EOCT REVIEW BY STANDARD

SPS1SPS1: Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom.a.   Examine the structure of the atom in terms of

proton, electron, and neutron locations.o Proton has a charge of _______________ and is located in the __________________ of the atom.

Protons are also the elements ___________________ number of the identity of the element, so protons are found by looking at the atomic number

o Neutron has a charge of ______________ and is located in the __________________ of the atom. Neutrons are found by subtracting the _______ Number from the ___________ Mass

or the BIG #- SMALL #.o Electron has a charge of ______________ and is located in the ____________________ of the atom.

Electrons are equal to the number of _____________ in a neutral atom.o The nucleus is made up of these 2 particles_____________________ and ______________________.o The electrons are located in this region of the atom, known as the ________________________.o The electron cloud is divided in to energy levels or energy shells, the first level will hold

__________ electrons and the second level will hold ___________ electrons.o The valence shell or valence level is the __________________ energy shell of the atom.

atomic mass and atomic number. o Atomic number is equal to the number of _________________ in the atom and is also the

atoms identity—it’s the small number of the periodic table.o Atomic mass is equal to the average mass of all the isotopes of a particular element—it

the big number on the periodic table. atoms with different numbers of neutrons (isotopes).

o Define Isotope___________________________________________________________________________________.o Give the isotopic notation for the following:

Boron with a mass number of 11 Uranium 238

o Ex. Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 Carbon 12 has _______P _________N _________E Carbon 14 has _______P _________N _________E

explain the relationship of the proton number to the element's identity. o The _________________ number is equal to the number of ____________________ in the atom

which is how the element is identified.o Ex. Nitrogen has an atom number of ________, which means that is has ___________ protons.

Number of Protons = Atomic Number Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic __________________ Number of Neutrons = _________________ - Atomic Number

b. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds in terms of electron position. Define Ionic bond___________________________________________________________________________________________. How are electrons involved in ionic bonds compared to covalent bonds? ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Define Covalent bond_______________________________________________________________________________________. Ionic bond is between a ________________________ and a _______________________ on the periodic table.

Covalent bond is between a _________________________ and a ________________________ on the periodic table, they are CO-Workers on the same side.

SPS2

SPS2: Students explore the nature of matter, its classifications, the naming system for types of matter.a. Calculate density when given a means to determine a substance’s mass and volume.

Density=Mass/Volume: remember My Dear Valentine. Solve the following:

o A student determines that a piece of an unknown material has a mass of 5.854 g and a volume of 7.57 cm3.  What is the density of the material?

o In science lab you are given a rectangular shaped solid made from some synthetic (manmade) substance. Its dimensions are 3.5 cm by 2.4 cm by 14.6 cm. If this substance masses 20 g, what is its density in g/cm3? (DA)

b. Predict formulas for stable binary ionic compounds based on balance of charges.1. Find the charge for each element based on what group it is in. (Group 1= +1 charge)2. Criss-Cross the charges to make the correct formula. Ca+2 + Cl-1 = CaCl2

c. Use IUPAC nomenclature for transition between chemical names and chemical formulas of Binary ionic compounds (containing representative elements). Steps for writing Binary Ionic Compounds:

1. Write the symbol for the ions side by side. Write the _______________________ first. 2. Cross over the charges by using the ____________________________________________ as the subscripts for the other ion. 3. Check the subscripts and divide them by their largest common factor to give the smallest possible whole number-ratio of ions.

(2 x +3 = +6 and 3 x-2 = -6 which cancel each other out) Binary covalent compounds (i.e. carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride). Naming Covalent Compounds-USES ___________________________!!! 1. The less electronegative element is given first. Take the ___________________ of the first

element and change it to the correct prefix; do not use the prefix _____________________ 2. The second element is named by combining (a) a prefix indicating the number of atoms

contributed by the element, (b) the root of the name of the second element, and (c) the ending –ide. With few exceptions, the ending –ide indicates that a compound contains only two elements.

