Physical Science Semester 2

Unit 4 Matter

2/3/14Week of 2/3 to 2/7

• Entry Task

• What are the “two pillars of science” that Einstein’s famous equation joined with c2 ?

• Explain what Lavoisier became famous for. • Explain what Faraday became famous for.

Today’s Agenda

• Finish notes on movie. • Please take note of people, year and place, and what

they accomplished as a scientist. • You will turn your notes in tomorrow after

discussion.

2/3/14

• Exit Task

• Give a detailed example of how society influences science and technology and vice versa.

• This example can be from the movie or real life.

2/4/14

• Entry Task

• Describe what you know about the structure of atoms.

• Homework: read pages 278-290. Answer questions #1-7 on page 284 AND #1-6 on page 290. Due Friday 2/7/14.

1812 – Michael Faraday, electricity/magnetism, London, only gentleman are scientists1885 Einstein as a child – his family designed lighting for the city1771 – Antoine Lavoisier, France, Conservation of Mass, French Revolution, he gets guillotine—disliked tax collector1897 Einstein in high school, poor student, fascinated by light1846 – Faraday realizes electricity and magnetism are connected, invents electric motor, names the “invisible light” electromagnetism1722- Emilie du Chatalay, France, “before her time”, translated Newton’s principia and realized he had made an error, velocity should be squared, fell in love with poet Voltaire, died at 43 after childbirth1905 – Einstein’s miracle year, Germany, 5 papers, including E=mc2 in 3 pages 1919 – Fame finds Einstein via Max Planck. He divorces Mileva, marries cousin1907 – Berlin, Germany; Lisa Meitner becomes first woman professor (1912)of physics1920-30 “Golden Age of Nuclear Research”1930’s – Nazis drive out Jewish intellectuals; Einstein leaves in 1933; Meitner barely escapes in 19381938 – Sweden, Robert Frisch (nephew) and Meitner “split the atom” realizing that lost mass is converted directly to energy during nuclear fission1944 – Hann awarded prize for discovering nuclear fission (Meitner got little credit)1942 Manhattan Project in US; bombs contain only a couple pounds of Uranium and Plutonium

Today’s Agenda – create a timeline• You will be placed into a team.• Compile your notes so that everyone has complete notes to turn in. • 1 = Energy• 2 = mass• 3 = light• 4 = velocity (speed of light squared)• 5 = development of e=mc2,• 6 = confirmation of e=mc2• Nominate a recorder, facilitator, data person, speaker. • WRITE CATEGORY ON TOP OF CARD. • One scientist per notecard. • Fill in Year, NAME, Nationality, Concept, Experiment(s), Challenges

Faced. • These cards will go on timeline from 1700 to 1950. • Your team will present your cards.

2/4/14

• Exit Task

• Explain how one scientist’s ideas evolved based on the work of other scientists.

• Hold onto your notes!!! You will need them for the timeline project! To be continued Thursday.

2/5/14

• Entry Task

• Explain how Einstein’s equation led to the splitting of the atom.

• Hold onto your E=mc2 notes!!! You will need them for the timeline project! To be continued Thursday.

HW p 284, 290, VOCAB

• Class time to work on HW:

• Read pages 278-290. Answer questions #1-7 on page 284 AND #1-6 on page 290.

• Due Friday 2/7/14.

• Also, in C-notes form, define the following terms:

• Electric charge• Proton• Neutron• Electron• Nucleus• Atomic number• Isotopes• Mass number• Energy level• Quantum theory

2/5/14

• Exit Task

• You may use a textbook: • Define atomic number and mass number.• Explain how they are different.

2/6/14

• Entry Task

• What further questions do you have after having completed “Einstein’s Big Idea”?

• Take out your notes. Assign groups….

Today’s Agenda – create a timeline• You will be placed into a team.• Compile your notes so that everyone has complete notes to turn in. • 1 = Energy• 2 = mass• 3 = light• 4 = velocity (speed of light squared)• 5 = development of e=mc2,• 6 = confirmation of e=mc2• Nominate a recorder, facilitator, data person, speaker. • WRITE CATEGORY ON TOP OF CARD. • One scientist per notecard. • Fill in Year, NAME, Nationality, Concept, Experiment(s), Challenges Faced. • These cards will go on timeline from 1700 to 1950. • Your team will present your cards. • Presentations Last 10 minutes of class. Each team 2 minutes!• YOU WILL BE GRADED ON YOUR PARTICIPATION AS YOU WORK!

