physical properties and thermodynamic behaviour of minerals978-94-009-2891-6/1.pdf · physical...

Physical Properties and Thermodynamic Behaviour of Minerals

NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series

A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.

The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division

A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York

C Mathematical D. Reidel Publishing Company and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster and Tokyo

D Behavioural and Social Sciences Martinus Nijhoff Publishers E Applied Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and Lancaster

F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer -Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris, and Tokyo

Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences Vol. 225

Physical Properties and Thermodynamic Behaviour of Minerals

edited by

Ekhard K. H. Salje Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, U.K.

D. Reidel Publishing Company

Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster / Tokyo

Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physical Properties and Thermodynamic Behaviour of Minerals Cambridge, U.K. July 27 - August 8, 1987

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physical Properties and Thermodynamic Behaviour of Minerals (1987: Cambridge, Cambridgeshire)

Physical properties and thermodynamic behaviour of minerals / edited by Ekhard K. H. Salje.

p. cm. - (NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences, vol. 225)

"Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physical Properties and Thermodynamic Behaviour of Minerals, Cambridge, U.K., July 27-August 8, 1987"-T.p. verso.

"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes bibliographies and index.

ISBN-13:978-94-010-7802-3 001: 1 0.1 007/978-94-009-2891-6

e-ISBN-13:978-94-009-2891-6

1. Mineralogical chemistry-Congresses. 2. Thermodynamics-Congresses. I. Salje, Ekhard K. H. II. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. III. Title. IV. Series: NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; no. 225. QE371.N38 1987 549'.12-c1c 19 87-28892

Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland

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All Rights Reserved © 1988 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1988

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface xv

List of Participants xvii

1.

2.

THE MICROSCOPIC MECHANISMS OF COMPLEX STRUCTURAL PHASE TRANSITIONS

V. Heine

1. Introductory remarks 2. Microscopic mechanisms 3. Computer modelling 4. The Landau free energy function 5. Critical fluctuations

References

THE THERMODYNAMICS OF SHORT RANGE ORDER

J. D. C. McConnell

1. Introduction 2. Symmetry Principles for interactions in modulated

1

1 2 7 9

11 15

17

18

structures 19 2.1 Symmetry groups and their irreducible

representations 19 2.2 The origin of selection rules for interactions 19 2.3 The nature of irreducible representations of

the space group 21 2.4 Symmetry criteria for the interaction of

modulation components 22 2.5 Summary of the theory of short range interactions

in crystals 23 3. The group theoretical description of short range order

in crystals 25 3.1 Long range order and the importance of the special

point vectors 25 3.2 The general characteristics of short-range order 26 3.3 The development of an energy band theory for short

range order 27

vi

3.

4.

3.4 The nature of interband interactions in order-disorder 27

3.5 Ordering modulations associated with an invariant point 29

3.6 The interaction between ordering and phonon bands 30 3.7 Summary of stable order modulations in crystals 31

4. Short range order interactions in incommensurate structures 32 4.1 Feldspars 32 4.2 The ordering behaviour in mullite 33 4.3 The ordering interactions in yoderite 34

5. Order-phonon modulation structures in minerals 37 5.1 The order-phonon modulated structure of potassium

feldspar 37 5.2 Order-phonon interactions in modulated cordierite 40

6. Thermodynamic aspects of the occurrence of modulated structures 6.1 Thermodynamically stable order-modulated

structures 6.2 Order-modulation in the mechanism of order

disorder transitions 7. References

INCOMMENSURABILITY IN TWO CLASSES OF SOLIDS: MODULATED INSULATORS AND QUASICRYSTALLINE ALLOYS

F. Denoyer

44

44

45 47

49

1. Introduction 49 2. Characterization of incommensurate crystals:

"Standard" behaviour 49 3. Incommensurate phase transition: the "soft-mode"

precursor effect 53 4. Specific dynamic properties of incommensurate phases:

