study following

standard procedures of APHA (American Public Health Association) (1975).

Nutritional Analysis:

The following nutritional parameters were studied in the samples of vermiwash

collected following standard methodology. Walkey and Black method was used to estimate

the Organic carbon described by Jackson (1973). Azoditization colorimetric method was used

to estimate the Nitrite nitrogen (No2-N) and Vogels method was used to estimate the

Phosphorus described by Ramarao et al., 1985.

Fig. 6. Physical, Chemical and Biological Analysis of Vermiwash.


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Biochemical Analysis:

The following biochemical parameters were studied for the present study. Anthrone

method was used to estimate the Carbohydrate of test samples. The total soluble protein was

estimated by Lowry’s et al., 1951. The estimation of Bragdon (1951). The quantitative

estimation of Amino acid was measured using the Ninhydrin method followed by Plummer,

1982.

Statistical Analysis:

The results obtained in the present study were subjected to statistical analysis to

ascertain their credibility. The standard deviation statistical tool was employed for the

analysis of the data obtained in the present investigation.

3. RESULT AND DISCSSION

Vermiwash is a collection of excretory products and excess secretions of earthworms

along with micronutrients from soil and digested organic matter or molecules. As the main

substrates presented in the waste is of rich source of micro and macronutrients. Resultant

complex materials can easily broken by secretary enzymes of earthworms. The physico-

chemical, nutritional and biochemical parameters were observed in the present study include

pH, EC, TH, magnesium, calcium, chloride, salinity, alkalinity, organic carbon, nitrite

nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon: nitrogen, carbohydrate, protein, lipid and amino acid in the

vermiwash produced from three types of leaf litter by using two types of earthworm species

during a period of 60 days. In the control the pH value was 7.86 which decreased to 7.29, the

EC value was 0.90 which increased to 1.73, values of the total hardness was 2.43 which

greatly increased to 10.94, the initial magnesium and calcium content was 1.03 and 1.40

which increased to 4.99 and 5.95, the chloride and salinity content was 5.23 and 7.90 which

decreased to 3.39 and 5.17, the alkalinity composition was 7.80 which increased to 9.23, the

level of organic carbon was 6.83 which greatly reduced to 4.27, nitrite nitrogen and

phosphorus content was 0.16 and 0.30 which increased to 1.42 and 0.57, the C:N ratio was

42.69 which greatly reduced to 3.0, the biochemical content of carbohydrate, protein, lipid

and amino acid was 0.25, 0.62, 1.27 and 2.03 which increased to 2.94, 12.97, 10.61 and 12.64

respectively by the action of Eudrillus eugeniae.

In the control the pH value was 7.86 which decreased to 7.47, the EC value was 0.90

which increased to 1.61, values of the total hardness was 2.43 which increased to 10.42, the

initial magnesium and calcium content was 1.03 and 1.40 which increased to 4.75 and 5.67,

the chloride and salinity content was 5.23 and 7.90 which decreased to 3.43 and 5.36, the

alkalinity composition was 7.80 which increased to 8.99, organic carbon was 6.83 which

reduced to 4.49, nitrite nitrogen and phosphorus initial level was 0.16 and 0.30 which

increased to 1.13 and 0.52, the C:N ratio was 42.69 which greatly reduced to 4.40, the

biochemical composition of carbohydrate, protein, lipid and amino acid was 0.25, 0.62, 1.27

and 2.03 which increased to 2.45, 9.43, 9.94 and 11.90 respectively by the action of Lampito

mauritii with the three different organic matter. The analysed physico-chemical, nutritional

and biochemical, total sixteen parameters of the vermiwash produced from different leaf

litters by these two composting earthworms experimented in the present study form and index


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of the quality of vermiwash produced, enabling the analysis of the nutrient status at different

time intervals. In the present experiment, the level of analysed all parameters were

comparatively mere in all the experiment with earthworm species of E. eugeniae. Alkalinity,

nitrite nitrogen and protein levels were comparatively more in all the experiment with

earthworm species of L. mauritii. All this can be considered to indicate the perfect blend of

the nutrients to be present in the vermiwash produced by the action of E. eugeniae.

Therefore, it would be comparatively very effective if the production of vermiwash is

carried out with E. eugeniae. The nutrient increase in the product is due to the fact that E.

eugeniae has greater potential in the mineralization of waste and even capable of working on

every strong pollutants like paper mill sludge (Umamaheshwari and Vijayalakshmi, 2003) and

petrochemical sludge (Rajeshbanu et al., 2005).

The quality of vermiwash produced with the use of leaf litter from three different plants

namely mango, guava and sapota clearly show that the vermiwash potential of the earthworm

species E. eugeniae and L. mauritii are largely influenced by the food quality. As a result the

role of earthworms in the vermiwash production also depends on the nature of organic input.

We judged that the quality of nutritional status of the sixteen parameters of produced and

analysed samples, in the present study was an increased with the increase in the number of

days of composting. Besides, the quality also changed with reference to the addition of leaf

litter from different plants. The neutralization of the pH level of the vermiwash produced in

the experiment was great with mango leaf litter followed by sapota and guava respectively. In

the present attempt of experiment, the parameters such as electrical conductivity, total

hardness, magnesium, calcium, alkalinity, nitrite nitrogen, phosphorus, carbohydrate, protein,

lipid and amino acid level were found to be higher in all the experiment with guava leaf litter

by sapota and mango respectively. The organic degradable refuse of plant and animal origin

have been shown to provide a good source of nutrients to improve productivity

(Padmavathiamma et al., 2007).

The physico-chemical, nutritional and biochemical parameters observed in the present

point out that the leaf litters show a marginal difference in their nutrient status initially, but

they showed improvement in their quality with duration. Further, the vermiwash produced

from the leaf litter of guava appeared to be the best followed by sapota and mango, various

researchers have established the viability of vermitechnology for the treatment of different

wastes. The earthworms maintain aerobic conditions in organic wastes through proper mixing

and enhance the microbial activity to selectively digest the wastes (Kumar and Sekaran,

2004). The nutrient level was comparatively higher in the vermiwash produced by E.

eugeniae than that of the vermiwash produced by L. mauritii.

The earthworms in the vermifilter bed were agile and healthy and achieved good growth

throughout the period of study. They were much developed at the end of the study and even

after 60 days several earthworms were seen wringgling down into the sand, gravels and

inhabiting in the voids. These observations prove that E. eugeniae is comparatively a better

soil macro fauna, which helps in the degradation of the organic matter and there by help the

bioconversion of waste materials into valuable vermiwash. Earlier attempt of studies on the

breakdown of plant residues with contrasting chemical composition in humic tropical

conditions by the earthworm, E. eugeniae was found to have different effects on soil nutrient

supply depending on residue quality (Tian et al., 1995). Comparison of physico-chemical,

nutritional and biochemical parameters of the vermiwash produced from the present

experiment with a standard commercially produced and marketed by A. L. N Farms, Thenkasi


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was also carried out to ascertain the quality of vermiwash produced. In the present attempt of

experiment the control attained the values of most of the parameters of the standard on 60th

day and the experimental sets attained the values of the parameters of the standard at an early

day. It reveals that the quality of vermiwash can be achieved as in the standard even within 45

days with the use of these earthworms. Moreover, guava leaf litter was dealt better by E.

eugeniae while L. mauritii was effective with sapota and mango leaf litter in the production of

vermiwash with in 45 days. Earthworms assimilate nutrients as energy from a wide range of

ingested materials with variable efficiency depends on the species and the nature of the

ingested materials (Curry and Olaf, 2007).

Sumathi and Isaiarasu (2009) had already reported variability in the quality of

vermicompost produced by L. mauritii when provided with different leaf litters. In the present

study also the quality of vermiwash produced improved with duration of vermicomposting but

at the same time the nature of leaf litter influenced the quality of vermiwash produced. The

observation in the present attempt of study thus indicate that studies exploring the possibilities

of employing earthworms with different substrate could offer more scope for the promotion of

organic farming and sustainable agriculture.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Vermiwash is a brown coloured fluid fertilizer, which is collected after water passes

through the vermibed. As a store house of nutrients and micro-organisms, vermiwash is used

as a foliar spray for crop plants. This attempt deals with assessment the physico-chemical,

nutritional and biochemical status of the vermiwash obtained using the popular composting

earthworm species Eudrillus eugeniae (Kinb.) (Eudrilidae: Haplotaxida) and Lampito mauritii

from three different leaf litters namely, Mango (Mangifera indica), Guava (Psidium guajava)

and Sapota (Achrus sapota).

The results showed substantial increase in the nutrient quality of the vermiwash

produced with time in all of three cases. However, the vermiwash produced from guava leaf

litter showed more content of electrical conductivity, magnesium, calcium, nitrite,

phosphorus, carbohydrate, protein, lipid and amino acid compared with the vermiwash

produced from the other two sapota and mango leaf litter by using the both earthworm species

Eudrillus eugeniae and Lampito mauritii respectively. Comparison of physico-chemical,

nutritional and biochemical parameters of the vermiwash produced from the present attempt

with a standard commercially produced and marketed by A. D. T. Malegaon Sheti Farm,

Baramati (India) was also carried out to ascertain the quality of produced vermiwash.

