physical representation of strings and logic characteristics

7/21/2019 Physical Representation of Strings and Logic Characteristics

1/13

Iftf Fni Djec _truoturcs MOF66.126Mliuec J - _trjnks

_trjnks

Olmputcrs wcrc drst usci lr prlocssjnk numcrjo iftf, aut nlw f ify jt jsrcqucntey usci tl prlocss nln numcrjofe iftf ofeeci ogfrfotcr iftf. Olmputcrtcrmjnlelky usufeey uscs tgc tcrm strjnk lr f scqucnoc l ogfrfotcrs rftgcrtgfn tgc tcrm wlri, sjnoc wlri gfs fnltgcr mcfnjnk jn olmputcr sojcnoc.

Rgysjofe Qcprcscntftjlns ld _trjnks / _tlrjnk _trjnks

_trjnks frc kcncrfeey stlrci jn ? typcs l struoturcs.

Djci ecnktg struoturcs

!frjfaec ecnktg struoturcs wjtg dci mfjmums

"jn#ci struoturcs

Qcolri Lrjcntci, Djxci ecnktg struoturcs.

$n tgjs stlrfkc cfog ejnc l pljnt js %jcwci fs f rcolri, wgcrc fee gf%c tgcsfmc ecnktg. j.c. wgcrc cfog rcolri foolmmliftcs tgc sfmc nl& l ogfrfotcrs._upplsc lur rcolris gf%c ecnktg '(.

I F Y F _ Y Q S O Y S Q C _

.

122 169 1;:

Q C F I 8 M F W , M J N , M J I

.

172 1:3 ?3:

M J I 8 = ( M F W + M J N ) / 1

.

?42 ?;3 9?:

Fivfntfkcs

Ygc cfsc ld foocssjnk iftf drlm fny kjvcn rcolri.

Ygc cfsc ld upiftjnk iftf jn fny kjvcn rcolri (fs elnk fs tgc ecnktg ld ncw

iftf ilcs nlt cxocci tgc rcolri ecnktg)

Ijsfivfntfkcs

Yjmc js wfstci rcfijnk fn cntjrc rcolri jd mlst ld tgc stlrfkc olnsjsts ld

jncsscntjfe aefn` spfoc. Ocrtfjn rcolris mfy rcqujrc mlrc spfoc tgfn fvfjefaec.

[gcn tgc olrrcotjln olnsjsts ld mlrc lr dcwcr ogfrfotcrs tgfn tgc lrjkjnfe

tcxt ogfnkjnk f mjsspceeci wlri rcqujrcs tgc cntjrc rcolri tl ac ogfnkci.

!t wc wfnt tl jnscrt f ncw rcolri tgcn fee suooccijnk rcolris must ac mlvci tlncw mcmlry eloftjlns. Ygjs ofn ac rcmcijci ay tgc usc ld f ejncfr frrfy wgjog

Nltcs Ay8 _rcc f!s"#j $% Fssjstfnt &rl'csslr% MOF Ic(t8% )$$_ J*%Fillr% &ft"fnf#t"jttf% )crfef


2/13

Iftf Fni Djec _truoturcs MOF66.126Mliuec J - _trjnkskjvcs tgc fiircss ld cfog suoocssjvc rcolri sl tgft tgc rcolris ncci nlt acstlrci jn olnscoutjvc eloftjlns jn mcmlry. Ygus jnscrtjnk f ncw rcolri wjee rcqujrclney fn upiftjnk ld tgc frrfy.

6

1

?9

3

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$frjf+ec ecnkt" struoturcs ,jt" ci #fj#u#s

!d wc `nlw tgc fotufe ecnktg ld cfog strjnk tgcn "xci ecnktg stlrfkc jsuscdue. #lr cxfmpec lnc ilcs nlt gfvc tl rcfi tgc cntjrc rcolri wgcn tgc strjnklooupjcs lney tgc ackjnnjnk pfrt ld tgc mcmlry eloftjln. !n tgft sjtuftjln wc usctgjs mctgli ld stlrfkc.

Ygc stlrfkc ld vfrjfaec ecnktg strjnks jn mcmlry ocee wjtg "xci ecnktgs ofn acilnc jn twl kcncrfe wfys$

%nc ofn usc f mfr`cr suog fs & ' sjkn ('') tl sjknfe tgc cni ld tgc strjnk %nc ofn ejst tgc ecnktg ld tgc strjnk fs fn fiijtjlnfe jtcm jn tgc pljntcr frrfy.

6

1

?

9

6 63

1 64

? 64

9 4

.

