physical science 1. chapter 16 sec 1 matter & temperature kinetic theory of matter- -matter is...
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Physical Science 1
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Chapter 16 Sec 1 Matter & Temperature
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER--Matter is made up of tiny particles in constant motion
* heat them and their speed increases
* tiny particles collide with each other & the walls of their containers
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• 4 DIFFERENT STATES OF MATTER
• Solids: definite shape and volume
* arranged in repeating geometric patterns called crystals
* those that aren’t made of crystals are called “amorphous” solids= having no form
* ex. Glass, wax, plastics---some scientists classify them as very thick liquids
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States of Matter, cont.
LIQUIDS—definite volume, but takes the shape of container
Particles have enough KE for them to move over and around each other—lets liquids flow
Are NOT compressible– 1 liter cannot be pushed down into smaller container
GASES---no definite shape or volume
Expands or contracts to fill available space
Spreads evenly in all directions Compressible
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States of Matter, cont.
PLASMA—most common state of matter in the universe
Gas-like mixture of positively & negatively charged particles
Matter heated to very high temps.---violent collisions
Our sun is plasma, but closer to home what is an example????????
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Thermal Expansion-matter expands as it gets hotter & contracts as it cools (except for one very common substance—name it!)
Heat of Fusion- E required to change gas to a liquid
Heat of Vaporization- E required to change liquid to a gas
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Water Cycle Earth’s water is 3% fresh,
97% _______ Of the 3% fresh, 2/3 is
locked up in glaciers, deep aquifers & ice (= 2%)
That leaves 1% of Earth’s water for freshwater needs of humans, animals & plants
Human usage: 54% industry, 35% farming, 11% home use
List all the times you have used water today…….
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Water cycle, cont. Water molecules stay in the
atmosphere ~ 10 days before condensing & falling as precipitation
Water in lakes remain up to 10 years
In glaciers & deep aquifers, molecules remain for CENTURIES!!!
60-80% of precip that falls returns directly to the atmosphere by evaporation
Evap from plants: transpiration—from holes (stomata) on the underside of leaves
20-40% of precip is run-off or groundwater
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Water Cycle Evaporated water (water
vapor) rises, cools & condenses, forming clouds
Vapor condenses around a
condensation nuclei: smoke, pollution, salt
Forms into clouds, 4 types:
CUMULUS—white fluffy clouds that you see on a nice, sunny day
CIRRUS—thin, wispy clouds above 7 km made of ice crystals
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NIMBUS—gray clouds that bring rain & snow
STRATUS—thick blanket-like clouds below 2 km
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Precipitation
As water vapor droplets collide they become raindrops and when they become heavy enough fall to Earth as:
Rain—liquid droplets
Drizzle—fine liquid mist
Sleet—frozen and liquid drops mixed—freezes on contact
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Snow—frozen flakes
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Hail—frozen spheres—can get very large
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Water Cycle, cont. During recent ice age in
Northern Hemisphere (10,000-15,000yrs ago), water formed into huge glaciers
Very little water returned to atmosphere by sublimation—ice directly to water vapor
Sea level dropped more than 100m (= _______ ft ?)
Precipitation = evaporation; no NEW water is ever introduced into the cycle
SOOOOO, the water you brushed your teeth with this morning could have been used by the dinosaurs
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Water Pollution
The addition of foreign materials, compounds, chemicals into our water that reduces its purity
5 types:
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Raw sewage: human/animal, depletes oxygen and bacteria cause diseases (typhoid, cholera, hepatitis, E. coli infections, Giardia)
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Toxic wastes: manufacturing processes, contaminates groundwater/wells
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Fertilizers: algal blooms
Pesticides: stays in fat cells of animals thru-out food chain
Thermal: addition of heated water (power plants)
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16-3 Behavior of Gases Pressure: the amount of force
exerted per unit of area
(P= F/ A) Depends on how often the tiny
particles hit container walls
Pascal: the SI unit of pressure (Pa); very small, so most pressures
are stated in KPa (1000 Pa) 1 pascal of pressure = 1 Newton per
sq meter (1Pa = 1 N/ m2) Newton is about the wt of a stick of
butter
At sea level, atmospheric pressure = 101.3 KPa or 101,300 Newtons/sq. meter
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Gas Laws Boyle’s Law (Robert 1627-1691, British) if you decrease the volume of a container of gas, the pressure of the gas will increase (provided the temp doesn’t change)
Decrease pressure—volume increases
This is an inverse relationship
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Gas laws,cont. Charles’s Law (Jacques
1746-1823, French) volume of gas increases with increasing temp (provided
pressure doesn’t change) Kinetic Theory explains—
heated particles strike walls of container more which increases volume of hot air balloon
This is a direct relationship Empty aerosol cans—put it in
a fire and the remaining particles expand and they can’t increase the volume of the can without the can exploding!!
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Absolute Zero Temperature at which all particle motion
would cease Charles found this to be – 2730 C This would be equal to 0 Kelvin In Kelvin there are no negative
numbers---all positive We also do not use a degree symbol with
Kelvin Add 273 to the Celsius reading to get the
Kelvin reading Subtract 273 from the Kelvin reading to get
Celsius
-1050 C = ?K 00 C =?K 700 C = ?K 1000 C =?K 273 K = ?°C 0 K = ?°C 100 K = ?°C 500 K =?°C
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Uses of Fluids Archimedes’ Principle- buoyant force on an object in a fluid = weight of the fluid displaced by the object
Buoyant Force- the upward force exerted on an object when it is completely immersed in a fluid; determines whether an object will float or sink in a fluid
Buoyant force < object’s wt =sinks Buoyant force =object’s wt =floats Buoyant force >object’s wt=object
moves upward Floaters/ Sinkers Demo—
decide if the object will float or sink in water
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Uses of Fluids, cont. Pascal’s Principle–
pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid; hydraulic lifts use this principle
Bernoulli’s Principle— as the velocity of a fluid increases the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
For example—air speeds over the wing of a plane increase and this decreases the downward air pressure so the higher air pressure under the wing results in a net upward force on the wing, causing lift
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Venturi Effect— air flows faster when forced to flow through narrow spaces and as a result the pressure of the fluid drops
This can be a problem in big cities with tall skyscrapers that are close together---the drop in air pressure can cause windows to POP OUT!!
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Homework Place a small amount of air
in a re-sealable plastic bag Put bag in the freezer
overnight (describe) Remove bag in the
morning or a few hours later (describe)
Heat the sealed bag with a hairdryer (describe)
What happened? Which law did you just
prove? Attach the bag to your
answers and bag descriptions