“physico-chemical & microbiological study of water”

7/23/2019 Physico-chemical & Microbiological study of Water

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A

Rcphrt hm

Zfysikh,kfclikag / Likrhbihghnikag stu`y ho@rimeimn ^atcr im Nwagihr

Bakfcghr ho [kicmkc

Im

Bihtckfmhghny

[ublittc` th @cpartlcmt ho Bihtckfmhghny

I-A-[-K-A Khggcnc' Nwagihr

Aooigiatc` th Diwadi Smivcrsity' Nwagihr

Sm`cr Nui`amkc ho4

Lr- [urcm`ra [imnf Zarifar-Likrhbihghnist

@cpartlcmt ho Gioc [kicmkc'

IPL Smivcrsity' Nwagihr

[ublittc` By4

RAS[FAMI RAD

B-[k- Bihtckfmhghny' 3tf [clcstcr


1


2/33

[kfhhg ho [kicmkc' IPL SmivcrsityNwagihr

Kcrtioikatc

Pfis is th kcrtioy tfat RAS[FAMI RAD[tu`cmt ho B-[k- Bihtckfmhghny3tf [clcstcr' I-A-[-K-A Khggcnc' Nwagihr fas um`crnhmc traimimn

prhnral cmtitgc` Zfysikh,kfclikag / Likrhbihghnikag stu`y ho

âtcrIm hur Smivcrsity orhl 13tf Mhvclbcr th 3tf @ckclbcr@urimn traimimn fis( fcr khmùkt am` prhnrcss was nhh`-

^c wisf fcr agg sukkcss im fcr outurc cm`cavhrs-

Zrhdckt nui`c4, @cam

Lr-[urcm`ra simnf parifar [kfhhg ho skicmkc

@cpartlcmt ho gioc skicmkcs IPL SMI_CR[IPY

IPL SMI_CR[IPY

IPL SMI_CR[IPY KALZS[4 [IPFHSGI' M-F- >3' DFAM[I RHA@' NÂGIHR &L-Z-) 0>0::1 IM@IA

PCG- 91,>31,200::?:' OAV4 91,>31,20;2966

C-LAIG4khmocrcmkc-itlu2:12Jnlaig-khl' tilsJitlumivcrsity-ak-im' iaskaJitlumivcrsc-im'www-itlumivcrsity-ak-im

2
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.itmuniversity.ac.in/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.itmuniversity.ac.in/


3/33

@ckgaratihm

I A`ya Zusfp' stu`cmt ho B-[k- Bihtckfmhghny' 3tf sclcstcr' fcrcby

`ckgarc` tfat tfc prhdckt whre cmtitgc` Zfysikh,kfclikag /Likrhbihghnikag stu`y ho âtcr

^fikf is bcimn sublittc` th tfc `cpartlcmt ho Bihtckfmhghny' IA[KA

Khggcnc' Nwagihr' is ly hwm whre karric` hut at 13tf Mhvclbcr th 3tf

@ckclbcr 2:11' um`cr tfc nuiàmkc ho Lr- [urcm`ra [imnf Zarifar-

I `ckgarc tfat tfc whre fas mht bccm sublittc` th amy htfcr umivcrsity

hr imstitutc ohr tfc awar` ho amy `cnrcc ho ìpghla-

Zgakc4 RAS[FAMI RAD

@atc4

;


4/33

Akemhwgc`nclcmt

It is a nrcat pgcasurc ohr lc th put hm rckhr` ly apprckiatihm am` nratitu`cthwar`s @r- D-G- Bfat ohr fis vaguabgc supphrt am` sunncstihm ohr tfc

ilprhvclcmt am` cìtimn ho limhr prhdckt rcphrt-

I whug` giec th spckiaggy tfames th @r- Lamhd Zatfae' @r- R-M- Nupta'

@r- Prapti Zatfae' @r- [hmia Dhfari' @r- Rcefa _asfisftfa'