In the present attempt, control attained the values of most of the parameters of the

standard on 60th day. Whereas, the vermiwash was produced by two composting earthworm

species and leaf litters from three different plants in the experimental sets that attained the

values of the parameters of the standard at an early days. It revealed that the quality of

vermiwash can be achieved as in the standard even within 45 days with the use of these

earthworms. Vermiwash serve to orchestrate the developmental and growth progression of the

crops. The vermiwash can be used as a potent biofertiliser to improve the germination and

seedling survival rates in crop plants growing on nutrition depleted soils thus paving the way

for sutainable agriculture using organic farming practices.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Academic support and inspiration received from Punyamayee (Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind,

Pune - 411007); International Foundation for Environment and Ecology, Kolkata- 700118, West Bengal, INDIA

and 2nd International Conference on Environment and Ecology (ICEE 2016) at Bharathiar University,

Coimbatore (7-8-9 March 2016) deserve appreciations & exert salutary influence. The work has been supported

by Agricultural Development Trust, Baramati India; International Science Congress Association, Indore (India)

through Hon. Dr. Deepak A. Sharma and it’s dignitaries. Editor-in-Chief World Scientific News, the

International Scientific Journal made it possible to publish the research work.

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https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjtisb9hYTLAhWOj44KHfEiBp4QFgghMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientificnews.com%2F&usg=AFQjCNFV7fF7I_nkgTojjP7e9zQMmclISw&sig2=M2xE1TWc0I7BqBLOXt3YSg

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjtisb9hYTLAhWOj44KHfEiBp4QFgghMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientificnews.com%2F&usg=AFQjCNFV7fF7I_nkgTojjP7e9zQMmclISw&sig2=M2xE1TWc0I7BqBLOXt3YSg

http://www.annelida.net/earthworm/Introductory%20Key%20to%20the%20Revised%20Families%20of%20Earthworms.pdf



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471045519


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[13] Jayashree, M. P. (2006). Vermiwash – The wonder tonic in agriculture. Kissan World 6:

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[15] Kumar, A. G. and Sekaran, G. (2004). The role of earthworm, Lampito mauritii in

removal of enteric bacterial pathogen in municipal sewage sludge. Indian J. Environ.

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[16] Kuster, E. and Williams, S.T, 1964, Solution for isolation of streptomycin. Nature, 202:

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[18] Lowry, O. H., Rosenbrough, N., Farr, A. L. and Randale, R. J. (1951). Protein

measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem 193: 265-275.

[19] Martin. J. P., 1950, Use of acid rose Bengal and streptomycin in plate method for

estimating soil fungi. Soil Sci., 69: 215-232.

[20] Padmavathiamma, M., Prabha, K., Loretta, L., Kumari, Y. and Usha, R. (2007). An

experimental study of vermin-biowaste composting for agricultural soil improvement.

Bioresource Technology 4: 28.

[21] Plummer, D. T. (1982). An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata MC Graw Hill

Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi. 144.

[22] Rajeshbanu, J., Esakkiraj, S., Nagendran, R. and Lokanthi, S. (2005). Bio management

of petrochemical sludge using an exotic earthworm, Eudrillus eugeniae. J. Environ.

Biol. 26(1): 43-47.

[23] Ramarao, K. V., Muley, E. V., Raghunathan, M. B. and Karmakar, A. K. (1985).

Estuarine Biological Methods. Estuarine Biological Station, Zoological Survey of India,

Berhampur (Ganjam), Orissa, India. 56.

[24] Sonia, R., Roobakkumar, A. and Isaiarasu, L. (2007). A simple effective method for the

collection of vermiwash. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Applied Zoology, 85-

88.

[25] Subbarao, N. S. (2002). Soil Microbiology. Oxfords IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New

Delhi. 11-25.

[26] Sumathi, V. and Isaiarasu, L. (2009). Vermicomposting potential of the nature

earthworm, Lampito mauritii (Kinb.) with three different leaf litter wastes. J. Exp. Zool.

India 12(1): 51-55.

[27] Thangavel, P., Balagurunathan, R., Divakaran, J. and Prabhakaran, I. (2003). Effect of

vermiwash and vermicast extract on soil nutrient status, growth and yield of paddy. Adv.

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[28] Tian, G., Brussward, L. and Kang, B. J. (1995). Breakdown of plant residues with

contrasting chemical composition under humid tropical conditions, effect of earthworms

and millepeds. Soil Biol. Biochem 27(3): 277-280.

[29] Todkari, M. (2001). Effect of vermiwash prepared by two methods on growth

characteristics, yield and nutrition of three flowering plants. M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis,

Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (India).

[30] Umamaheswari, S. and Vijayalakshmi, G. S. (2003). Bioconversion of paper mill sludge

using Eudrillus eugeniae. Indian J. Environ. Prot 23(2): 202-206.

[31] Verma, P. and Prasad, A. (2005). Vermicomposting – A potential technology for solid

waste management. Agrobios Newsletter 4(5): 33-35.

[32] Ravindra D. Chaudhari and Vitthalrao B. Khyade (1997). Changes in protein profile in

silk work, Bombyx mori (L) caused by CMV & NPV. Bulletin of Association of

Zoologists 4 (3): 33-37.

[33] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Sakharam B. Patil ; Sunanda V. Khyade and Ganesh P. Bhawane

(2002). Influence of Acetone maceratives of Vitis vinifera on larval parameters of

silkworm, Bombyx mori (L). Indian Journal of Comparative Animal Physiology 21(1):

14-18.

[34] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Sakharam B. Patil ; Sunanda V. Khyade and Ganesh P. Bhawane

(2003). Influence of Acetone maceratives of Vitis vinefera on economic parameters of

silkworm Bombyx mori (L). Indian Journal of Comparative Animal Physiology 21(1):

28-32.

[35] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and M. B. Deshmukh (2004). Evaluation of plant extracts for

juvenoid activity against red cotton bug, Dysdercus cingulatus (L).Influence of mealy

bug infestation on mulberry leaves on the silkworm, Bombyx mori (L). The Proceeding

of International Symposium (23 – 25 November, 2004); University of Agricultural

Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka (India) on strategies for sustainable cotton production: A

global vision/ 3. crop protection: 97-99.

[36] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and M. B. Deshmukh ( 2004 ). Influence of insecticides on

biochemical properties of Bacilus thuringiensis (L). The Proceeding of International

Symposium (23 – 25 November, 2004); University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad,

Karnataka (India) on strategies for sustainable cotton production: A global vision/ 3.

crop protection: 192-194.

[37] Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2005). Vividh Vanaspati Arkancha TutiReshim Kitak

Sangopanasathi Upyojan.Influence of mealy bug infestation on mulberry leaves on the

silkworm, Bombyx mori (L). Krishi Vidnyan 4: 18-22.

[38] V. B. Khyade; D. P. Ghate and J. P. Sarwade (2006). Effect of methoprene on silk

worm, Bombyx mori (L). Journal of Zoological Society of India: Environment and

Development: 49-60. (Editors: B. N. Pandey and G. K. Kulkarni) (Publisher: A P H

Publishing Corporation, New Delhi) (ISBN: 81-313-004-8 / 97881315300497).

[39] V. B. Khyade; Sonali S. Machale; J. P. Sarwade; S. B. Patil and Sadhana H. Deshpande

(2006). Screening of plant extractives for juvenoid activity in silk worm, Bombyx mori

(L). Journal of Zoological Society of India: Environment and Development 61-77.


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(Editors: B. N. Pandey and G. K. Kulkarni) (Publisher: A P H Publishing Corporation,

New Delhi) (ISBN: 81-313-004-8 / 97881315300497).

[40] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Uma S. Ghantaloo and Vandana D. Shinde (2007). Various

effects of anti-biotics on selected parameters of silkworm Bombyx mori(L). Journal of

Zoological Society of India: Bioinformatics: 11 – 22. (Editors: B. N. Pandey; Sadhana

Deshpande; A. K. Triphathi and A. D. Adsool) (Publisher: A P H Publishing

Corporation, New Delhi) (ISBN 13: 9788131302200 / ISBN 10: 8131302202).

[41] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Poonam M. Patil; Kalyani R. Jaybhay; Rasika G. Gaikwad;

Ganga V. Mhamane; Vivekanand V. Khyade; Kavita H. Nimbalkar and Sneha G. Jagtap

(2007). Effect of digoxin on economic parameters of silk worm, Bombyx mori (L).

Journal of Zoological Society of India : Bioinformatics: 23-31. (Editors: B. N. Pandey;

Sadhana Deshpande; A. K. Triphathi and A. D. Adsool) (Publisher: A P H Publishing

Corporation, New Delhi) (ISBN 13: 9788131302200 / ISBN 10: 8131302202).

[42] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Poonam M. Patil; Kalyani R. Jaybhay; Rasika G. Gaikwad;

Ganga V. Mhamane; Vivekanand V. Khyade; Kavita H. Nimbalkar and Sneha G. Jagtap

(2007). Effect of digoxin on mid gut glucosidase activity in silkworm, Bombyx mori

(L). Journal of Zoological Society of India: Bioinformatics: 32-48. (Editors: B. N.