3. The “o” or “a” at the end of a prefix is usually dropped when the word following the prefix begins with another vowel. Ex: monoxide or pentoxide

Ex : P4O10

Numerical Prefixes 1- 4- 7- 10- 2- 5- 8- 3- 6- 9-

Fill in the missing information for the following compounds.

ELEMENTS TYPE OF COMPOUND

NAME FORMULA

N2F4

Copper (II) & sulfur

PCl3

Sulfur dichloride

Magnesium and oxygenBarium & fluorine

d. Demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter in a chemical reaction.State the Law of Conservation of Matter__________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Steps for balancing an Equations- RAP TABLE!

1. Divide the equation in half. Reactants on the left and Products on the right. 2. Count the number of atoms for EACH element on the Reactants side. 3. Count the number of atoms for EACH element on the Products side.

o Hint: if you write them in the same order on each side it is easier to see what needs to be balanced.

IMPORTANT: you can only add/change the coefficient, not the subscript (the little number). 4. Write the newly balanced equations with the Coefficients.

Examples:Balance the following equations:

____ P4 + ____ O2 ____ P2O3

____ N2 + ____ H2 ____ NH3

____ Al + ____ HCl ____ H2 + ____ AlCl3

e. Apply the Law of Conservation of Matter by balancing the following types of chemical equations:

Synthesis ______________________________________________________________________________________________o Ex. Element + ElementCompound or o A +B= ABo 2Na + Cl2= 2NaCl

_______Na + ___________Br2 → _____________NaBr

Decomposition is________________________________________________________________________________________

o COMPOUND __Element___ + ___Element__ oro COMPOUND _Compound_____ + __Compound____o AB=A + B or 2 H2O= 2H2 + O2

_______Al2O3 →______ Al + _______O2

Single Replacement is__________________________________________________________________________________o ELEMENT + COMPOUND ELEMENT + COMPOUNDo A+BC = B+ACo Cu+2AgNO3=2Ag+Cu(NO3)2

o________Cl2 + _________NaBr → __________NaCl + _________Br2

Double Replacement is________________________________________________________________________________o COMPOUND + COMPOUND COMPOUND + COMPOUND o AB+CD=AD+CBo CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H2CO3

______CuCl2 + _______H2S → ________CuS + __________HCl

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS:1. C4H8 + 6O2 ---> 4CO2 + 4H2O 2. HCl + NaOH ---> H2O + NaCl

3. 2KNO3(s) ---> 2KNO2(s) + O2(g) 4. AgNO3 + NaCl ---> NaNO3 + AgCl

5. 2Mg + O2 ---> 2MgO 6. 2Ag + S ---> Ag2S

7. MgCO3(s) ---> MgO(s) + CO2(g) 8. Cl2 + 2KBr ---> 2KCl + Br2

1.

SPS3SPS3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity.a. Differentiate between alpha and beta particles and gamma radiation.Define Alpha (α) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Alpha particle consists of a large _________________nucleus. Alpha particles can be stopped by __________________________________________________, but is the most

damaging when inside the body.Define Beta (β) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Beta particles consist of small electrons that can be stopped by ____________________________________.Define Gamma (γ) __________________________________________________________________________________________________

Gamma can be stopped by ___________________________________________________________________________, is the least damaging because it can pass through the body and not be stopped by skin.

Solve these decay problems:ALPHA

→ ___________ + ____________

→ ___________ + ____________

BETA

→ ___________ + ____________

→ ___________ + ____________

GAMMA How do you know this equation gamma decay?

b. Differentiate between fission and fusion.Define Fission________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Fission occurs where_______________________________________Define Fusion________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Fusion occurs where________________________________________

c. Explain the process half-life as related to radioactive decay.Define half-life_______________________________________________________________________________________________________.Define Radioactive decay___________________________________________________________________________________________.

Radioisotopes decay through a process known has a half-life. The half-life of an atom can be calculated.

100.0 g of carbon-14 decays until only 25.0 g of carbon is left after 11 460 y, what is the half-life of carbon-14?