Ls-Mi`fi Anrawag' Lr- Filamsfu Bfatmanar' Lr- [urcm`ra [imnf

Zarifar' Lr- [uefvccr [imnf / Lr- Arbim`ra Eular sanar Oakugty

ho @cpartlcmt ho Gioc [kicmkc IPL Smivcrsity Nwagihr &L-Z-) ohr tfcir

nuiàmkc am` lhrag supphrt am` prhviìmn imsinft th tfis traimimn tilc am`

fcgpc` lc khlpgctimn ly prhdckt rcphrt-

Gast but mht tfc gcast tfis hpphrtumity' I whug` giec th tfames @cpartlcmt

ho Gioc [kicmkc' IPL Smivcrsity' Nwagihr ohr nivimn lc tfis hpphrtumity-

RAS[FAMI RAD

B-[k- 3tf [clcstcr


0


5/33

KHMPCMP[

Imtrh`uktihm

Ails / Hbdcktivcs

Rcvicw ho Gitcraturc

Latcriags / Lctfh`s

Rcsugts / @iskussihmsRcocrcmkcs

Imtrh`uktihm3


6/33

^c givc hm a Zgamct tfat is `hlimatc` by watcr- Lhrc tfam >:# ho tfc Cartfs

suroakc is khvcrc` witf tfis silpgc Lhgckugc- -[kicmtists cstilatcs tfat tfc

fy`rhspfcrc khmtaims abhut 1-;? biggihm kubik Eighlctcrs ho tfis substamkc lhstgy

im tfc ohrl ho a giqui` &watcr) tfat hkkupics thphnrapfik `cprcssihms hm tfc cartf-

âtcr is agsh csscmtiag ohr gioc- âtcr is tfc ladhr khmstitucmt ho aglhst agg gioc

ohrls- Lhst Amilags am` pgamts khmtaim lhrc tfam ?:# watcr by vhgulc- îtfhut

âtcr Gioc whug` prhbabgy mcvcr favc `cvcghpc` hm hur pgamct-

âtcr fas a vcry silpgc athlik strukturc- Pfis strukturc khmsists ho twh fy`rhncm

athls bhm`c` th hmc hxyncm athl- Pfc maturc ho tfc athlik strukturc ho watcr

kauscs its lhgckugcs th favc umiquc cgcktrhkfclikag prhpcrtics- Pfc fy`rhncm si`cho watcr lhgckugcs fas a sginft phsitivc kfarnc- Hm tfc htfcr si`c ho tfc lhgckugc a

mcnativc kfarnc cxists- Pfc lhgckugar phgarity kauscs watcr th bc a phwcroug

shgvcmt am` is rcsphmsibgc ohr its strhmn suroakc tcmsihm-

Nrhum` watcr is tfc ladhr [hurkc ho `rimeimn watcr im bhtf urbam am` rurag arcas-

Pfc ilphrtamkc ho nrhum` watcr ohr tfc cxistcmkc ho fulam shkicty kammht bc hvcr

clpfasizc`- Bcsi`cs' it is am ilphrtamt shurkc ho watcr ohr tfc anrikugturag am`

imùstriag sckthr- Pigg rckcmtgy it fa` bccm khmsi`crc` a `cpcmàbgc shurkc ho

umkhmtalimatc` watcr- Nrhum`watcr krisis is mht tfc rcsugt ho maturag oakthrs- It fas

bccm kausc` by fulam aktihms- Lukf ho igg fcagtf wfikf coockts fulamity'

cspckiaggy im tfc `cvcghpimn khumtrics kam bc trakc` th gake ho saoc am` wfhgc shlc

watcr suppgy-

âtcr pgays a vitag rhgc im fulam gioc- Pfc khmscqucmkc ho urbamizatihm am`

imùstriagizatihm gca`s th sphig tfc watcr- Ohr anrikugturag purphscs nrhum` watcr is

cxpghrc` im rurag arcas cspckiaggy im tfhsc arcas wfcrc htfcr shurkcs ho watcr giec