Pandey; Sadhana Deshpande; A. K. Triphathi and A. D. Adsool) (Publisher: A P H

Publishing Corporation, New Delhi) (ISBN 13: 9788131302200 / ISBN 10:

8131302202).

[43] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Sunanda V. Khyade and Vivekanand V. Khyade (2009).

Influence of mealy bug infestation on mulberry leaves on the silkworm, Bombyx mori

(L). Eco friendly Insect Pest Management: 325-328. (The book edited by Dr. S.

Iganacimuthu Director, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai –

600034. ISBN: 81-88901-37-7 . Publisher: Elite Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

[44] Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2009). Sporulation & expression of parasporal delta. Endotoxin

gene of Bacillus thuringiensi (L) in sporogenic & asporogenic strains of Bacillus cereus

(L). Proceedings of National level conference on new horizons in insect pest

management (6-7 March, 2009) (Gudleppa Hallikeri College, Haveri, Karnataka State,

India.): 14-152.

[45] Vitthalrao B. Khyade ; Pushpa Darekar; B. M. Sakdeo; M. C. Gaikwad and V. V.

Khyade (2009). Screening of plants in & around Baramati City for their air pollution

tolerance capabilities. Proceedings: National Conference on climate change &

challenges in Biodiversity conservation [11 & 12 Dec. 09] (Fergusson College, Pune):

169-177.

[46] Vitthalrao B. Khyade ; Sunanda V. Khyade; Vivekanand V. Khyade; Sharad G. Jagtap

and Jeevan P. Sarawade ( 2009 ). Tyrosine aminotransferase in the silkworm, Bombyx

mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2). Advances in Pollution Research. 21(1): 1-4.

[47] Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2009). Influence of acidic water on the kinetic changes of

alamine aminotransferase in the gills of fresh water fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters).

Advances in Pollution Research. 21(1): 203-209.


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[48] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Jiwan P. Sarwade (2009). Influecne of methanolic extractives

of roots of Achyranthus aspera (L) on the body wall chitin in fifth instar larvae of

silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2). Journal of Association of Zoologists,

India. 2(1): 11-21.

[49] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Jiwan P. Sarwade (2009). Influence of acetone extractives

selected plants on the body wall chitin of fifth instars of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L)

(Race: PM x CSR2). Journal of Association of Zoologists, India. 2(1): 39-47.

[50] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Jiwan P. Sarwade (2009). Protein profiles in the fifth instar

larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2), fed with Digoxin treated

mulberry leaves. The Bioscan, 4(1), 41-44.

[51] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Poonam M. Patil; Sharad G. Jagtap; Sunanda V. Khyade and

Jeevan P. Sarawade (2010). Effect of Methanolic Extractives of Roots of Achyranthus

aspera on Larval Body Wall Chitin in the Fifth Instars of Silkworm, Bombyx mori (L)

(Race: PM x CSR2). Advances in Plant Sciences. 23(I): 309 313.

[52] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Kajal P. Shukla and Jiwan P. Sarwade (2010). Acetylcholine

content and acetylcholine esterase activity in the head pieces of tropical tassar silk

worm, Antheraea mylitta (D). The Bioscan, Special issue, 3: 747-752.

[53] S. G. Mali and V.B. Khyade ( 2010 ): Influence of Juvenile Hormone Analogue and

Insulin applied at third and fourth instar on some larval and cocoon characters in silk

worm, Bombyx mori (L). Journal of Bio – Science, 18: 49-52

[54] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Jyoti A. Kulkarni (2011). Effect of Digoxin treated mulberry

leaves on protein profiles in fifth instar larvae of Silkworm, Bombyx mori(L) (PM x

CSR2). Research Journal of Chemical Sciences 1(1): 2-6.

[55] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Macchingra S. Shejul; Ganga V. Khyade; Jeevan P. Sarawade

and Sharad G. Jagtap (2011). Variability of acetylcholine content and acetylcholine

esterase activity in the head pieces of tropical tassar silk worm, Antheraea mylitta (D).

Research Journal Chemistry and Environment 15(2), 122-125

[56] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Kajal P. Shukla and Jeevan P. Sarawade (2012). Juvenile

Hormone activity of some non mulberry plant extractives through inhibition of chitin

deposition in the integument of fifth instar larvae of silk worm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race

: PM x CSR2). Research Journal of Recent Sciences, Vol. 1 (Issue: ISC-2112): 1-6.

[57] Jagtap S.G. and V. B. Khyade (2011). Influence of Manta Through Topical Application

to the Larval Instars of Silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (PM x CSR2) and feeding them

Insulin Treated mulberry leaves. Journal of Association of Zoologists India 4(1): 124-

130.

[58] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Sucheta S. Doshi ( 2012). Protein Contents and activity of

enzymes in the mid gut homogenate of fifth instar larvae of silk worm, Bombyx mori

(L) (Race : PM x CSR2) fed with herbal drug (Kho Go) treated mulberry leaves.

Research Journal of Recent Sciences 1(2): 49-55.

[59] Bobade S. N. and Khyade V. B. (2012). Influence of Inorganic Nutrients On the

Activity of Enzyme, Nitrate Reductase In the Leaves of mulberry, Morus alba (L).

Journal of Recent Sciences 1(5): 13-21.


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[60] Bobade S. N. and Khyade V. B. (2012).Detail Study On the Properties of Pongamia

pinnata (L) (Karanja) for Production of Biofuel. Research Joural of Recent Sciences

2(7): 16-20.

[61] Bobade S. N. and Khyade V. B. (2012). Preparation of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) from

Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil. Research Journal of Recent Sciences 2(8): 43-50.

[62] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; and Jiwan P. Sarawade (2012). Contents of protein and activity

of protease and amylase in the mid gut homogenate of fifth instar larvae of Bombyx

mori L. (PM x CSR2) fed with herbal drug(Kho-Go) treated mulberry leaves.

International Journal of Science and Nature 3(3): 526-530.

[63] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Rajendra M. Marathe (2012). Diversity of Bacterial flora in

the mid gut of fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2).

Global Journal of Bio – Science and Biotechnology 1(2): 191-200.

[64] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Anil N. Shendage (2012). Influence of Aloe vera (L) Herbal

formulation on Larval Characters and Economic Parameters of silkworm, Bombyx mori

(L)(Race : PM x CSR2). The Ecoscan Special Issue 1(121): 321-326.

[65] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Babita M. Sakdeo (2012). Influence of foliar spray on the

quality of mulberry leaves. International Journal of Bioassays 01(12): 166-169.

[66] Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2012). Isolation of glycoside from the seed powder of Syzigium

cumini (L). International Journal of Bioassays 01(12): 207-209.

[67] Rajkumar Bapurao Deshmukh and Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2013). Utilization of Aloe

vera (L) herbal tonic for treating mulberry leaves before feeding the fifth instar Larvae

of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2). International Journal of Bioassays

02(01): 281-285.

[68] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Jiwan P. Sarawade (2013). Glycosides from the seed powder

of Syzigium cumini (L). Annals of Plant Sciences 2(1): 46-48.

[69] Bobade S. N. ; Kumbhar R. R. and Khyade V. B. (2013). Preparation of Methyl

Ester(Biodiesel) from Jatropha curcasLinn oil. Research Journal of Agriculture and

Forestry Sciences 1(2): 12-19.

[70] Gauri U. Kadam and Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2013). Effect of age and sex on the activity

of protease in the mid gut and integument of fifth instar silk worm, Bombyx mori (L)

(Race: PM x CSR2). International Journal of Advanced Biological 3(2), 188-190.

[71] Khyade V. B.; Gaikwad D. R. and Thakare U. G. (2012). Utilization of Aloe vera (L)

Herbal Tonic for Treating Mulberry Leaves before feeding the Fifth Instar Larvae of

Silkworm, Bombyx mori(L) (Race: PM x CSR2) ( Editor: Dr. A. R. Tuwar and Dr. M.

J. Shaikh Dept. of Life Sciences, Arts and Science College, Sonai Tal. Newasa, Dist.

Ahmednagar – 414105 India): 37-40.

[72] Jagtap S. G. and Khyade V. B. (2012). The pattern of chitin deposition in the body wall

/ Integument of fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2 )

recipient of acetone extractives of some non – mulberry plants. Biodiversity;

Biotechnology and Climate Change (Editor: Dr. A. R. Tuwar and Dr. M. J. Shaikh

Dept. of Life Sciences, Arts and Science College, Sonai Tal. Newasa, Dist.


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Ahmednagar – 414105 India): 105-109. www.sonaicollege.com ISBN: 978-93-81921-

23-4.

[73] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Jiwan P. Sarwade (2013). Utilization of Digoxin, the herbal

product for treating the mulberry leaves and feeding the fifth instar larvae of silkworm,

Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2). International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Research I(12) (III): 38-42.

[74] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Vivekanand V. Khyade and Sunanda V. Khyade (2013). Use of

Moracin in preventing the cancer. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and

Food Technology 4(5), 96-104.

[75] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Jiwan P. Sarwade (2013). Analysis of Sterol Contents in the

Eggs of Silkworm, Bombyx mori (L). Journal of Association of Zoologists India 6(1),

41-45.