%nc mjkgt ac tcmptci tl stlrc strjnks lnc fdtcr fnltgcr ay usjnk slmc scpfrftjlnmfr`cr suog fs tgc & ' sjkn. %r ay usjnk f pljntcr frrfy kjvjnk tgc eloftjln ld tgc

strjnk. Ygcsc wfys ld stlrjnk strjnks wjee lavjlusey sfvc spfoc fni frc slmctjmcsusci jn scolnifry mcmlry wgcn rcolris frc rceftjvcey pcrmfncnt fni rcqujrcejttec ogfnkc. lwcvcr suog mctglis ld stlrfkc frc usufeey jncojcnt wgcn tgcstrjnks fni tgcjr ecnktgs frc drcqucntey acjnk ogfnkci.

6

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I F Y F _ Y Q S O Y S Q C _ .

Q C F I 8 M F W , M J N , M J I .M J I 8 = ( M F W + M J N ) / 1 .

M J I 8 = 2 .

I F Y F _ Y Q S O Y S Q C _ $ $ .

Q C F I 8 M F W , M J N , M J I $ $ .

M J I 8 = ( M F W + M J N ) / 1 $ $ .

M J I 8 = 2 $ $ .

I F Y F _ Y Q S O Y S Q C _ .

Q C F I 8 M F W , M J N , M J I .

M J I 8 = ( M F W + M J N ) / 1 .

M J I 8 = 2 .

I F Y F _ Y Q S O Y S Q C _ $ $ Q C F I 8 M F W , M J N , M J I $ $

I F Y F _ Y Q S O Y S Q C _ Q C F I 8 M F W , M J N , M J I


3/13

Iftf Fni Djec _truoturcs MOF66.126Mliuec J - _trjnks?

Ejn`ci _tlrfkc

Dlr mlst ctcnsj%c wlri prlocssjnk fppejoftjlns, strjnks frc stlrci ay

mcfns l ejn#ci ejsts. )y f ejn#ci ejst, f ejncfrey lricrci scqucnoc l mcmlry oceesofeeci nlics ofn ac lrmci, wgcrc cfog nlic olntfjns fn jtcm, fni f ejn#, wgjogpljnts tl tgc nct nlic jn tgc ejst. *j.c. jt olntfjns tgc fiircss l tgc nct nlic+

Kcncrfe Dlrm

Lnc Ogfrfotcr Rcr Nlic

Ywl Ogfrfotcrs Rcr Nlic

*trjnk mfy ac stlrci jn tgc ejn`ci ejst fs falvc. +fog mcmlry ocee jsfssjknci , ogfrfotcr lr "xci nl$ ld ogfrfotcrs fni tgc ejn` olntfjnci jn tgc nlickjvcs tgc fiircss ld tgc nlic olntfjnjnk tgc ncxt ogfrfotcr.

_trjnk &rlocssjnk

- "njtc scqucnoc * ld crl lr mlrc ogfrfotcrs js ofeeci f /strjnk2. Ygc nl$ ldogfrfotcrs jn f strjnk js ofeeci jts ecnkt". Ygc strjnk wjtg crl ogfrfotcr js ofeecifn /#(ty _trjnk Nuee _trjnk. 6ct *, fni *& ac strjnks. - strjnk olnsjstjnk ld

ogfrfotcrs ld *, dleelwci ay tgc ogfrfotcrs ld *& js ofeeci tgc olnoftcnftjlnld*, fni *&. !t wjee ac icnltci ay *,11*&.

+xfmpec$ ?Y+9119+349 ; ?Y++3497ut ?Y+911 9 9119+349 ; ?Y+ +349

- strjnk : js ofeeci f su+strjnkld f strjnk * jd tgcrc cxjsts strjnks 8 fni 0suog tgft * ; 811:110!d 8 js fn cmpty strjnk tgcn : js ofeeci fn jnjtjfe su+strjnkld * fni jd 0 js fncmpty strjnk tgcn : js ofeeci f tcr#jnfe su+strjnkld *.

+xfmpec$ ?%[ -5+9 js f suastrjnk ld ?-! %[ -5+ :%=9 fni ?-!9 js fn jnjtjfesuastrjnk ld tgft strjnk. Oecfrey jd : js f suastrjnk ld * tgcn tgc ecnktg ld : ofnnltcxocci tgc ecnktg ld *.