2/6/14

• Exit Task

• NONE – presentations for timeline.

• TURN IN YOUR NOTES on the way out of class…

2/7/14

• Entry Task

• Say Something Nice

• HW – Turn in. • Turn in Einstein Notes.• Turn in Entry/Exit Task Sheet

Today’s Agenda

• Finish any presentations from yesterday. • Take Unit 4 Pre Test• Complete the self-assessment side of the Unit

Map “blue sheet”– – Rate yourself 1-4 on each of the standards in the

“start unit” column

2/7/14

• Exit Task

• Trade and Grade• Please turn in your Entry/Exit task sheet for

the week.

2/10/14Week of 2/10 to 2/14

• Entry Task

• Describe the charges and relative locations of the particles in an atom. HINT: there are 3 particles.

• Per 3 and 4 – finish presentations• Per 1,3,4,6 – finish pretests• http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-th

e-higgs-boson-was-found-4723520/

Today’s Agenda

• Mystery Boxes• Notes on Atomic Structure.

Mystery Boxes – in your comp books

• Purpose– Use the mystery boxes as models to demonstrate

how scientists comprehend the existence and structure of the atom without actually seeing all its parts.

Mystery Box Predictions and Confidence

BOXMusic On

predict % conf.

Music Off

predict % conf.

Look Inside

predict % conf.

See Objects

predict % conf.

WAIT

• Problem-Solve: Technological Design Process– Challenge: What else would you do to figure out

what is inside the mystery boxes? – Constraints: You cannot take the boxes apart.

Nor can you physically or chemically change them.

– Describe SEVERAL solutions to the problem.

2/10/14

• Exit Task

• CANCELLED – for mystery boxes

2/11/14

• Entry Task

• Draw and label a NITROGEN “square” from the periodic table.

• How many protons does each atom have? How many electrons?

Unit 4 Maps and Goals – “blue sheet”

• Complete your self-assessment for “start unit”• Graph your pre-test percentage. • Set goals for post-assessment. • Write down the TOP 3 standards you will need

to focus on. (These are the ones you feel the least confident about).

• Hold onto these until the end of the unit….

Today’s Agenda

• Finish Atomic Structure Notes.

2/11/14

• Exit Task

• Consider the periodic table…• Which element has just 1 proton? • Which element has 2 protons?

2/12/14

• Entry Task

• Draw and label an atom of Boron. Include all protons, neutrons and electrons. Assume it has no charge.

Today’s Agenda

• Finish atomic structure notes. • Atomic Structure Worksheet

Atomic Structure- History and the Nucleus

*take notes in your comp book

Atomic Structure video

History– Dalton

• atoms could not be divided• all atoms of a given element are the same• different atoms could join to form LOTS of compounds

– Thomson• the plum pudding model• negatively-charged "plums” surrounded by • positively-charged "pudding”

– Rutherford http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/ruther14.swf

• atom is made up of a central charge surrounded by a cloud of orbiting electrons

– Bohr• electrons are in levels around the nucleus

– Quantum theory says that when things get very small, like the size of an atom, matter and energy do not obey Newton’s laws or other laws of classical physics.• An electron appears in a wave-like “cloud and has no

definite position.

Bohr model of the atom

Structure of the Atom

http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/c-atom_e1.gif

Particle Charge Mass(atomic mass units)

(amu)

Location

Proton positive+

1 nucleus

Neutron neutralØ

1 nucleus

Electron negative-

0.0006(or none)

orbit, level, cloud

The Nucleus

A 1946 test of an atomic bomb in the lagoon at Bikini atoll. The explosion has just started; surplus ships moored nearby can still be

seen.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bw85r24WW3s

• The nucleus– the center of the atom composed

of protons and neutrons– held together by four forces (electromagnetic,

strong , weak, and gravity)– 99.9% of the atom’s mass is here– about 100,000 times smaller than

the entire atom– the atomic number of an atom is the number

of protons in the nucleus– the atomic mass or mass number of an atom is

the sum of the protons and neutrons

Isotopesatoms with the same number of protons (and therefore the same element) but with a different number of neutrons.

Extra neutrons creates an isotope, what about more or less electrons?

• IONS: • An atom that has an

electric charge other than zero, created when an atom gains or loses electrons.

2/12/14

• Exit Task

• INFORMATION: 6 protons, 7 neutrons, 6 electrons.

• Which element? • Ion, Isotope or common form of the atom?

2/13/14

• Entry Task

• Draw and label an isotope of Boron which has 6 neutrons. Include all protons, neutrons and electrons.