[76] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Jiwan P. Sarwade (2013). Glycoside from the seed powder of

Syzigium cumini (L). Journal of Association of Zoologists India 6(1), 91 - 96.

[77] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Vivekanand V. Khyade (2013). Plants: The Source of Animal

Hormones. “Frontiers in Life sciences”, the book published by Science Impact

Publication, Ahmedpur (Latur) – 413515 (India ): 151-168. Editor: Dr. Sayyed Iliyas

Usman( Poona College, Camp Pune). ISBN 978-93-5067-394-2.

[78] Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2013): Ozone Preservation Day: An Overview. Spring Vol. 1 No.

1 October, 11-13. Open Assess Discovery Publication.

http://www.discovery.org.in/PDF_Files/Spring_2013100102.

[79] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Ujwala D. Lonkar (2013). Effect of Moracin on DMBA –

TPA induced cancer in mice, Mus musculus (L). Annals of Plant Science 2(10): 412-

419.

[80] Babita M. Sakdeo and Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2013). EFFECT OF MORACIN ON

DMBA – TPA INDUCED SKIN TUMOR FORMATION IN THE MICE. International

Journal of Advanced Biological Research 3(4): 576-583.

[81] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Jiwan P. Sarwade (2013). Utilization of Retinol through the

topical application to the fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM

x CSR2) for qualitative improvement of the economic parameters. International Journal

of Advance Life Sciences Vol. 6 Issue 5 November, 2013.

[82] Vitthalrao B Khyade and Vivekanand V Khyade (2013). The Phytocompounds of

Animal Hormone Analogues. Annals of Plant Sciences 2(5): 125-137.

[83] Vitthalrao B. Khyade ( 2014 ): Influence of Lanoxin Treared Mulberry Leaves on the

contents of proteins in the fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM

x CSR2). 2014. (Page: 8 – 17). Proceeding, Two day UGC sponsored National seminar

on, “Recent Trends in Cell Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics”, Organized by

Department of Zoology, Balwant College, Vita Tal. Khanapur, Dist. Sangli 415311

(India) (6 and 7 September, 2013). Editor: Prof. (Smt.) U. H. Shah (Department of

Zoology, Balwant College, Vita). ISBN 978-81-927211-3-2.

http://www.sonaicollege.com/

http://www.discovery.org.in/PDF_Files/Spring_2013100102


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[84] Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2014). Effect of leaf extractives of Mulberry, Morus alba (L) on

biochemical parameters in Diabetic Rats. International Multidisciplinary Vol - III, Issue

- III, 21-33.

[85] Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2014). Birth Anniversary of Alfred P. Wolf -“Dr. APIS”

SCIENCE LEAFLET/ International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,

Volume 4, Issue 2, 366-369.

[86] Sucheta S. Doshi ; Anil N. Shendage and Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2014). Utilization of

Digixin the herbal product for treating the mulberry leaves and feeding the fifth instar

larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2 ). Standard Global Journal of

Scientific Research 1(2): 020-024

[87] Santosh G. Mali; Abhilasha C. Bhunje and Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2014). Effect of Host

and non-host plant volatiles on egg laying general behavior of Trichogramma chilonis

(L). Annals of Plant Sciences 3(4): 656-662.

[88] Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2014). THE ACTIVITY OF PROTEASE IN THE FIFTH

INSTAR SILKWORM, BOMBYX MORI (L) (RACE : PM X CSR2). Biolife April –

June Vol. 2(2).

[89] Vitthalrao B. Khyade, Vivekanand V. Khyade and Amar H. Kadare (2014). Influence of

Acetone Extractive of Oroxylum indicum on Cocoon characters; Silk Filament

Characters and the Electrophoretic patterns of esterase activity of silk worm Bombyx

mori (L.) (Race: PM x CSR2). Research Journal of Recent Sciences Vol. 3 (IVC-2014),

1-5.

[90] Vitthalrao B. Khyade ; Vivekanand V. Khyade ; Sunanda V. Khyade and May-Britt

Moser (2014). Influence of Moracin on DMBA-TPA induced skin tumerigenesis in

the mouse. International Journal of Bioassays 3(11): 3510-3516.

[91] Sucheta S. Doshi; Anil N. Shendage and Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2014). Kinetic changes

in the Alanine aminotransferase of fresh water mussel, Lamellidens marginalis (L)

during acclimation to acidic water. International Multidisciplinary e-Journal. Vol. III,

Issue IV, 241-248.

[92] Vitthalrao B. Khyade, Suryakant M. Mundhe and Paul R. Ehrlich (2014). Lepidopterous

insect biodiversity at the malegaon sheti farm of agriculture development trust,

Baramati India. Standard Scientific Research and Essays 2(5): 228 236.

[93] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Vivekanand V. Khyade and Rhidim D. Mote (2014). Influence

of Acetone extractive of Oroxylum indicum (L) on cocoon characters, silk filament

character and electrophoretic patterns of esterase activity of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L)

(Race: PM x CSR2). Recent Trends in Zoology (Pages: 12-22). Editor: Dr. R. K. Kasar;

Publisher: Dr. L. S. Matkar (Principal, New Arts, Commerce and Science College,

Shevgaon Dist. Ahmednagar – 414502 (M.S.) India. ISBN: 978-93-84916-68-8.

[94] Shubhangi A. Chavan ; Tejal G. Rupnawar and Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2014). Effect

acid acclimation on the Alanine Amino Transfersae in fresh water mussel, Lamellidens

marginalis (L). Recent Trends in Zoology (Pages: 33-42). Editor: Dr. R. K. Kasar ;

Publisher: Dr. L. S. Matkar (Principal, New Arts, Commerce and Science College,

Shevgaon Dist. Ahmednagar – 414502 (M.S.) India. ISBN: 978-93-84916-68-8.


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[95] Aishwarya B. Jadhav; Snehal G. Jadhav and Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2014). Effect of leaf

extractives of Mulberry, Morus alba (L) on biochemical parameters in diabetic rats.

Recent Trends in Zoology (Pages: 79-96). Editor: Dr. R. K. Kasar ; Publisher: Dr. L. S.

Matkar (Principal, New Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shevgaon Dist.

Ahmednagar – 414502 (M.S.) India. ISBN: 978-93-84916-68-8.

[96] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Rhidim Jiwan P. Sarwade (2014). Influence of Moracin on

DMBA – TPA induced cancer in the skin of mice, Mus musculus (L). Recent Trends in

Zoology (Pages: 113-133). Editor: Dr. R. K. Kasar ; Publisher: Dr. L. S. Matkar

(Principal, New Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shevgaon Dist. Ahmednagar –

414502 (M.S.) India. ISBN: 978-93-84916-68-8.

[97] Vitthalrao B. Khyade ; Vivekanand V. Khyade and Randy Wayne Schekman (2015).

Utilization of the topical application of Limonene to the fifth instar larvae of the

silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM X CSR2) for the parameters of Larvae, Cocoon

and Silk filament. International Journal of Bioassay 4(02): 3632-3635.

[98] Vitthalrao B. Khyade ; Suryakant M. Mundhe and Shakir Ali Syed (2015). Influence of

Ethanolic Extractives of Leaves of Mulberry, Morus alba (L) On 7, 12-Dimethylbenz

(A) Anthracene (DMBA) Induced Buccal Pouch Carcinoma in Syrian Hamster,

Mesocricetus auratus (L). IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, Volume

10, Issue 1 Ver. IV: 69-75.

[99] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Sadhana D. Deshpande (2015). CHEMOPREVENTIVE

EFFICACY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTIVES OF LEAVES OF MULBERRY,

MORUS ALBA (L) ON 7, 12-DIMETHYLBENZ(A) ANTHRACENE

(DMBA)INDUCED BUCCAL POUCH CARCINOMA IN SYRIAN HAMSTER,

MESOCRICETUS AURATUS (L). International Journal of Recent Scientific Research,

6(3): 3156-3161,

[100] Vitthalrao B Khyade, Vishakha R Kakade and Aishwarya R Inamake (2015).

Communication and Pollination in Apis indica (L.), The Significant Phenomenon.

Annals of Plant Sciences, 4(03): 1033-1050.

[101] Vitthalrao Khyade, Edvard Moser and May – Britt Moser (2015). INFLUENCE OF

AQUEOUS MACERATIVES OF SEED POWDER OF SYZIGIUM CUMINI (L) ON

THE MID GUT ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE FIFTH INSTAR LARVAE OF SILK

WORM, BOMBYX MORI (L) (Race: PM x CSR2). World Journal of Pharmaceutical

Research 4(6): 997-1008

[102] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Karel Slama (2015). SCREENING OF ACETONE

SOLUTION OF FME AND SELECTED MONOTERPENE COMPOUNDS FOR

JUVENILE HORMONE ACTIVITYTHROUGH CHANGES IN PATTERN OF

CHITIN DEPOSITION IN THE INTEGUMENT OF FIFTH INSTAR LARVAE OF

SILKWORM, Bombyx mori (L) (PM x CSR2). IJBRITISH 2(3): 68-90.