Thallium-208 has a half-life of 3.053 min. How long will it take for 120.0 g to decay to 7.50g?

The half-life of hafnium-156 is 0.025 s. How long will it take a 560 g sample to decay to one-eighth its original mass?

d. Describe nuclear energy, its practical application as an alternative energy source, and its potential problems.Benefits/Application Problems

SPS4SPS4: Students will investigate the arrangement of the Periodic Table.

a. Determine the trends of the following: Number of valence electrons

o Valence electrons are found by looking at what _________________ the atom is in on the periodic table. Ex. Group 1 has ________ valence electrons, Group 13 has ________ valence electrons.

Types of ions formed by representative elements Group 1:___________ Group 14:_________ Group 17:____________Group 2:___________ Group 15:_________ Group 18 ____________Group 13:___________ Group 16: _________

Location of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids o Metals are located to the _________________ of the stair-step line.o Nonmetals are located to the _______________ of the stair-step line.o Metalloids are located _________ the stair-step line.

Phases at room temperature o Metals are ________________at room temperature with the exception to Mercury and Bromine.o Nonmetals are ______________ at room temperature.o Metalloids are _______________ at room temperature.o

b. Use the Periodic Table to predict the above properties for representative elements.

Properties of Metals Properties of nonmetals Properties of Metalloids

SPS5SPS5. Students will compare and contrast the phases of matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion. a. Compare and contrast the atomic/molecular motion of solids, liquids, gases and plasmas.

Descriptions Solid Liquid Gas PlasmaShape

Volume

Examples

Pics

In the ______________ phase, atoms or molecules are held in a rigid structure. They are free to vibrate but cannot move around.

The _______________ phase is intermediate between solid and gas. Intermolecular forces hold these atoms or molecules loosely together but do not force them into a rigid structure.

In the ____________ phase, atoms and molecules experience their greatest freedom. The forces attracting gas molecules are almost nonexistent. As a result, gas molecules are much farther apart and can move freely about.

Finally, __________________ are gases that have been so energized that their atoms have been stripped of some or all electrons. Solar flares are great examples of plasmas. Solar flares eject extremely hot hydrogen ions (H+) away from the Sun toward Earth.

b. Relate temperature, pressure, and volume of gases to the behavior of gases. ____________________________ is the force exerted on a surface per unit area.Collisions between particles of gas and the walls of a container cause the _______________________ in a closed container of gas.

Factors that affect gas pressureTemperature Volume Number of particles

Increasing temperature of a gas will increase ___________________, if the volume and number of particles are constant.

Example:

Reducing the volume of a gas will increase ________________, if temperature and number of particles are constant.

Example:

Increasing the number of particles will increase _________________, if temperature and volume remain constant.

Example:

_____________________________ Law states the volume of a definite quantity of dry gas is inversely proportional to the pressure, provided the temperature remains constant.

_____________________________ Law can be stated as the volume occupied by any sample of gas at a constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

_____________________________ Law, the volume of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature and inversely proportional to the pressure.

SPS6SPS6. Students will investigate the properties of solutions. a. Describe solutions in terms of A ___________________ is a special type of mixture. It has a uniform composition throughout and ismade up of two parts—a solute and a solvent.

Solute- Solvent-

o Saturated Solutiono Unsaturated Solution

Conductivity-The conductivity gives important clues as to the type of solute dissolved. In aqueous (water based) solutions, dissolved ionic compounds yield solutions with high conductivity. Cations and anions readily carry electrical charges through the solution. Strong acids and bases also have a high conductivity for the same reason. All of these solutions are considered ___________ electrolytes. Weak acids or bases ionize only partially so they form solutions with low conductivity. These compounds are called __________ electrolytes. Solutions made from covalent compounds have zero conductivity since they dissolve as molecules, not ions. They cannot carry electrical charges. These substances are known as__________________. Some selected compounds and their electrical conductivity are shown in the box to the right.