Olpyjnk

Feklrjtg ! OLR"# _$, _% &

gjs prlociurc olpjcs olntcnt l _trjnk _- tl _trjnk _


xxx xxx xxx xxx

w c e o l m c

wc eo lm c


4/13


. /cfi & _ fni _--. _ct " &2 "619*_+ fni _ct "- &2 "619*_-+?. $ " 3 "-, tgcn& 4rjtc& Olpyjnk Dfjeci, fni 6jt;. /cpcft lr $ &2 tl "-

_ct _7$: &2 _-7$:8. _7"- 0 : &2 5=> 7mfr#jnk tgc cni l tgc strjnk : fni _- 546>"2 ; fni "- 2 -

$ 2 _7: 4 _-7:$ 2- _7-: 6 _-7-:$ 2? _7-0: 5=>_ 46

Olpfrjsln

Feklrjtg ! OL(RFQ'# _$, _% &

gjs prlociurc olmpfrcs twl strjnks _ fni _- fni rcturns /I6 lr DF"_6 jn _/ _ct " &2 "619*_+- _ct "- &2 "619*_-+? $ " 2 "-, tgcn& l tl _tcp ;

6esc& 4rjtc& _trjnks nlt 6qufe, fni 6jt; /cpcft lr "&2 tl " &

$ _7": C _-7":, tgcn& l tl _tcp


5/13

Iftf Fni Djec _truoturcs MOF66.126Mliuec J - _trjnks_ 2 5_/66> fni _- 2 5_/66>"cnktg l _ 2 ; fni _- 2 ;"cnktgs frc cqufe, sl olntjnuc

" 2 , _7:2 >_> fni _-7:2 >_> , sl tgcy frc cqufe" 2- , _7-:2 >/> fni _-7-:2 >/> , sl tgcy frc cqufe" 2? , _7?:2 >6> fni _-7?:2 >6> , sl tgcy frc cqufe" 2; , _7;:2 >6> fni _-7;:2 >6> , sl tgcy frc cqufe

Olnoftcnftjln

6ct *, fni *& ac strjnks. - strjnk olnsjstjnk ld ogfrfotcrs ld *, dleelwci ay tgcogfrfotcrs ld *& js ofeeci tgc olnoftcnftjln ld *, fni *&. !t js icnltci ay_6_1.

/f#(ec8? Y+9119+349 ; ?Y++349

7ut ?Y+911 99119+349 ; ?Y+ +349

Feklrjt"# 8 O?NOF*_6%_1

Ygjs prlociurc olnoftcnftcs *, fni *& jntl *Y5,. *ct 6, $; 6+3>Y(*,) fni *ct 6& $; 6+3>Y(*&)&. 5cpcft dlr ! $;, tl 6,$

*ct *Y5

*ct *Y5/(efnftjln

*, ;?Y+9 fni *& ;9+3496cnktg (*,) ; F fni 6cnktg (*&) ;F!;, *Y5


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7/13

Iftf Fni Djec _truoturcs MOF66.126Mliuec J - _trjnks'xfpec!

_2 51FI/F">/csuet& "F/IF1

'xpefnftjln

_2 51FI/F">/cfi 1 J /cfi F J /cfi J /cfi I J /cfi / J /cfi F J /cfi "4rjtc " J 4rjtc F J 4rjtc / J 4rjtc I J 4rjtc J 4rjtc F J 4rjtc 1

_u+strjnk#lr foocssjnk f suastrjnk drlm f kjvcn strjnk wc rcqujrc pjcocs ld jndlrmftjln.

3fmc ld tgc strjnk lr tgc strjnk jtsced Ygc plsjtjln ld tgc "rst ogfrfotcr ld tgc suastrjnk jn tgc kjvcn strjnk Ygc ecnktg ld tgc suastrjnk lr tgc plsjtjln ld tgc efst ogfrfotcr ld tgc

suastrjnk

_3A_*9JN4strjnk% jnjtjfe% ecnkt"

/f#(ec8 *=7*Y5!3>(?+66% [%5649I) ; 6%[% ( mcfns spfoc)

Feklrjtg ! __+Q2)* #_&j%cn f strjnk _, jnjtjfe plsjtjln l suastrjnk G fni tgc ecnktg l suastrjnk " jnmcmlrygjs prlociurc rcturns f plrtjln l tgc strjnk fs lutput

. _ct H&2-. /cpcft lr $&2 G tl *G 0 " @ +

_ct 1647H: &2_7$:_ct H&2H 0 76ni l "llp:

?. 4rjtc& 164;. 6jt

'xpefnftjln_ 2 46 F/6 F"K16 G 2 ; " 2?$ 2 ; 1647: 5F> _7;:$ 2 8 1647-: 5/> _78:$ 2 < 1647?: 56> _7

Jnicjnk &fttcrn Mfto"jnk

!nicxjnk rcdcrs tl "nijnk tgc plsjtjln wgcrc f strjnk pfttcrn @ "rst fppcfrsjn f kjvcn strjnk lr Ycxt Y.