[103] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Rajkumar B. Deshmukh (2015). Mid gut protease and

amylase activity in the fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x

CSR2) fed with mulberry leaves treated with aqueous solution of stevia inulin powder.

Proceedings, U G C Sponsored National Conference on Recent Trends in Life Sciences


-247-

(10 - 11, July, 2015), organized by Department of Zoology, S. M. Joshi College, Pune.

Page: 95-106. ISBN 978-93-5235-362-0.

[104] Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2015). Harries Ozonolysis. Journal of Applicable Chemistry.

4(5): 1308-1312.

[105] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Karel Slama; Rajendra D. Pawar and Sanjay V. Deshmukh

(2015). Influence of Various Concentrations of Acetone Solution of Retinol on Pattern

of Chitin Deposition in the Integument of Fifth Instar Larvae of Silkworm, Bombyx

mori (L) (PM X CSR2). Journal of Applicable Chemistry 4(5): 1434-1445.

[106] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Karel Slama; Rajendra D. Pawar and Sanjay V. Deshmukh

(2015). Influence of Various Concentrations of Acetone Solution of Retinol on Pattern

of Chitin Deposition in the Integument of Fifth Instar Larvae of Silkworm, Bombyx

mori (L) (PM X CSR2). Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. Volume 3 Issue 5 Part C :

124-131.

[107] Vitthalrao B. Khyade, Sivani C. Bhosale; Vishakha R. Kakade and Jiwan P. Sarawade

(2015). Pattern of Chitin Deposition in The Integument of Fifth Instar Larvae of

Silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (PM x CSR2) Treated with Acetone Solution of Selected

Monoterpene Compounds and Fernasol Methyl Ether (Fme). Journal of Basic Sciences,

Special Issue on BioIPPF, 34-40.

[108] Sharad G. Jagtap; Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Santoshrao G. Mali (2015). Influence of

Treating the mulberry leaves with aqueous maceratives of seed powder of Syzigium

cumini (L) on the activities of digestive enzyme in the fifth instar larvae of silkworm,

Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2). Elixir International Journal. Applied Zoology /

Elixir Appl. Zoology 85 (2015) 34140-34144.

[109] Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2016). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of

mulberry, Morus alba (L) (Variety: Baramatiwali). Journal of Medicinal Plant Studies

4(2): 04-07.

[110] Vitthalrao B. Khyade1 and Aziz Sancer (2016). Treating the 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)

anthracene (DMBA) induced buccal pouch carcinoma in Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus

auratus (L) with ethanolic extractives of leaves of mulberry, Morus alba (L). World

Scientific News 30; 1-13.

[111] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Sharad G. Jagtap (2016). Sprouting Exert Significant

Influence on the Antioxidant Activity in Selected Pulses (Black Gram, Cowpea, Desi

Chickpea and Yellow Mustard). World Scientific News 30; 73-86.

[112] Sucheta S. Doshi ; Anil N. Shendage and Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2016).The

monoterpene compounds for juvenile hormone activity through changes in pattern of

chitin deposition in the integument of fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L)

(PM x CSR2). World Scientific News 37; 179-201.

[113] Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2016). Hydraulic Fracturing; Environmental Issue. World

Scientific News 40; 58-92.

[114] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Atharv Atul Gosavi (2016). Utilization of mulberry leaves

treated with seed powder cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L) for feeding the fifth instar


-248-

larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2). World Scientific News 40;

147-162.

[115] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Sharad G. Jagtap (2016). INFLUENCE OF SPROUTING

OF SELECTED PULSES (BLACK GRAM, COWPEA, DESI CHICKPEA AND

YELLOW MUSTARD ) ON ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY. Proceeding, International

Conference on “Plant Research and Resource Management” And 25th

APSI Silver

Jubilee Meet 2016 at T. C. College Baramati 11, 12 and 13 February, 2016. Pages: 272-

277.

[116] Vishakha S. Chape; Abhilasha C. Bhunje and Vitthalrao B. Khyade (2016). Efficient

Use of Extractive of Oroxylum indicum for the improvement of Quality of Silk in

Silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2 ). International Conference on “Plant

Research and Resource Management” And 25th

APSI Silver Jubilee Meet 2016 at T. C.

College Baramati 11, 12 and 13 February, 2016. Pages: 304-308.

[117] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Sharad G. Jagtap (2016). Antioxidant activity and phenolic

compounds of mulberry, Morus alba (L) (Variety: Baramatiwali) International

Conference on “Plant Research and Resource Management” And 25th

APSI Silver

Jubilee Meet 2016 at T. C. College Baramati 11, 12 and 13 February, 2016. Pages: 374-

377.

[118] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Vrushali D. Shinde and Shraddha S. Maske (2016). Influence of

the diterpenoids (Retinol and Phytol) (Race: PM x CSR2) on the cocoon and silk

parameters in silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2). World Scientific News

42; 1-12.

[119] Madhuri Anil Shivpuje; Hanumant V. Wanve and Sadashiv N. Belpatre (2016).

Influence of magnetic energy on protein contents in the fifth instar larvae of silkworm,

Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2). World Scientific News 42; 73-86.

( Received 14 February 2016; accepted 26 February 2016 )


-249-

Table 1. Physico-chemical; Nutritional and Biochemical Parameters of Vermiwash Obtained from

Mango Leaf Litter (MLL) Through the Use of Eudrillus eugeniae (L).

Group (Days)

Parameter Control

(00)

Control

(15)

Control

(30)

Control

(45)

Control

(60)

MLL

(00)

MLL

(15)

MLL

(30)

MLL

(45)

MLL

(60)

pH 7.86

(+0.05)

7.83

(+0.05)

7.80

(+0.01)

7.76

(+0.05)

7.71

(+0.01)

7.86

(+0.05)

7.76

(+0.05)

7.66

(+0.05)

7.53

(+0.05)

7.42

(+0.01)

EC

mhos/cm3

0.90

(+0.01) 0.96

(+0.05) 1.06

(+0.05) 1.10

(+0.01) 1.12

(+0.05) 0.90

(+0.01) 1.13

(+0.05) 1.33

(+0.09) 1.60

(+0.01) 1.64

(+0.05)

TH mg/l 2.43

(+0.05) 2.94

(+0.05) 3.33

(+0.05) 3.90

(+0.01) 4.23

(+0.01) 2.40

(+0.01) 2.46

(+0.12) 5.96

(+0.05) 8.70

(+0.01) 10.20

(+0.05)

Magnesium

mg/l 1.03

(+0.05) 1.26

(+0.05) 1.30

(+0.08) 1.50

(+0.01) 1.59

(+0.01) 1.10

(+0.01) 1.93

(+0.12) 2.56

(+0.12) 3.90

(+0.01) 4.92

(+0.01)

Calcium mg/l 1.40

(+0.01) 1.66

(+0.05) 2.03

(+0.05) 2.40

(+0.01) 2.64

(+0.05) 1.30

(+0.01) 2.53

(+0.05) 3.40

(+0.08) 4.80

(+0.01) 5.28

(+0.01)

Chloride mg/l 5.23

(+0.05) 4.93

(+0.05) 4.73

(+0.05) 4.50

(+0.01) 4.39

(+0.01) 5.26

(+0.05) 4.83

(+0.05) 4.23

(+0.05) 3.70

(+0.01) 3.47

(+0.01)

Salinity g/l 7.90

(+0.01) 7.53

(+0.05) 7.23

(+0.05) 6.93

(+0.05) 6.64

(+0.05) 7.90

(+0.01) 7.06

(+0.05) 6.23

(+0.05) 5.63

(+0.05) 5.24

(+0.01)

Alkalinity

mg/l 7.80

(+0.01) 8.03

(+0.05) 8.13

(+0.05) 8.40

(+0.01) 8.63

(+0.01) 7.80

(+0.01) 8.13

(+0.05) 8.33

(+0.05) 8.83

(+0.05) 8.94

(+0.05)

Organic

Carbon % 6.83

(+0.05) 6.56

(+0.05) 6.46

(+0.05) 6.23

(+0.05) 6.18

(+0.01) 6.70

(+0.01) 6.23

(+0.05) 5.43

(+0.05) 4.80

(+0.01) 4.38

(+0.01)

Nitrite % 0.16

(+0.01) 0.19

(+0.01) 0.23

(+0.06) 0.26

(+0.01) 0.29

(+0.06) 0.15

(+0.06) 0.32

(+0.06) 0.61

(+0.01) 0.91

(+0.01) 1.20

(+0.06)

Phosphorus% 0.30

(+0.01) 0.33

(+0.01) 0.35

(+0.01) 0.38

(+0.01) 0.41

(+0.05) 0.30

(+0.01) 0.37

(+0.01) 0.42

(+0.01) 0.46

(+0.01) 0.51

(+0.01)

C:N % 42.97

(+3.29) 34.53

(+3.18) 28.08

(+0.08) 23.96

(+0.18) 21.31

(+0.08) 44.67

(+0.01) 19.47

(+0.05) 8.90

(+0.06) 5.27

(+0.01) 3.65

(+0.01)

Carbohydrate

% 0.25

(+0.01) 0.41

(+0.01) 0.64

(+0.05) 0.87

(+0.01) 0.93

(+0.01) 0.20

(+0.06) 0.78

(+0.05) 1.34

(+0.01) 2.50

(+0.01) 2.68

(+0.05)

Protein % 0.62

(+0.01) 1.03

(+0.01) 1.69

(+0.01) 2.50

(+0.01) 2.91

(+0.01) 0.83

(+0.29) 2.31

(+0.01) 4.76

(+0.01) 7.50

(+0.01) 8.99

(+0.05)


-250-

Lipid % 1.27

(+0.06) 1.87

(+0.01) 2.29

(+0.01) 2.87

(+0.01) 3.94

(+0.01) 1.36

(+0.01) 3.89

(+0.01) 6.23

(+0.01) 9.58

(+0.01) 10.02

(+0.05)

Amino Acid

% 2.03

(+0.01) 2.98

(+0.01) 3.64

(+0.01) 4.21

(+0.05) 4.92

(+0.01) 2.03

(+0.01) 3.91

(+0.05) 7.01

(+0.05) 10.78

(+0.01) 12.03

(+0.05)

Each figure is the mean of the three replications.