"phasons" 54 5. Present situation concerning the static properties of

incommensurate phases 58 5.1 Some examples of experimental typical phase

diagrams 58 5.2 Other specific properties: global hysteresis,

satellite broadening 62 5.3 Discussion 63

6. Quasicrystals 67 References 72

STRUCTURAL PHASE TRANSITIONS AND SPECIFIC HEAT ANOMALIES

E. Salje

1. Introduction 2. Experimental methods

75

75 77

vii

2.1 Scanning calorimetr~ 77 2.2 AC calorimetry 79 2.3 Adiabatic calorimetry 80

3. Reduction of. background heat capacities 82 4. Application of Landau theory 84 5. Fluctuations of the order parameter and

critical exponents 87 6. The influence of lattice imperfections 91 7. Order parameter coupling and excess specific heats 96 8. Coupled order parameters in feldspar 102

8.1 Na-feldspar 104 8.2 Ca-feldspar 106

9. Selected examples of structural phase trans~t~ons 110 10. Charge carrier induced structural phase transitions 112

References 114

5. WHAT CAN SPIN MODELS TELL US ABOUT THE BEHAVIOUR OF MINERALS?' 119

J. Yeomans

1. Introduction 2. Universality and phase diagrams 3. Modulated structures 4. Surfaces and interfaces

References

6. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY ON STRUCTURAL PHASE TRANSITIONS

U. Bismayer

119 120 127 136 140

143

1. Introduction 143 2. Theory 144 3. Applications of hard mode Raman spectroscopy 147

3.1 Displacive phase transitions and evidence for Na-K site ordering in alkali feldspar -experimental part 147

3.2 Phase transitions and order parameter treatment in feldspars 148

3.3 Phase transition in ferroelastic AS20S 157 3.4 Raman scattering of hard modes in stepwise

phase transitions in Pb3(Pl-xAsx04)2 161 3.5 Sodium nitrate 172 3.6 Magnesium cordierite 176

4. Conclusions 180 5. References 180

viii

7.

8.

9.

LINEAR AND CIRCULAR BIREFRINGENCE AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES

A. M. Glazer

1. Introduction 2. Linear birefringence

2.1 Methods of measurement 2.2 Applications to crystals

3. Circular birefringence 3.1 Measurement and observation 3.2 Relationship to crystal structure 3.3 Calculation of optical rotation

4 . S urnrnary 5. References

EXSOLUTION, ORDERING AND STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS: SYSTEMATICS AND SYNERGISTICS

D. E. Laughlin and W. A. Soffa

185

185 187 187 192 198 198 201 206 211 211

213

1. Introduction 213 2. Isostructural decomposition 215

2.1 Introduction 215 2.2 Nucleation and growth 218 2.3 Spinodal decomposition 219

3. Atomic ordering 224 3.1 Single order parameter 224 3.2 Two order parameters 226

4. Magnetic ordering 245 4.1 Introduction 245 4.2 Miscibility gap in ferromagnetic binary systems 245 4.3 Further examples including magnetic transitions 251

5. Bicritical and tetracritical point 254 5.1 Introduction 254 5.2 Bicritical points 254 5.3 Tetracritical point 257

6. Closure 262 References 263

THERMOCHEMISTRY OF ALUMINIUM/SILICON ORDERING IN FELDSPAR MINERALS

M. A. Carpenter

265

1. Introduction 265 2. Some general features of Al/Si ordering transitions

in minerals 268 3. Macroscopic thermodynamic properties 271

3.1 Landau theory 272 3.2 Enthalpy measurements 274 3.3 Spontaneous strain 277

4. Transformation behaviour in feldspars 4.1 Alkali feldspars 4.2 Plagioclase feldspars 4.3 Incommensurate ordering

5. Kinetics 5.1 Disordering in potassium feldspar 5.2 Ordering in anorthite

6. Conclusions References

10. SOLID STATE NMR SPECTROSCOPY AND PHASE TRANSITIONS MINERALS

l. 2.

3. 4.