• Any questions on Atomic Structure WS? This will be due TOMORROW – Friday Feb 14th.

Today’s Agenda

• Computers to “construct an atom.”

pHet

Atomic Structure

• Google phet• It will be your first result, phet.colorado.edu/• Click on Play with sims…• Click on the Chemistry simulation.• Click on Build an Atom.• Click on Run Now!• Open the 3 + green boxes

PHET QUESTIONS – Answer in comp books….

1. What is the charge of a proton, neutron, and electron? Prove it.

2. What is the mass of a proton, neutron, and electron? Prove it.

3. How is the mass number determined? Prove it.4. Why is an atom sometimes unstable? Prove it.5. What causes an atom to be neutral, (+) charged ion,

and (–) charged ion? Prove it.6. Click on the Cloud. What is it trying to show you?7. Look at the Symbol box. What do the numbers in it

represent? Prove it.

PHET QUESTIONS – Answer in comp books….

1. What is the charge of a proton, neutron, and electron? Prove it.

2. What is the mass of a proton, neutron, and electron? Prove it.

3. How is the mass number determined? Prove it.4. Why is an atom sometimes unstable? Prove it.5. What causes an atom to be neutral, (+) charged ion,

and (–) charged ion? Prove it.6. Click on the Cloud. What is it trying to show you?7. Look at the Symbol box. What do the numbers in it

represent? Prove it.

2/13/14

• Exit Task

• How is the mass number determined? Please be specific and use vocabulary: protons, neutrons, and isotopes.

• REMINDER: ATOMIC STRUCTURE WS due tomorrow.

2/14/14

• Entry Task

• Happy Valentine’s Day• Say Something Nice

• ATOMIC STRUCTURE WS due today.

Today’s Agenda

• Discuss questions on Atomic Structure WS. • Trade and Grade – turn in. • Electron Configuration Notes• Read 12.3 and 12.4.

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION:12.2 Rules for energy levels

…take notes in your comp books.

Inside an atom, electrons always obey these rules:1. The energy of an electron must match one of the

energy levels in the atom.2. Each energy level can hold only a certain number of

electrons, and no more.3. As electrons are added to an atom, they settle into

the lowest unfilled energy level.

12.2 Energy levels

• In the Bohr model of the atom, the first energy level can accept up to two electrons.

• The second and third energy levels hold up to eight electrons each.

• The fourth and fifth energy levels hold 18 electrons.

• their exact location around the nucleus is not known--Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

• therefore, we say they are found in an electron cloud or orbital– electron orbitals represent a volume of space where an

electron would have a 95% probability of being found

• many orbitals can make up an electron level– as electrons are added to an atom, they settle into the

lowest unfilled energy level

Valence electrons

• valence electrons are the electrons in the very last or outermost energy level

• the properties of elements depends on how many electrons are in a particular atom’s different levels

Review

• Basic Atomic Structure video (39 sec.)

2/14/14Week of 2/10 to 2/14

• Exit Task

• Trade and Grade – turn in entry/exit task sheets.

2/19/14Week of 2/19 to 2/21

• Entry Task

• Define valence electrons and include a picture.

• HOMEWORK: Read pages 288-314. On page 296 answer #1-7. On page 306 answer #3,5,6 (left side of page). On page 314 answer #1-8. Due Friday 2/21/14

Today’s Agenda

• Finish Electron Configuration notes.• Receive your atom, isotope, ion assignment. • Build a model of one atom using marble

models. • Work on Atom, Isotope, Ion Drawings.

2/19/14

• Exit Task

• INFORMATION: Atomic # 3 and mass number 7.

• Name the element. Draw and label the isotope, including electrons, protons and neutrons.

2/20/14

• Entry Task

• INFORMATION: Atomic # 5 and mass number 11.

• Name the element. Draw and label the isotope, including electrons, protons and neutrons.

• REMINDER: HOMEWORK DUE FRIDAY!

Today’s Agenda• Yesterday you asked for…– MORE ABOUT ORBITALS and the periodic table:

http://www.ptable.com/#Orbital– http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/elementary3.html– https://

www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/orbitals-and-electrons/v/orbitals

• Receive your atom, isotope, ion assignment. • Build a model of one atom using marble models. • Work on Atom, Isotope, Ion Drawings.

2/20/14

• Exit task – CANCELLED – ran out of time.

• Relate the group number (heads the columns on the periodic table) to the number of valence electrons.