Figure with ± sign in the bracket is SD.

Mango Leaf Litter: MLL.


Guava Leaf Litter (GLL) Through the Use of Eudrillus eugeniae (L).

Group (Days)

Parameters Control

(00)

Control

(15)

Control

(30)

Control

(45)

Control

(60)

GLL

(00)

GLL

(15)

GLL

(30)

GLL

(45)

GLL

(60)

pH 7.86

(+0.05)

7.83

(+0.05)

7.80

(+0.01)

7.76

(+0.05)

7.71

(+0.01)

7.86

(+0.05)

7.56

(+0.05)

7.46

(+0.05)

7.36

(+0.05)

7.29

(+0.05)

EC

mhos/cm3

0.90

(+0.01)

0.96

(+0.05)

1.06

(+0.05)

1.10

(+0.01)

1.12

(+0.01)

0.90

(+0.01)

1.30

(+0.08)

1.40

(+0.08)

1.70

(+0.01)

1.73

(+0.05)

TH mg/l 2.43

(+0.05)

2.93

(+0.05)

3.33

(+0.05)

3.90

(+0.01)

4.23

(+0.01)

2.40

(+0.01)

4.73

(+0.05)

6.13

(+0.05)

9.20

(+0.01)

10.94

(+0.01)

Magnesium

mg/l 1.03

(+0.05)

1.26

(+0.05)

1.30

(+0.08)

1.50

(+0.01)

1.59

(+0.01)

1.10

(+0.01)

2.06

(+0.05)

2.80

(+0.08)

4.30

(+0.01)

4.99

(+0.01)

Calcium mg/l 1.40

(+0.01)

1.66

(+0.05)

2.03

(+0.05)

2.40

(+0.01)

2.64

(+0.05)

1.30

(+0.01)

2.66

(+0.05)

3.33

(+0.12)

4.90

(+0.01)

5.95

(+0.05)

Chloride mg/l 5.23

(+0.05)

4.93

(+0.05)

4.73

(+0.05)

4.50

(+0.01)

4.39

(+0.01)

5.30

(+0.01)

4.73

(+0.05)

4.36

(+0.05)

3.63

(+0.05)

3.39

(+0.01)

Salinity g/l 7.90

(+0.01)

7.53

(+0.05)

7.23

(+0.05)

6.93

(+0.05)

6.64

(+0.05)

7.86

(+0.05)

7.03

(+0.05)

6.06

(+0.05)

5.23

(+0.05)

5.17

(+0.01)

Alkalinity

mg/l 7.80

(+0.01)

8.03

(+0.05)

8.13

(+0.05)

8.40

(+0.01)

8.63

(+0.01)

7.80

(+0.01)

8.33

(+0.05)

8.56

(+0.05)

9.00

(+0.05)

9.23

(+0.05)

Organic

Carbon % 6.83

(+0.05)

6.56

(+0.05)

6.46

(+0.05)

6.23

(+0.05)

6.18

(+0.01)

6.76

(+0.05)

5.96

(+0.05)

5.23

(+0.05)

4.46

(+0.05)

4.27

(+0.01)

Nitrite % 0.16

(+0.01)

0.19

(+0.01)

0.23

(+0.06)

0.26

(+0.01)

0.29

(+0.06)

0.15

(+0.06)

0.41

(+0.01)

0.84

(+0.01)

1.11

(+0.01)

1.42

(+0.01)

Phosphorus% 0.30

(+0.01)

0.33

(+0.01)

0.35

(+0.01)

0.38

(+0.01)

0.41

(+0.05)

0.30

(+0.01)

0.37

(+0.01)

0.45

(+0.01)

0.50

(+0.01)

0.57

(+0.01)

C:N % 42.69

(+3.29)

34.53

(+3.18)

28.08

(+0.08)

23.96

(+0.18)

21.31

(+0.08)

45.06

(+0.31)

14.54

(+0.05)

6.23

(+0.05)

4.02

(+0.04)

3.00

(+0.01)

Carbohydrate

% 0.25

(+0.01)

0.41

(+0.01)

0.64

(+0.05)

0.87

(+0.01)

0.93

(+0.01)

0.20

(+0.06)

0.93

(+0.01)

1.81

(+0.01)

2.87

(+0.01)

2.94

(+0.05)

Protein % 0.62

(+0.01)

1.03

(+0.01)

1.69

(+0.01)

2.50

(+0.01)

2.91

(+0.01)

0.62

(+0.01)

4.30

(+0.05)

7.99

(+0.01)

11.87

(+0.01)

12.97

(+0.05)

Lipid % 1.27

(+0.06)

1.87

(+0.01)

2.29

(+0.01)

2.87

(+0.01)

3.94

(+0.01)

1.36

(+0.01)

4.64

(+0.01)

7.34

(+0.01)

10.13

(+0.01)

10.61

(+0.05)

Amino Acid

% 2.03

(+0.01)

2.98

(+0.01)

3.64

(+0.01)

4.21

(+0.05)

4.92

(+0.01)

2.03

(+0.01)

4.32

(+0.01)

8.10

(+0.01)

11.40

(+0.05)

12.66

(+0.05)



Guava Leaf Litter: GLL.


-251-


Sapota Leaf Litter (SLL) Through the Use of Eudrillus eugeniae (L).

Group (Days)

Parameters Control

(00)

Control

(15)

Control

(30)

Control

(45)

Control

(60)

GLL

(00)

GLL

(15)

GLL

(30)

GLL

(45)

GLL

(60)

pH 7.86

(+0.05)

7.83

(+0.01)

7.80

(+0.05)

7.76

(+0.01)

7.71

(+0.05)

7.86

(+0.05)

7.66

(+0.05)

7.53

(+0.05)

7.43

(+0.05)

7.37

(+0.05)

EC

mhos/cm3

0.90

(+0.01)

0.96

(+0.05)

1.06

(+0.05)

1.10

(+0.01)

1.12

(+0.01)

0.90

(+0.01)

1.23

(+0.05)

1.36

(+0.05)

1.56

(+0.05)

1.59

(+0.05)

TH mg/l 2.43

(+0.05)

2.93

(+0.05)

3.33

(+0.05)

3.39

(+0.01)

4.23

(+0.01)

2.46

(+0.05)

4.53

(+0.05)

6.06

(+0.05)

9.03

(+0.05)

10.51

(+0.01)

Magnesium

mg/l 1.03

(+0.05)

1.26

(+0.05)

1.30

(+0.08)

1.50

(+0.01)

1.59

(+0.01)

1.06

(+0.05)

2.06

(+0.05)

2.83

(+0.05)

4.23

(+0.05)

4.95

(+0.01)

Calcium mg/l 1.40

(+0.01)

1.66

(+0.05)

2.03

(+0.05)

2.40

(+0.01)

2.64

(+0.05)

1.40

(+0.05)

2.46

(+0.05)

3.23

(+0.05)

4.80

(+0.01)

5.56

(+0.05)

Chloride mg/l 5.23

(+0.05)

4.93

(+0.05)

4.73

(+0.05)

4.50

(+0.01)

4.39

(+0.01)

5.30

(+0.01)

4.86

(+0.05)

4.43

(+0.05)

3.66

(+0.05)

3.43

(+0.01)

Salinity g/l 7.90

(+0.01)

7.53

(+0.05)

7.23

(+0.05)

6.93

(+0.05)

6.64

(+0.05)

7.90

(+0.01)

7.06

(+0.05)

6.16

(+0.05)

5.56

(+0.05)

5.21

(+0.01)

Alkalinity

mg/l 7.80

(+0.01)

8.03

(+0.05)

8.13

(+0.01)

8.40

(+0.01)

7.63

(+0.05)

8.83

(+0.05)

8.23

(+0.05)

8.43

(+0.05)

8.93

(+0.05)

9.01

(+0.01)

Organic

Carbon % 6.83

(+0.05)

6.56

(+0.05)

6.46

(+0.05)

6.23

(+0.05)

6.18

(+0.01)

6.80

(+0.01)

6.06

(+0.05)

5.43

(+0.05)

4.73

(+0.05)

4.31

(+0.01)

Nitrite % 0.16

(+0.01)