A. Putnis

Introduction Background theory and terminology 2.1 Magnetic resonance 2.2 Chemical shift 2.3 NMR of solids 2.4 Nuclear quadrupole resonance 2.5 Relaxation times 2.6 Fourier transform techniques 2.7 High resolution solid state NMR Structural phase transitions Displacive phase transitions

IN

4.1 Displ~ci~e transitions in perovskites, ABX3

5.

6.

7.

8.

4.2 The Pl-Il phase transition in anorthite, CaA12Si20a Orientational order-disorder transitions 5.1 N02 ordering in sodium nitrite, NaN02 Magic-angle spinning NMR 6.1 29Si NMR spectra 6.2 Empirical correlations of 29Si chemical shifts 6.3 29Si site assignments 6.4 Al,Si ordering in Mg-cordierite from 29Si NMR

spectra NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei 7.1 27Al MAS NMR spectra Conclusions References

ix

280 280 293 306 309 309 309 312 313

325

325 326 326 326 327 327 328 328 329 330 330 331 333 334 334 335 335 337 339

347 352 352 355 356

11. NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF LATTICE MODELS FOR ELASTIC MEDIA 359

J. Pouget

1. Introduction 359 2. Part I - lattice model for martensitic transformations 361

2.1 The model 361 2.2 Equations of motion 365 2.3 Continuum model 366 2.4 Linear case 369

x

2.5 Solitary wave solutions 2.6 Conclusion

3. Part II - model for deformable lattices equipped with rotary microstructures 3.1 The model 3.2 Configuration A - equations, of motion 3.3 Influence of an applied field on the motion

a soliton 3.4 Configuration B - equations of motion 3.5 Conclusion References

370 379

380 380 382

of 390 392 396 397

12. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF MINERAL ENERGETICS 403

A. Navrotsky

1. Introduction 403 2. Heat capacities, entropies and lattice vibrations 404

2.1 Basic relations and magnitudes 404 2.2 Experimental techniques 405 2.3 The interpretation of lattice heat capacities 407

3. Free energies of mineral reactions 410 3.1 General principles 410 3.2 Oxidation-reduction equilibria 411 3.3 Vapor pressure measurements 413 3.4 High pressure phase equilibria 413

4. Enthalpies of mineral reactions 416 5. Energetics of high pressure phase transitions, with

emphasis on the magnesium silicates 417 5.1 Relations between olivine, modified spinel and

spinel phases 417 5.2 "Pos t spinel" phases 423 5.3 Lattice vibrational models for post-spinel

phase transitions References

13. HEAT CAPACITY OF SOLIDS

M. J. Tello and A. Lopez-Echarri

1. Introduction 2. Importance of the specific heat measurements 3. Experimental systems

3.1 Adiabatic calorimetry 3.2 AC calorimetry

4. Experimental results 4.1 Solid to solid phase transition within the

Landau framework 4.2 Order-disorder systems References

425 430

433

433 434 438 438 441 448

448 453 456

xi

14. MAGNETIC ORDERING AND THERMODYNAMICS IN SILICATES 459

J. M. D. Coey and S. Ghose

1. Introduction 459 1.1 Background 459 1.2 Properties of noninteracting ions 462 1.3 Magnetic interactions and collective behaviour 467 1.4 Cation disorder 475 1.5 Experimental methods 479

2. Magnetic order in silicates 480 2.1 Group structures lf80 2.2 Chain structures 480 2.3 Sheet structures 486 2.4 Framework structures 488

3. Thermodynamic consequences 494 4. Conclusions 496

References 496

15. MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS IN THE SOLID STATE SCIENCES 501

M. Dove

1. Computer simulations 501 1.1 Introduction 501 1.2 Simulation models 504 1.3 The molecular dynamics simulation technique 506

2. Techniques 508 2.1 Technical details for molecular dynamics

simulations 508 2.2 Ensembles 519 2.3 Potential models 524 2.4 Analysis of results from a simulation 532 2.5 Computers 550