Concentration-

b. Observe factors affecting the rate a solute dissolves in a specific solvent.There are three factors that affect the rate at which a solution dissolves. They areAgitation Size of Particles TemperatureDefine: Define: Define:

Affect: Affect: Affect:

c. Demonstrate that solubility is related to temperature by constructing a solubility curve. What is a solubility curve?

What is the solubility of Potassium Chloride (KCl) at 45◦ C?

Which compound is a gas?

Look at Calcium chloride. At 10 C, there are 450g of solute dissolved into 100 g of water. Is this solution saturated or unsaturated? How do you know this?

d. Compare and contrast the components and properties of acids and bases. Acids Bases

DefinitionTasteTouchReacts with MetalsElectrical ConductivityLitmus Paper TestPh Scalee. Determine whether common household substances are acidic, basic, or neutral.

List 5 common acids:

List 5 common bases:

What is an example of a neutral substance? What is its pH?

What are the products of a neutralization reaction?

SPS7SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system. a.Identify energy transformations within a system (e.g. lighting of a match). Just as matter is conserved, so is energy. The law of conservation of __________ states that energy, like matter, cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only be changed from one form of energy to another. Energy takes many forms in the world around us. Each form of energy can be converted to and from other forms ofenergy.

________________________ energy is used in our homes to produce stereo sound through speakers.

______________________energy produces current from which a fluorescent lamp will work.

______________________ energy for cooking and heating. ______________________ energy, which is stored in the nucleus of atoms, is

harnessed to produce electrical energy in modern power plants. ______________________ energy is stored in the bonds that hold atoms together

in molecules. When fuels or foods are broken down, chemical energy is converted to heat energy or to kinetic energy.

_______________________ energy is the energy contained by moving objects due to their motion.

_______________________ energy, also known as stored energy, is the energy of position. When a boulder sits on top of a cliff, it has gravitational potential energy as a result of its height above the ground. When the boulder tumbles off the cliff, its gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. When a ball is thrown up into the air, the kinetic energy of the ball is converted into gravitational potential energy as the ball approaches its highest point. As the ball falls back to the ground, the potential energy it gained during its upward flight turns back into kinetic energy. Kinetic and potential energy are types of ________________________ energy.

b. Investigate molecular motion as it relates to thermal energy changes in terms of conduction, convection, and radiation. __________________________

Define: the transfer of heat energy between materials that are in direct contact with each other

Picture:

__________________________

Define:

Picture:

Radiation

Define:

Picture:

c. Determine the heat capacity of a substance using mass, specific heat, and temperature. The amount of heat energy that a substance gains or loses, Q, depends on the mass (m), the specific heat,(c), and the change in the temperature (ΔT ) of the substance. What is the formula?

What is specific heat capacity?If it takes 31,500 joules of heat to warm 750 g of water, what was the temperature change? (specific heat of water is 4.18 J/gC)

A copper ornament has a mass of 0.0693 kg and changes from a temperature of20.0°C to 27.4ºC. How much heat energy did it gain? Copper’s Specific Heat is 390 J/g C⁰ .100.0 g of 4.0°C water is heated until its temperature is 37°C. If the specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g°C, calculate the amount of heat energy needed to cause this rise in temperature.

d. Explain the flow of energy in phase changes through the use of a phase diagram. A phase diagram shows how a pure substance changes from one phase to another based on the temperature, T, and the pressure, P.

What is the change called from a solid to a liquid?

What is the change called solid to a gas?

What is the change called from a liquid to a solid?

What is the change called from a liquid to a gas?

What is the change called from a gas to a solid?

What is the change called from a gas to a liquid?

Which changes are exothermic, or give off heat?

Which changes are endothermic, or take in heat?

SPS8

SPS8. Students will determine relationships among force, mass, and motion. a. Calculate velocity and acceleration.

The distance an object moves per unit of time is known as the _____________. The _________________is the speed of the object plus its direction. The average speed can be found by dividing the change in the displacement of an object by the change in time.Ex. A car traveling west goes 10 meters in 5 seconds. What is its velocity?