0.19

(+0.01)

0.23

(+0.06)

0.26

(+0.01)

0.29

(+0.06)

0.15

(+0.06)

0.39

(+0.06)

0.62

(+0.01)

0.99

(+0.01)

1.31

(+0.01)

Phosphorus% 0.30

(+0.01)

0.33

(+0.01)

0.35

(+0.01)

0.38

(+0.01)

0.41

(+0.05)

0.30

(+0.01)

0.34

(+0.01)

0.40

(+0.01)

0.48

(+0.01)

0.54

(+0.01)

C:N % 42.69

(+3.29)

34.53

(+3.18)

28.08

(+0.08)

23.96

(+0.18)

23.31

(+0.08)

45.33

(+0.01)

15.54

(+0.05)

8.76

(+0.05)

4.78

(+0.11)

3.29

(+0.01)

Carbohydrate

% 0.25

(+0.01)

0.41

(+0.01)

0.64

(+0.05)

0.87

(+0.01)

0.93

(+0.01)

0.25

(+0.01)

0.90

(+0.05)

1.67

(+0.01)

2.62

(+0.01)

2.81

(+0.05)

Protein % 0.62

(+0.01)

1.03

(+0.01)

1.69

(+0.01)

2.50

(+0.01)

2.91

(+0.01)

0.62

(+0.01)

2.98

(+0.01)

5.94

(+0.01)

9.37

(+0.01)

10.03

(+0.05)

Lipid % 1.27

(+0.06)

1.87

(+0.01)

2.29

(+0.01)

2.87

(+0.01)

3.94

(+0.01)

1.32

(+0.06)

3.92

(+0.01)

6.61

(+0.01)

9.86

(+0.01)

10.30

(+0.01)

Amino Acid

% 2.03

(+0.01)

2.98

(+0.01)

3.64

(+0.01)

4.21

(+0.05)

4.92

(+0.01)

2.03

(+0.01)

4.01

(+0.01)

7.24

(+0.01)

10.93

(+0.01)

12.23

(+0.01)



Sapota Leaf Litter: SLL.


Mango Leaf Litter (MLL) Through the Use of Lampito mauritii (L).

Group (Days)

Parameters Control

(00)

Control

(15)

Control

(30)

Control

(45)

Control

(60)

GLL

(00)

GLL

(15)

GLL

(30)

GLL

(45)

GLL

(60)

pH 7.86

(+0.05)

7.83

(+0.05)

7.80

(+0.01)

7.76

(+0.05)

7.71

(+0.01)

7.83

(+0.05)

7.74

(+0.05)

7.63

(+0.05)

7.56

(+0.05)

7.49

(+0.01)

EC

mhos/cm3

0.90

(+0.01)

0.96

(+0.05)

1.06

(+0.05)

1.10

(+0.01)

1.12

(+0.01)

0.90

(+0.01)

1.21

(+0.01)

1.37

(+0.01)

1.50

(+0.01)

1.55

(+0.01)


-252-

TH mg/l 2.43

(+0.05)

2.93

(+0.05)

3.33

(+0.05)

3.90

(+0.01)

4.23

(+0.01)

2.50

(+0.01)

4.33

(+0.05)

6.16

(+0.09)

8.40

(+0.01)

10.01

(+0.01)

Magnesium

mg/l 1.03

(+0.05)

1.26

(+0.05)

1.30

(+0.08)

1.50

(+0.01)

1.59

(+0.01)

1.10

(+0.01)

1.93

(+0.01)

2.86

(+0.05)

4.00

(+0.01)

4.63

(+0.01)

Calcium mg/l 1.40

(+0.01)

1.66

(+0.05)

2.03

(+0.05)

2.40

(+0.01)

2.64

(+0.05)

1.40

(+0.01)

2.40

(+0.01)

3.30

(+0.08)

4.40

(+0.01)

5.38

(+0.01)

Chloride mg/l 5.23

(+0.05)

4.93

(+0.05)

4.73

(+0.05)

4.50

(+0.01)

4.39

(+0.01)

5.33

(+0.05)

4.86

(+0.05)

4.53

(+0.05)

3.90

(+0.01)

3.61

(+0.01)

Salinity g/l 7.90

(+0.01)

7.53

(+0.05)

7.23

(+0.05)

6.93

(+0.05)

6.64

(+0.05)

7.86

(+0.05)

7.26

(+0.05)

6.76

(+0.05)

6.03

(+0.05)

5.87

(+0.05)

Alkalinity

mg/l 7.80

(+0.01)

8.03

(+0.05)

8.13

(+0.05)

8.40

(+0.01)

8.63

(+0.01)

7.80

(+0.01)

8.13

(+0.05)

8.46

(+0.05)

8.83

(+0.05)

8.99

(+0.01)

Organic

Carbon % 6.83

(+0.05)

6.56

(+0.05)

6.46

(+0.01)

6.23

(+0.05)

6.18

(+0.01)

6.80

(+0.01)

6.31

(+0.05)

5.47

(+0.01)

4.93

(+0.05)

4.60

(+0.01)

Nitrite % 0.16

(+0.01)

0.19

(+0.01)

0.23

(+0.06)

0.26

(+0.01)

0.29

(+0.06)

0.14

(+0.01)

0.31

(+0.05)

0.58

(+0.01)

0.88

(+0.01)

1.10

(+0.01)

Phosphorus% 0.30

(+0.01)

0.33

(+0.01)

0.35

(+0.01)

0.38

(+0.01)

0.41

(+0.05)

0.20

(+0.01)

0.35

(+0.01)

0.40

(+0.05)

0.44

(+0.01)

0.49

(+0.01)

C:N % 42.59

(+3.29)

34.53

(+3.18)

28.08

(+0.09)

23.96

(+0.17)

21.31

(+0.11)

48.57

(+5.34)

20.35

(+0.23)

9.43

(+0.05)

5.60

(+0.01)

4.82

(+0.01)

Carbohydrate

% 0.25

(+0.01)

0.41

(+0.01)

0.64

(+0.05)

0.87

(+0.01)

0.93

(+0.01)

0.29

(+0.05)

0.72

(+0.01)

1.29

(+0.01)

1.87

(+0.01)

2.29

(+0.05)

Protein % 0.62

(+0.01)

1.03

(+0.01)

1.69

(+0.01)

2.50

(+0.01)

2.91

(+0.01)

0.62

(+0.01)

1.82

(+0.05)

3.47

(+0.01)

5.63

(+0.01)

7.04

(+0.01)

Lipid % 1.27

(+0.06)

1.87

(+0.01)

2.29

(+0.01)

2.87

(+0.01)

3.94

(+0.01)

1.40

(+0.06)

3.41

(+0.01)

6.53

(+0.01)

8.76

(+0.01)

9.03

(+0.01)

Amino Acid

% 2.03

(+0.01)

2.98

(+0.01)

3.64

(+0.01)

4.21

(+0.05)

4.92

(+0.01)

2.03

(+0.01)

3.10

(+0.01)

7.00

(+0.05)

10.00

(+0.05)

11.16

(+0.05)



Mango Leaf Litter: MLL


Guava Leaf Litter (GLL) Through the Use of Lampito mauritii (L).

Group (Days)

Parameters Control

(00)

Control

(15)

Control

(30)

Control

(45)

Control

(60)

GLL

(00)

GLL

(15)

GLL

(30)

GLL

(45)

GLL

(60)

pH 7.86

(+0.05)

7.83

(+0.05)

7.80

(+0.01)

7.76

(+0.05)

7.71

(+0.01)

7.86

(+0.05)

7.79

(+0.05)

7.68

(+0.05)

7.63

(+0.05)

7.53

(+0.01)

EC

mhos/cm3

0.90

(+0.01)

0.96

(+0.05)

1.06

(+0.01)

1.10

(+0.01)

1.12

(+0.01)

0.90

(+0.01)

1.23

(+0.01)

1.41

(+0.01)

1.56

(+0.05)

1.61

(+0.01)

TH mg/l 2.43

(+0.05)

2.93

(+0.05)

3.33

(+0.05)

3.90

(+0.01)

4.23

(+0.01)

2.43

(+0.05)

4.33

(+0.05)

6.13

(+0.09)

8.50

(+0.01)

10.35

(+0.01)

Magnesium

mg/l 1.03

(+0.05)

1.26

(+0.05)

1.30

(+0.08)

1.50

(+0.01)

1.59

(+0.01)

1.03

(+0.01)

1.73

(+0.05)

2.80

(+0.09)

3.90

(+0.01)

4.71

(+0.01)

Calcium mg/l 1.40

(+0.01)

1.66

(+0.05)

2.03

(+0.05)

2.40

(+0.01)

2.64

(+0.05)

1.46

(+0.01)

2.60

(+0.01)

3.33

(+0.05)

4.60

(+0.01)

5.64

(+0.01)

Chloride mg/l 5.23

(+0.05)

4.93

(+0.05)

4.73

(+0.05)

4.50

(+0.01)

4.39

(+0.01)

5.26

(+0.01)

4.76

(+0.05)

4.26

(+0.05)

3.76

(+0.05)

3.43

(+0.01)

Salinity g/l 7.90

(+0.01)