• PS Skip the transition elements (groups 3-11) for now. http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_transmetal.html

•

2/21/14

• Entry Task

• Say Something Nice

• Is your HW complete? We will trade and grade in a few minutes…

Today’s Agenda

• Trade and Grade HW• Review how to build an ION – you can only

take away or add electrons.• Complete Atom, Ion, Isotope Drawings. • REMINDER – before you turn it in, check that

you have completed ALL STEPS (especially #5!)• Finished early? Start on Periodic Table

assignment…OR study for Monday’s Quiz

2/21/14

• Exit Task

• Trade and Grade• Please turn in your exit task sheets

2/24/14Week of 2/24 to 2/28

• Entry Task

• Tomorrow’s quiz will cover:– Atomic structure – including particles, charges and locations– Understanding key terms: atomic #, mass #, isotope, ion,

energy level– Drawing and labeling atoms based on information – Periodic Table Basics

• What do you understand the most?• What do you understand the least?

Today’s Agenda

• TURN IN Atom, Isotope, Ion Drawings• Hand back and organize papers into binder• What should you have in your comp books?– Atomic Structure Notes– Mystery Boxes– PHET Questions– Electron Configuration Notes

• Study for quiz by playing JEOPARDY!

2/24/14

• Exit Task

• INFORMATION: -3 ion of Atomic #7 element with a mass # of 14.

• Name the element. Draw and label the atom including protons, neutrons, and electrons.

2/25/14

• Entry Task

• NONE• PREPARE FOR QUIZ – you may use your comp

book for notes.

• END OF CLASS – turn in comp book to shelf.

2/26/14

• Entry Task

• Using information from the textbook, Record several chemical properties of each group:

• Alkali Metals (1A)• Alkali Earth Metals (2A)• Halogens (7A)• Noble Gases (8A)

Today’s Agenda

• Watch film and take notes on periodic table – chemical reactivity and trends.

• Handout and work on Periodic Trends assignment.

• Please complete 1-10 carefully and in color or shading to show differences.

Ms. M’s notes – Periodic Table Movie with British Scientist

• Groups or families

• Chlorine - HALOGEN

• Hydrogen – ALKALI METAL

• Helium – NOBLE GAS

• How the elements are organized into columns based on chemical properties– Example Oxygen needed during

chemical reaction: combustion• Used as war gas – halogen very

toxic• Very reactive and flammable,

exploded Hindenburg• NON-reactive – good for

blimps

• Sulfur – non metal• METALS – have metallic

properties

• Dmitri Mendeleev – Russian

• Groups and Periods

• Non-metals Non-conductive• Aluminum – metal – conducts

electricity• Mercury – liquid metal• Iron – high melting point• First organized elements into

a table BUT did this by atomic mass. Noticed chemical similarities for groups.

• Columns and Rows

• Noble Gases • 6 Gases He, Ne, Ar Kr Xe Rn – all colorless and odorless

• Atomic # and mass increases down column (density increases)

• Helium lighter than air; Ar and Kr and XENON heavier than air and SINK

• Alkali Metals • All soft metals which can be cut by knife

• OXIDIZE on contact with air (have to be kept in oil) React more quickly down group

• REACTIVE – in H20 give of H2 gas

• Cesium exploded the whole beaker

Periodicity

• Comparing right and left

• Valence electrons

• Flourine is super reactive

• Magnesium very reactive

• Determine periodicity across row – how many atoms will combine with how many other atoms

2/26/14

• Exit Task

• Describe where and how much of the periodic table is metals, nonmetals and metalloids.

• (You may use general terms like left, right, and fractions such as 1/3 or 2/3)

2/27/14

• Entry Task

• Consider page 294. Compare Halogens and Noble Gases.

• Can you relate their reactivity to their number of valence electrons? IOW how close are they to having a full outer shell?

Today’s Agenda

• Continue work on periodic table trends assignment. Today you should work on #1-8.

• Watch “Hunting the Elements” video and answer Q/A.

2/27/14

• Exit Task

• Would the Alkali Metals (Group 1A) tend to gain or lose electrons? Why?

2/28/14

• Entry Task

• Say Something Nice

Today’s Agenda

• Watch “Hunting the Elements” video and answer Q/A.

• NOTE – The other periodic table movie notes will be turned in with this sheet!

• ALSO – your periodic table assignment will be due Monday AT THE END OF CLASS.

2/27/14

• Exit Task

• Trade and Grade Entry/Exit Task Sheets for the week of 2/23-2/27/14.