3. Illustrative examples 552 3.1 Introduction 552 3.2 Orientational1y disordered crystals 552 3.3 Simulations of thiourea 577

4. Conclusions: the outlook for the use of molecular dynamics simulations in minerals physics 583 4.1 General summary 583 4.2 Application in the field of minerals physics:

general outlook 585 References 587

16. THE COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE LATTICE DYNAMICS OF SILICATES

G. D. Price and S. C. Parker

1. Introduction

591

591

2. Atomistic simulation techniques 594 3. The q=O lattice vibrations of forsterite 595 4. The crystal dynamics of forsterite 598 5. Lattice dynamics and thermodynamic properties 603 6. The thermodynamic properties of forsterite 606 7. The thermodynamic properties of the Mg2SiOq polymorphs 611 8. Conclusion 616

References 617

17. COMPUTER MODELLING OF SILICATES

C. R. A. Catlow

1. Introduction 2. Aims and methodology 3. Interatomic potentials

3.1 Potential models for silicates 4. Applications

4.1 Simulation studies of zeolites 4.2 Defect energies in Mg2SiOq

5. Conclusions References

18. UV TO NIR SPECTRA OF SILICATE MINERALS OBTAINED BY MICROSCOPE SPECTROMETRY AND THEIR USE IN MINERAL THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS

K. Langer

619

619 619 622 623 627 627 636 637 638

639

1. Introduction 639 2. Some theoretical aspects 640

2.1 Spectroscopy 640 2.2 How does CFSE3d enter thermodynamic functions? 650

3. Methods of microscope-spectrometry 655 4. Applications 657

4.1 Cr 3+, an ion with nondegenerate ground state, in garnet, clinopyroxene and kyanite 657

4.2 Mn3+, an ion with degenerate ground state, in various silicate structures 663

4.3 Fe 3+-bearing point defects in fayalite, an attempt to solve a kinetic problem 672

5. Conclusions 679 References 682

19. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE MINERALOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE 57FE MOSSBAUER EFFECT 687

F. Seifert

1. Introduction 2. Mossbauer parameters

687 688

xiii

2.1 Debye-Waller factor 688 2.2 Line shape 688 2.3 Full width at half maximum intensity (half width) 688 2.4 Isomer shift 689 2.5 Quadrupole splitting 689 2.6 Nuclear Zeeman effect 689

3. Valence 690 4. Electron delocalization and homogeneous electronic

equilibrium 690 5. Site characterization 691

5.1 Ferric ion 691 5.2 Ferrous ion 691 5.3 Next nearest neighbours interaction 691

6. Site occupancy 693 7. Magnetic properties 693 8. Cryptocrystalline and amorphous phases 694

8.1 Poorly crystalline lepidocrocite y-FeOOH 694 8.2 Formation of an amorphous intermediate phase on

dehydroxylation of akageneite B-FeOOH 694 8.3 Silicate glasses 695

9. Diffusion studies 696 9.1 Self diffusion of ferric iron in rutile 696 9.2 Vacancy-related self diffusion in magnetite 696

10. Phase transitions 697 11. Two examples for pitfalls 698

11.1 Extraction of thermodynamic data from Mossbauer-derived site occupancies 698

11.2 Ferric iron in melilite 699 References 700

Subject Index 705

Preface

The role played by earth sciences in the scientific community has changed considerably during this century. Since the revolutionary discoveries of global processes such as plate tectonics, there has been an increasing awareness of just how fundamental many of the mechanisms which dominate in these processes depend on the physical properties of the materials of which the earth is made. One of the prime objectives of mineral sciences is now to understand and predict these properties in a truly quantitative manner. The macroscopic properties which are of most immediate interest in this context fall within the conventional definitions of thermodynamics, magnetism, elasticity, dielectric susceptibilities, conductivity etc. These properties reflect the microscopic contributions, at an atomistic level, of harmonic and anharmonic lattice vibrations, ionic and electronic transport as well as a great variety of ordering and clustering phenomena.