7.53

(+0.05)

7.23

(+0.05)

6.93

(+0.05)

6.64

(+0.05)

7.83

(+0.05)

6.99

(+0.05)

6.23

(+0.05)

5.70

(+0.01)

5.36

(+0.01)


-253-

Alkalinity

mg/l 7.80

(+0.01)

8.03

(+0.05)

8.13

(+0.05)

8.40

(+0.01)

8.63

(+0.01)

7.80

(+0.01)

8.13

(+0.05)

8.53

(+0.05)

(8.70

+0.01)

8.90

(+0.01)

Organic

Carbon % 6.83

(+0.05)

6.56

(+0.05)

6.46

(+0.05)

6.23

(+0.05)

6.18

(+0.01)

6.73

(+0.01)

6.03

(+0.01)

5.43

(+0.05)

4.76

(+0.05)

4.49

(+0.01)

Nitrite % 0.16

(+0.01)

0.19

(+0.01)

0.23

(+0.06)

0.26

(+0.01)

0.29

(+0.06)

0.15

(+0.06)

0.38

(+0.01)

0.79

(+0.05)

0.92

(+0.01)

1.13

(+0.05)

Phosphorus% 0.30

(+0.01)

0.33

(+0.01)

0.35

(+0.01)

0.38

(+0.01)

0.41

(+0.05)

0.30

(+0.01)

0.36

(+0.05)

0.42

(+0.01)

0.46

(+0.01)

0.52

(+0.01)

C:N % 42.69

(+3.29)

34.53

(+3.18)

28.08

(+0.09)

23.96

(+0.18)

21.31

(+0.09)

44.87

(+1.32)

15.87

(+1.01)

6.88

(+0.11)

5.17

(+0.12)

4.40

(+0.08)

Carbohydrate

% 0.25

(+0.01)

0.41

(+0.01)

0.64

(+0.05)

0.87

(+0.01)

0.93

(+0.01)

0.20

(+0.06)

0.83

(+0.01)

1.69

(+0.01)

2.25

(+0.01)

2.45

(+0.05)

Protein % 0.52

(+0.01)

1.03

(+0.01)

1.09

(+0.01)

2.51

(+0.01)

2.92

(+0.01)

0.62

(+0.01)

2.16

(+0.01)

4.35

(+0.05)

6.87

(+0.01)

9.43

(+0.05)

Lipid % 1.27

(+0.06)

1.88

(+0.01)

2.29

(+0.01)

2.87

(+0.01)

3.94

(+0.01)

1.36

(+0.01)

3.91

(+0.01)

6.82

(+0.01)

9.45

(+0.01)

9.94

(+0.05)

Amino Acid

% 2.03

(+0.01)

2.98

(+0.01)

3.64

(+0.01)

4.21

(+0.05)

4.92

(+0.01)

2.03

(+0.01)

4.02

(+0.06)

7.82

(+0.01)

10.62

(+0.01)

11.90

(+0.05)



Guava Leaf Litter: GLL.


Sapota Leaf Litter (SLL) Through the Use of Lampito mauritii (L).

Group (Days)

Parameters Control

(00)

Control

(15)

Control

(30)

Control

(45)

Control

(60)

GLL

(00)

GLL

(15)

GLL

(30)

GLL

(45)

GLL

(60)

pH 7.86

(+0.05)

7.83

(+0.05)

7.780

(+0.01)

7.76

(+0.05)

7.71

(+0.01)

7.86

(+0.05)

7.78

(+0.05)

7.66

(+0.05)

7.53

(+0.05)

7.47

(+0.01)

EC

mhos/cm3

0.90

(+0.01)

0.96

(+0.05)

1.06

(+0.05)

1.10

(+0.01)

1.12

(+0.01)

0.90

(+0.01)

1.10

(+0.01)

1.32

(+0.01)

1.50

(+0.01)

1.56

(+0.01)

TH mg/l 2.43

(+0.05)

2.93

(+0.05)

3.33

(+0.05)

3.90

(+0.01)

4.23

(+0.01)

2.50

(+0.01)

4.56

(+0.09)

6.43

(+0.05)

8.60

(+0.01)

10.42

(+0.01)

Magnesium

mg/l 1.03

(+0.05)

1.26

(+0.05)

1.30

(+0.08)

1.50

(+0.01)

1.59

(+0.01)

1.10

(+0.01)

1.96

(+0.05)

3.03

(+0.05)

4.10

(+0.01)

4.75

(+0.01)

Calcium mg/l 1.40

(+0.01)

1.66

(+0.05)

2.03

(+0.05)

2.40

(+0.01)

2.64

(+0.05)

1.40

(+0.01)

2.60

(+0.14)

3.40

(+0.08)

4.50

(+0.01)

5.67

(+0.01)

Chloride mg/l 5.23

(+0.05)

4.93

(+0.05)

4.73

(+0.05)

4.50

(+0.01)

4.39

(+0.01)

5.30

(+0.01)

4.83

(+0.05)

4.33

(+0.05)

3.80

(+0.01)

3.57

(+0.01)

Salinity g/l 7.90

(+0.01)

7.53

(+0.05)

7.24

(+0.05)

6.93

(+0.05)

6.64

(+0.05)

7.90

(+0.01)

7.03

(+0.05)

6.43

(+0.05)

5.76

(+0.05)

5.52

(+0.01)

Alkalinity

mg/l 7.80

(+0.01)

8.03

(+0.05)

8.13

(+0.05)

8.40

(+0.01)

8.63

(+0.01)

7.83

(+0.05)

8.26

(+0.05)

8.63

(+0.05)

8.76

(+0.05)

8.94

(+0.01)

Organic

Carbon % 6.83

(+0.05)

6.56

(+0.05)

6.46

(+0.05)

6.23

(+0.05)

6.18

(+0.01)

6.83

(+0.05)

6.07

(+0.05)

5.62

(+0.01)

4.96

(+0.05)

4.63

(+0.05)

Nitrite % 0.16

(+0.01)

0.19

(+0.01)

0.23

(+0.06)

0.26

(+0.01)

0.29

(+0.06)

0.15

(+0.06)

0.36

(+0.01)

0.62

(+0.05)

0.87

(+0.01)

1.06

(+0.01)

Phosphorus% 0.30

(+0.01)

0.33

(+0.01)

0.35

(+0.01)

0.38

(+0.01)

0.41

(+0.05)

0.30

(+0.01)

0.35

(+0.01)

0.41

(+0.01)

0.45

(+0.01)

0.51

(+0.01)

C:N % 42.69

(+3.29)

34.53

(+3.18)

28.08

(+1.07)

23.96

(+1.01)

21.31

(+1.18)

45.53

(+1.31)

16.86

(+1.19)

9.06

(+0.05)

5.70

(+0.13)

4.89

(+0.16)


-254-

Carbohydrate

% 0.25

(+0.01)

0.41

(+0.01)

0.64

(+0.05)

0.87

(+0.01)

0.93

(+0.01)

0.25

(+0.01)

0.79

(+0.01)

1.46

(+0.06)

2.12

(+0.01)

2.33

(+0.06)

Protein % 0.62

(+0.01)

1.03

(+0.01)

1.69

(+0.01)

2.50

(+0.01)

2.91

(+0.01)

0.62

(+0.01)

2.09

(+0.05)

4.12

(+0.01)

6.25

(+0.01)

8.86

(+0.05)

Lipid % 1.27

(+0.06)

1.88

(+0.01)

2.29

(+0.01)

2.87

(+0.01)

3.94

(+0.01)

1.32

(+0.06)

3.61

(+0.01)

6.72

(+0.05)

9.17

(+0.01)

9.49

(+0.05)

Amino Acid

% 2.02

(+0.01)

2.98

(+0.01)

3.64

(+0.01)

4.21

(+0.05)

4.93

(+0.01)

2.03

(+0.01)

3.94

(+0.05)

7.59

(+0.01)

10.31

(+0.01)

11.51

(+0.01)



Sapota Leaf Litter: SLL.

Table 7. Comparative chart dealing with vermish from Physico-chemical; Nutritional and

Biochemical Parameters of Vermiwash Obtained from Eudrillus eugeniae (L) and

Lampito mauritii (L).

Parameter Standard Control E.

eugeniae

MLL

E.

eugeniae

GLL

E.

eugeniae

SLL

L.

mauritii

MLL

L.

mauritii

GLL

L.

mauritii

SLL

pH 7.61

(+0.05) 60 days 45 days 15 days 30 days 45 days 60 days 45 days

EC mhos/cm3

1.72


TH mg/l 9.24


Magnesium

mg/l

4.23


Calcium mg/l 4.92


Chloride mg/l 3.91


Salinity g/l 6.09


Alkalinity

mg/l

8.74


Organic

Carbon %

4.74


Nitrite % 0.97


Phosphorus% 0.48


C:N % 4.05


Carbohydrate

%

2.60


Protein % 9.35


Lipid % 8.79


Amino Acid

%

11.42



-255-



Mango Leaf Litter: MLL; Guava Leaf Litter: GLL; Sapota Leaf Litter: SL .

physical, nutritional and biochemical status of vermiwash … · 2016-02-26 · attempt with a...

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