_____________________, like velocity, has magnitude and direction. The

average acceleration of an object is found by dividing the change in the velocity of the object by the

change in time.Ex. Calculate the average velocity of the new power jet cat.

b. Apply Newton’s three laws to everyday situations by explaining the following: Summary Example

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second LawF= m X aNewton’s Third Law

SOLVE:

What is the acceleration of a 0.3 kg ball hit with a force of 20 N?

What is the mass of an object if a force of 34 N produces an acceleration of 4 m/s/s?

What force is needed to accelerate a 1,000 kg car at a rate of 35 m/s/s?

c. Relate falling objects to gravitational force

__________________________ force is a force between any two objects. The strength of the force is related to the mass of the objects and the distance between them. The more mass an object has, the greater the gravitational force it exerts. The Moon has less mass than Earth. The resulting lower gravitational force made the astronauts appear nearly “weightless” as they moved across the lunar surface.

______________________ forces. These forces include both electric forces and magnetic forces.

The forces exerted within the nucleus of an atom are called _________________________ forces. These forces hold the protons and neutrons together.

________________________ forces tend to stop the motion of an object by dispersing its energy as heat. There are three types of frictional forces: sliding friction, rolling friction, and static friction.

o Sliding friction occurs when one solid surface slides over another solid surface.

o Rolling friction occurs when an object rolls across a solid surface. o Static friction occurs between the surfaces of two objects that touch but do not move

against each other. Static friction must be overcome for one of the objects to move.d. Explain the difference in mass and weight. One should note that mass and weight are not the same quantity. An object has _________________ regardless of whether gravity or any other force is acting upon it. Weight, on the other hand, changes depending on the influence of gravity. The relationship between weight, W, and mass, m, can be written as the following equation: W = mg. In this equation, g represents the acceleration due to gravity. At the surface of Earth, the acceleration of gravity is 9.80 m / s². The value of g decreases the farther away from the center of Earth an object gets. This means the weight of an object would ______________________ if it was placed on top of a mountain or put into space.

SOLVE THE FOLLOWING: An object has a mass of 5.5 kilograms. Find its weight in newtons.

A bag of apples has a weight of 22 newtons. Find its approximate mass in kilograms.

e. Calculate amounts of work and mechanical advantage using simple machines. ________________________ is the transfer of energy when an applied force moves an object over a distance. For work to be done the force applied must be in the same direction as the movement of the object and the object must move a certain distance. A person may push on a wall and get tired muscles as a result, but unless the wall moves, the person has done zero work. Work can be summarized using the following equation:W = Fd, In the equation, W is equal to work, F is equal to the force applied, and d is equal to the distance that an object has moved. Remember, force is measured in Newtons (N) and distance is measured in meters (m). A unit of work is the Newton-meter (N-m), or the joule (J).

CALCULATE WORK:

How much work is done if you push a 200 N box across a floor with a force of 50 N for a distance of 20 m?

A 400 N student climbs a 3 m ladder. Find the work done.

Work can be made easier or done faster by using machines. Machines that work with one movement arecalled simple machines.Simple Machines

Examples

Inclined PlaneLeverPulleyScrewWedgeWheel and Axle

Simple machines cannot increase the amount of work done, but they can change the size and direction of the force applied. The force applied to a simple machine is called the effort force, Fe. For a machine to do work, an effort force must be applied over a distance. The force exerted by the machine is called the resistance force, Fr. An effort force is applied over a distance, known as the effort distance, de. This force moves can over the resistance distance, dr. The number of times a machine multiplies the effort force is called the mechanical advantage.

What is the mechanical advantage of this lever?

A 5-meter ramp lifts objects to a height of 0.75 meters. What is the mechanical advantage of the ramp?