8/13

Iftf Fni Djec _truoturcs MOF66.126Mliuec J - _trjnksJNI/;*ct% &fttcrn

!d tgc plsjtjln @ ilcs nlt fppcfr jn tgc Ycxt Y tgcn !34+8 js fssjknci tgc vfeuc D.

6ct Y ; ?!* #-Y+5 !* Y+ @5%#+**%59

Ygcn !34+8(Y9Y+9) E !34+8(Y9Y+39) D

!34+8(Y9Y+9) ,

&fttcrn Mfto"jnk

@fttcrn mftogjnk js tgc prlaecm ld icojijnk wgctgcr lr nlt f kjvcn strjnk pfttcrn @fppcfrs jn f kjvcn Ycxt Y. -ssumjnk tgft ecnktg ld @ js R; ecnktg ld Y.37$ f1a7fa1jnijoftcs ffaaafaa fni (oi)7mcfns oioioi

+mpty strjnk js icnltci ay fni olnoftcnftjln js icnltci fs - . 7 lr sjmpey

-7Ygjs feklrjtgm olmpfrcs f kjvcn pfttcrn @ wjtg cfog ld tgc suastrjnks ld Y

Feklrjt"#



9/13

Iftf Fni Djec _truoturcs MOF66.126Mliuec J - _trjnks@


10/13

Iftf Fni Djec _truoturcs MOF66.126Mliuec J - _trjnks6cectjln

_upplsc jn f kj%cn tct wc wfnt tl icectc tgc suastrjnk wgjog ackjns jn plsjtjln# fni gfs ecnktg ". wc icnltc tgc lpcrftjln ay,

6'E'+' #tcxt, plsjtjln, ecnktg&

'xfpec!

E6"66*5F)OE6D9>,;,?+ 2 F)O9$ plsjtjln # 2 (,E6"66*5F)OE>,(,-+ 2 F)OE

'xfpec!

_upplsc 2 5F)OE6D> fni G 2>OE> tgcn $1E6M *,G+ 2 ? fni "619 *G+ 2 -9cnocE6"66 *5F)OE6D>, $1E6M *,G+, "619 *G++E6"66 *5F)OE6D>, ?, -+ 2 F)6D

'xfpec! !

_upplsc 2 5F)OE6D> fni G 2>EO> tgcn $1E6M *,G+ 2 ( fni "619 *G+ 2 -9cnocE6"66 *5F)OE6D>, $1E6M*,G+, "619*G++E6"66 *5F)OE6D>, (, -+ 2 F)OE6D

_upplsc ftcr rcfijnk jntl tgc olmputcr f tct fni f pfttcrn G, wc wfnt tlicectc c%cry loourrcnoc l tgc pfttcrn G jn tgc tct . tgjs ofn ac foolmpejsgci ayrcpcftciey fppeyjnkE6"66 *, $1E6M *,G+, "619 *G+ + untje $1E6M * , G + 2( *j.c. untje G ilcs nltfppcfr jn +

Feklrjtg ! 6'E'+' #+, R&

F ct fni f Gfttcrn G frc jn mcmlrygjs feklrjtgm icectcs c%cry loourrcnoc l G jn

. 7Djni tgc jnic l G: _ct #&2 $1E6M*,G+-. /cpcft wgjec #C(*f+7Ecectc G rlm : _ct &2 E6"66*, $1E6M*,G+, "619*G++*a+7Ipiftc jnic: _ct #&2 $1E6M*,G+76ni l "llp:

?. 4rjtc & ;. 6jt

'xfpecs!



11/13


_upplsc 2 MF)NF)L , G 2 F)

gcn tgc ellp jn tgc feklrjtgm wjee ac ccoutci twjoc. Eurjnk tgc drstccoutjln, tgc drst loourrcnoc l F) jn js icectci, wjtg tgc rcsuet tgft 2MNF)L. Eurjnk tgc scolni ccoutjln tgc rcmfjnjnk loourrcnoc l F) jn jsicectci, sl tgft 2 MNL. Foolrijnkey, MNL js tgc lutput.