The advances made by solid state physicists and chemists in defining the underlying phenomena lnvolved in the thermal evolution of materials have stimulated major new research initiatives within the Earth Sciences. Earth Scientists have combined to form active groups within the wider community of solid state and materials scientists working towards a better understanding of those physical processes which govern not only the behaviour of simple model compounds but also that of complex materials like minerals. Concomitant with this change in direction has come an increasing awareness of the need to use the typical working tools of other disciplines. The experimental facilities in common use now range from neutron sources, spectroscopy and high resolution TEM to newly developed calorimetry and X-ray scattering techniques. Interdisciplinary research without doubt holds many exciting prospects and the ASI-meeting in Cambridge is a visible expression of the growing together of Earth Sciences with Physics and Chemistry in the fields of thermodynamics, phase transitions, kinetics, simulation-modelling, TEM and spectroscopy, including NMR, Mossbauer technique, EXFS, Raman-, infrared- and optical spectroscopy. This volume is a distillation of the meeting and, we hope, will provide fresh stimulation for scientific interaction in the future.

It is a great pleasure for me to use this opportunity of acknowledging the help given by members of the Departments of Earth Sciences and Physics in Cambridge, in the organisation of the meeting. I wish to thank, in particular, the local organising committee consisting of V. Heine, M.G. Bown, M.A. Carpenter , M.T. Dove, M.I. Johnston, J.D.C. McConnell, A. Putnis.

The meeting was generously funded by NATO and travel grants have been made available by NERC, SERC, NSF and NATO. On behalf of all the participants I thank these institutions for their support.

Cambridge Ekhard Salje

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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

ABS-WURMBACH I.

ALLAN J.

ALVES A.C.P.

AMTHAUER G.

ANGEL R.

BALLET O.

BARBER D.

BAUM E.

BELLUSO E.

BISMAYER U.

BOBERSKI C.

BOLAND J.

BONELLO B.

BOROWITZ J.L.

BOWN M.

BRAMWELL, S.

Institut fur Mineralogie, Bochum University, Postfach 10 21 48, D-4630 Bochum, F.R. Germany

Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Trinity College, Dublin University, Dublin, Ireland

Departamento de Quimica, Coimbra University, 3039 Coimbra, Portugal

Institut fur Ceowissenschaften, Mineralogie, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria

Geophysical Laboratory, 2801 Upton Street, Washington DC 20008, U.S.A.

DRF/SPL-MDN C.E.N.G., 38041 Grenoble, France

Essex University, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, C04 3SQ U.K.

Institut fur Mineralogie, Marburg University, Hans Meerwein Strasse, D-3550 Marburg, FR Germany

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita degli Studi di Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy

Institut fur Kristallographie und Petrologie, Hannover University, D-3000 Hannover, FR. Germany

Institut f. Mineralogie, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, D-4630 Bochum, F.R. Germany

Dept. of Earth & Space Sciences, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, U.S.A.

Pierre et Marie Curie University, 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France

SOREQ Nuclear Research Centre, 70600 Yavne, Israel

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ U.K.

Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR U.K.

xw

xviii

BREARLEY, A.

BROWN G.

BROWN N.

BROWN W.

BUCKLEY A.

CAPOBIANCO C.

CARPENTER M.A.

CATLOW C.R.A.

CATTI M.

CHRISTY A.

COEY J.M.D.

COPREAUX J.

CRESSEY G.

DACHS H.

DENOYER F.

DEPMEIER W.

DOMENEGHETTI C

DOVE M.T.

Department of Geology, New Mexico University, Albuquerque, NM 87131, U.S.A.

Department of Geology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A.

Department of Geology, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NY 08544, U.S.A.

CNRS-CRPG, BP 20, 54501 Vandoeuvre, France

Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ U.K.

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ U.K.

Department of Chemistry, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, U.K.

Dipartamento di Chimica Fisica ed Elettrochimica, Milan University, 20133 Milan, Italy


Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

Laboratoire de Mineralogie & Cristallographie, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France

Dept of Mineralogy, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K.

Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Glienicker Str. 100, D-1000 Berlin, F.R. Germany

Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Paris Sud University, Bat 510, 91450 Orsay, France

Institut fur Kristallographie, Karlsruhe University, D-7500 Karlsruhe, F.R. Germany

CNR-Centro di Studio Cristallografia Strutturale, Via Bassi n.4, 27100 Pavia, Italy


DUBESSY J.

ESCOBAR V.

FERNANDEZ-DIAZ L.

FEUER H.

FISCHER M.

FRITZER H.P.

GALLIOS G.

GAVRIELI 1.

GHOSE S.

GIAMPAOLO C.

GILLET P.

GLAZER M.A.

GOULD S.

GREGORKIEWITZ M.

GUTTLER B

HATCH D.M.

HAWTHORNE F.

CREGU, 3 rue du Bois de la Champelle, 54501 Vandoeuvre, France

Department of Mineral Resouces Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.

Dpto. Cristalografia y Mineralogia, Complutense de Madrid University, 28040 Madrid, Spain

Institut fur Kristallographie, Frankfurt University, D-6000 Frankfurt, F.R. Germany

xix

Pierre et Marie Curie University, 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France

Institut of Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, Graz Univ. of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria

Aristotelian Univeristy of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece

Department of Geology, The Hebrew University, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel

Department of Geological Sciences, Washington University, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A.

Dip. Scienze della Terra, Univ. di Roma "La Sapienza", P. Ie Aldo Moro 5, 00100 Rome, Italy

Laboratoire de Mineralogie Physique, CAESS, Rennes University, 35042 Rennes, France

Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 2JD, U.K.

Beevers Miniature Models Unit, Dept. Chemistry, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh EH9 3HS, U.K.

Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, CSIC, Serrano 115 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain

Department of Earth Science, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ U.K.

Department of Physics & Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, U.S.A.

Geological Sciences, Manitoba University, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada

xx

HEINE V.

HESS N.

HONIG 1.

HOVIS G.L.

HUCRER M.

JACKSON W.

JONES I.

KARATAS C.

KENNEDY J.

KENNEDY S.W.

KIRKPATRICK J.

KRAUSE C.

KUPPERS H.

LANGER K.

LAUGHLIN D.E.

LE BRETON N.

LE CLEAC'H A.

Department of Physics, Univeristy of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, CB3 OHE, U.K.

Department of Geological Sciences, Washington University, Seattle, WA 98112, U.S.A.

Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IL 47907, U.S.A.

Department of Geology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, U.S.A.

Departement des Sciences de la Terre, Orleans, University, 45067 Orleans, France

Department of Geology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A.

Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 ORE, U.K.

Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey

University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, U.K.

Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia

Department of Geology, Illinois University, 1301 W. Green Street, Urbana IL 61801, U.S.A.

Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, D-7500 Karlsruhe, F.R. Germany

Mineralogisches Institut, Kiel University, Olshausenstr. 40, D-2300 Kiel, F.R. Germany

Institut fur Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Technische University, D-1000 Berlin, F R Germany

Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering & Materials Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh 15213, U.S.A.

Institut fur Mineralogie, Ruhr University, D-4630 Berlin, F.R. Germany

Lab. de Mineralogie Physique, CAESS, Rennes University, 35042 Rennes, France

LIEBERMANN R.

MADON, M.

MAGALHAES C.

MANGHNANI M.

McCAMMON C.

McCONNELL J.D.C.

McKNIGHT A.S.

MEIKE A.

MOTT N.

MULLER K.A.

MURTY K.S.

NAVROTSKY A.

NORD G.

ONEN A.P.

PALMER D.

PALOSZ B.

PAWLEY A.

Department of Earth & Space Sciences, State Univ of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, U.S.A.

Department of Geological Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.

Department of Chemistry, Aveiro University, 3800 Aveiro, Portugal

Department of Geophysics, Hawaii University, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 U.S.A.