SPS9SPS9. Students will investigate the properties of waves. a. Recognize that all waves transfer energy. Waves are phenomena that occur, seen and unseen, all around us. __________________ by definition are disturbances that repeat the same cycle of motion and transfer energy through matter or empty space.Example: b. Relate frequency and wavelength to the energy of different types of electromagnetic waves and mechanical waves. Electromagnetic Waves Mechanical WavesExamples: light and radio waves

Does not require a medium

Examples:

Requires a medium. The medium can be ______________, _________________, or gas.

c. Compare and contrast the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical (sound) waves. Define wavelength.

Define Amplitude.

Define frequency.

Define Crest and label it on the Ocean Wave.

Define Trough and label it on the Ocean Wave.

What does a transverse wave look like?

What does a longitudinal wave look like?

d. Investigate the phenomena of reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction. Reflection Refraction Interference _______________

occurs when a wave hits an object that it cannot pass through it bounces off the object or medium boundary.

Illustration:

___________________

Illustration

occurs when two or more waves arrive at the same point at the same time

Illustration:Constructive-

Destructive-

results when a wave passes through a hole or moves past a barrier and spreads out in the region beyond the hole or barrier

Illustration:

e. Relate the speed of sound to different mediums. Sound travels faster through solids and liquids than it does through gases because particles are _____________ together in solids or liquids than in gases. Sound also travels fastest through elastic materials.f. Explain the Doppler Effect in terms of everyday interactions. When a sound source moves toward a listener, the pitch, or apparent frequency, of the sound increases. This is because the sound waves are compressed closer together and reach the listener with a higher pitch. As the sound source passes by the listener and moves away from the listener, the same sound waves are stretched farther apart. This results in a decrease in the pitch, or apparent frequency. This phenomenon is known as the ___________________ ____________________. It can be heard at a train crossing every time a train approaches, passes, and leaves a crossing while blowing its whistle.

SPS10SPS10. Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism. Electricity- a. Investigate static electricity in terms of ____________________ electricity results from the buildup of electric charges on an object. The buildup ofcharges can be caused by friction, conduction, or induction.

friction induction conduction

b. Explain the flow of electrons in terms of alternating current-

o Example: Gas driven generator or lights in your house direct current-

o Example: Batteries in your car or batteries in your flashlight

Ohms Law: V = IRVoltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (R)To get electrons flowing through a circuit, a voltage (V) is applied. Voltage, which is measured in volts (V), is the potential difference in electrical potential energy between two places in a circuit. In other words, voltage is the energy per unit of charge that causes charges to move.

When charged particles flow through the wire in a circuit, an electric current (I) results. The current is measured in amperes (A). The electron is the charged particle that most likely moves through the circuit.

The opposition to current is called resistance (R), which is measured in ohms (Ω). Light bulbs and resistors are examples of objects with a resistance.

What is the current in a 120V circuit if the resistance 5 ? Ω

What voltage is required to move 2A through 5Ω?

What is the resistance of a circuit with 20V and 2A?

Type of circuit illustrated: Type of circuit illustrated:

Define: Define:

Examples: Examples:

c. Investigate applications of magnetism and/or its relationship to the movement of electrical charge as it relates to An electric current will also produce a magnetic field. A magnetic field is a region around a magnet or current-carrying wire where magnetic forces can be measured. _______________________ is the force of attraction or repulsion that is produced by an arrangement of electrons. Magnets have two poles: a north pole and a south pole. Unlike magnetic poles attract each other, while like magnetic poles repel each other. Groups of atoms with magnetic poles aligned are called magnetic domains. Materials with most of these domains lined up are considered magnetized. When a metal bar or other object is composed of stable, magnetic domains, a ______________________________ magnet results.When an electric current is used to produce a magnetic field in a coil of wire, the coil becomes an electromagnet. A rotating electromagnet is used in ___________________ motors to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.When a magnet is moved near a wire, an electric current is generated. This process, called electromagnetic induction, is used to operate a ___________________________. A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. In a commercial generator, an electric current is produced when a large coil of wire is rotated in a strong magnetic field.

This picture illustrates ______________ This picture illustrates_______________

___________________. _______________________.