_upplsc 2 MFFF)))NF , G 2 F)

Kascr%c tgft tgc pfttcrn F) loours lney lnoc jn aut tgc ellp jn tgcfeklrjtgm wjee ac ccoutci ? tjmcs. _pcojdofeey, ftcr F) js icectci tgc drst tjmcrlm wc gf%c 2MFF))NF, fni gcnoc F) fppcfrs fkfjn jn . FtcrF) js icectci scolni tjmc rlm , wc scc tgft 2 MF)NF fni F) stjee loours jn .Djnfeey ftcr F) js icectci lr tgc tgjri tjmc, 2 MNF fni F) ilcs nlt fppcfr jn fkfjn, kj%jnk $1E6M *,G+ 2 (. 9cnoc MNF js tgc lutput.

'xpefnftjln!_upplsc 2 MFFF)))NF , G 2 F)

Djrst loourrcnoc l G js ft plsjtjln R 2 ;R C (, gcnoc E6"66*,;,-+

2 MFF))NF1ct loourrcnoc l G js ft plsjtjln R 2 ?

R C (, gcnoc E6"66*,?,-+ 2 MF)NF

1ct loourrcnoc l G js ft plsjtjln R 2 -R C (, gcnoc E6"66*,-,-+

2 MNF1ct loourrcnoc l G js nlt luni

R 2 (, gcnoc lutput js MNF

Qcpefoccnt_upplsc jn f kj%cn ct , wc wfnt tl rcpefoc tgc drst loourrcnoc l f pfttcrn G,ay f pfttcrn G-, wc usc,

Q'REFO'#tcxt, pfttcrn$, pfttcrn%&

'xfpec!

/6G"FO6*5F)OE6D9>,>F)>,>MN>+ 2 MNOE6D9/6G"FO6*5F)OF)OE6O>,>O>,>F>+ 2 F)FF)FE6F/6G"FO6*5MF)NF)L>,>)F>,>O>+ 2 MF)NF)L



12/13

Iftf Fni Djec _truoturcs MOF66.126Mliuec J - _trjnksgc /6G"FO6 unotjln ofn ac cprcssci fs E6"66 unotjln leelwci ay fn $1_6/unotjln , suog fs,

R&2 $1E6M*,G+&2E6"66*,R,"619*G++$1_6/*,R,G-+

gc drst twl stcps icectc G rlm , fni tgc tgjri stcp jnscrts G- jn tgc plsjtjln Rrlm wgjog G wfs icectci._upplsc f ct fni tgc Gfttcrns G fni V frc jn tgc mcmlry l f olmputcr._upplsc wc wfnt tl rcpefoc c%cry loourrcnoc l tgc pfttcrn G jn ay tgc GfttcrnV. tgjs mjkgt ac foolmpejsgci ay rcpcftciey fppeyjnk

/6G"FO6*,G,V+, untje $1_6/*,G+ 2 (

Feklrjtg ! Q'REFO' # +, R &

F ct fni tgc Gfttcrns G fni V frc jn mcmlrygjs feklrjtgm rcpefocs c%cry loourrcnoc l G jn ay V

. 7Djni tgc jnic l G: _ct #&2 $1E6M*,G+-. /cpcft wgjec #C(

*f+7/cpefoc G ay V: _ct &2 /6G"FO6*,G,V+*a+7Ipiftc jnic: _ct #&2 $1E6M*,G+76ni l "llp:

?. 4rjtc & ;. 6jt

'xfpecs&

_upplsc 2 MFN G 2 F V 2 F)

9crc tgc feklrjtgm wjee nc%cr tcrmjnftc, fs G wjee fewfys loour jn tgc tct ,nl mfttcr glw mfny tjmcs tgc ellp js ccoutci.

_upplsc 2 MF)NF)L G 2 F) V 2 O

gc ellp jn tgc feklrjtgm wjee ac ccoutci twjoc. Eurjnk tgc drst ccoutjln,tgc drst loourrcnoc l F) jn js rcpefoci ay O tl yjcei 2 MONF)L. Eurjnk tgc

scolni ccoutjln, fkfjn F) js rcpefoci ay O, kj%jnk 2 MONOL, fs tgc lutput.

'xpefnftjln

_upplsc 2 MF)NF)L G 2 F) V 2 O

Djrst loourrcnoc l G js ft plsjtjln R 2 -R C (, gcnoc /6G"FO6*,G,V+

2 MONF)L



13/13

Iftf Fni Djec _truoturcs MOF66.126Mliuec J - _trjnks1ct loourrcnoc l G js ft plsjtjln R 2 ;

R C (, gcnoc /6G"FO6 *, G,V+ 2 MONOL

1ct loourrcnoc l G js nlt luniR 2 (, gcnoc lutput js MONOL


physical representation of strings and logic characteristics

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