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Department of Geological Sciences, British Columbia University, Vancouver BC, V6T 2B4 Canada

Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PR, U.K.

Department of Geology, Hull University, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 8DF, U.K.

Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Lab., 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A.

Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge CB3 OHE, U.K.

IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory 8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland

Department of Geology, The University, Law College Compound, 440 001 Nagpur, India

Department of Geological Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, U.S.A.

United States Geological Survey, 959 National Center, Reston, VA 22092, U.S.A.

Geological Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey


Institut fur Kristallographie und Mineralogie, Munchen University, D-8000 Munchen, F.R. Germany

Grant Institute of Geology, Edinburgh University West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, U.K.

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PERCIVAL M.J.L.

PERTLIK F.

PETERSON R.C.

PHILLIPS B.L.

PIEROTH M.

POON, W.C-K.

POUGET J.

PREWITT C.

PRICE G.D.

PUTNIS A.

REDFERN S.A.T.

REEDER R.

REMSBERG A.

ROSS II C.R.

ROSS N.L.

ROUX J.

RUBBO M.


Institut fur Mineralogie und Kristographie, Wi en University, A-1010 Vienna, Austria

Department of Geological Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada

Department of Geology, Illinois University, 1301 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A.

Fak. f. Physik, Konstanz University, Bucklestr. 13, D-7750 Konstanz, F.R. Germany

Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OHE, U.K.

Mechanique Theorique, Univ Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75230 Paris, France

Geophysical Laboratory, 2801 Upton Street, N.W., Washington DC, 20008, U.S.A.




State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, U.S.A.

Department of Earth & Space Sciences, State Univ of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, U.S.A.

Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Bayreuth University, D-8580 Bayreuth, F.R. Germany

Geophysical Laboratory, 2801 Upton Street NW, Washington DC 20008, U.S.A.

CNRS-SCM, IA rue de la Ferollerie, Orleans, France

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Via S. Massimo, 10123 Torino, Italy

SALJE E.

SANTAMARIA C.M.

SANZ LAZARO J.

SCHMAHL W.W.

SCHMIDBAUER E.

SEBALD A.

SEIFERT F.

SHI PING

SOBRADOS I.

SOFFA W.A.

STOBBS W.M.

STUCKENSCHMIDT E.

SYKES-NORD J.

TAZZOLI V.

TELLO M.J.

TRIBAUDINO M.

TURNER P.

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Dpto. Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pais Vasco University, 48080 Bilbao, Spain

Instituto de Ciencia de Materials, CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain


Institut fur Geophysik, Munchen University, Theresienstr. 41, D-8000 Munchen, F.R. Germany

Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.

Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Bayreuth University, D-8580 Bayreuth, F.R. Germany

Grant Institute of Geology, Edinburgh University, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, U.K.

Instituto di Ciencia de Materiales, CSIC, Serrano 115 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain

Dept of Metallurgical Engineering & Material Science, Carnegie-Mellon Univ, Pittsburg PA 15213

Dept. of Materials Science & Metallurgy, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, U.K.

Institut fur Kristallographie und Mineralogie, Frankfurt Univ., D-6000 Frankfurt, F.R. Germany

Department of Earth & Environmental Science, CUNY New York, NY 10036, U.S.A.

Dip. Scienze della Terra, Sez. Mineralogia, Pavia University, Via Bassi n.4, 27100 Pavia, Italy

Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pais Vasco University, Bilbao, Spain

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Torino University, 10123 Torino, Italy

Bruker Spectrospin Limited, Unit 3, 209 Torrington Avenue, Coventry, CV4 9HN, U.K.

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WALL A.

WANG A.

WEBER H-P.

WRIGHT K.

WRUCK B.

YEOMANS J.

ZANAZZI P.F.

ZOUBOULIS A.


Lab. Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, Lille I University, 59655 Lille, France

Institut de Cristallographie, Lausanne University B.S.P., CH-1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland



Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 2JD, U.K.

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Pizza University, 06100 Perugia, Italy

Department of Chemistry, Aristotelian University, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece

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