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7/33

àl am` rivcr hr a kamag is mht avaigabgc- @urimn gast `cka`c' tfis is hbscrvc` tfat

tfc nrhum` watcr nct phggutc` `rastikaggy bckausc ho imkrcasc` fulam aktivitics-

Khmscqucmtgy mulbcr ho kascs ho watcr bhrmc ìscascs fas bccm sccm wfikf a kausc

ho fcagtf fazar`s- [h' basik lhmithrimn hm watcr quagity fas bccm mckcssitatc` th

hbscrvc tfc `clam` am` phggutihm gcvcg ho nrhum` watcr- A nhh` mulbcr ho watcr

amagysis cxpcrilcmts arc rcnugargy khmùktc` by ìoocrcmt nrhups ho kfclists am`

bihghnists akrhss tfc khumtry-

It is mcc`gcss th clpfasizc tfc ilphrtamkc ho watcr im hur gioc- ^c mcc` watcr ohr

ìoocrcmt purphscs5 wc mcc` watcr ohr `rimeimn' ohr imùstrics' ohr irrinatihm' ohr

swillimn' ohr oisfimn ctk- Pfus watcr ohr ìoocrcmt purphscs fas its hwmrcquirclcmts ohr tfc khlphsitihm am` purity am` cakf bh`y ho watcr fas th bc

amagyzc` hm a rcnugar basis th khmoirl th suitabigity- Pfc typcs ho amagysis khug`

vary orhl silpgc oicg` tcstimn ohr a simngc amagyzc th gabhrathry basc` lugti

khlphmcmt imstrulcmtag amagysis- Pfc amagytikag prhkcss imvhgvcs salpgimn am`

salpgc sthranc simkc kfamncs im khlphsitihm ho watcr `h mht sthp hmkc tfc

salpgimn fas bccm taecm- Zrckautihm fas th bc taecm th laec surc tfat tfc watcr

rcakfimn tfc gabhrathry fas tfc salc khlphsitihm as it ì` wfcm tfc salpgimn was

`hmc-

Pfc Ecy th imkrcasc fulam prhùktivity am` ghmn gioc is nhh` quagity watcr- Pfc

prhvisihm ho nhh` quagity fhuscfhg` `rimeimn watcr is hotcm rcnar`c` as am

ilphrtamt lcams ho ilprhvimn fcagtf- Akkhrìmn th ^hrg` fcagtf Hrnamizatihm

&^FH)' tfcrc wcrc cstilatc` 0 biggihm kascs ho ìarrfca am` 2-2 liggihm `catfs

ammuaggy- Pfc khmsulptihm ho umsaoc watcr fas bccm ilpgikatc` as hmc ho tfc ladhr

kauscs ho tfis ìscasc- Lhst nraùag `ctcrihratihm ho watcr quagity was rcsugtc` by

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8/33

tfc imkrcasc im fulam phpugatihms am` urbamizatihm- As watcr phggutihm is ncttimn

scrihus' fhuscs cspckiaggy im tfc urbam arca startc` th cquip witf a watcr oigtcr

systcl- Zchpgc arc khmkcrm witf tfc prcscmkc ho phggutamts sukf as fcavy lctags

am` thxik kfclikag im tfcir `aigy `rimeimn watcr- Oigtcrc` watcr is laim shurkc ho

saoc am` rcgiabgc `rimeimn watcr- Fhwcvcr tfcrc is stigg a `cbatc hm tfc cooickicmky

ho oigtratihm systcl th khlpgy witf tfc rcnugatihms as watcr tfat pfysikaggy ghhes

khghurgcss' h`hurgcss am` cvcm tastcgcss is mht suooikicmt th `ctcrlimc tfat tfc watcr

is saoc ohr khmsulptihm- Im oakt' tfc `rimeimn watcr sfhug` bc cxalimc` hm

likrhbihghnikag am` pfysikhkfclikag quagity- Pfc ^FH im its 2::2 rcphrt'

rckhllcm`c` tfat imkrcasc` clpfasis bc pgakc` hm fhlc watcr trcatlcmt am`

sthranc tfat lhrc rcscarkf sfhug` khm`uktc` th asscss tfc fcagtf bcmcoits ho sukf

imtcrvcmtihms-

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9/33

Ails / Hbdcktivcs

Nrhum` watcr salpgcs khggcktc` orhl ìoocrcmt arca ho Nwagihr ohr gabhrathry

amagysis- Khggcktc` [alpgc sthrc` im stamàr` khmìtihms at 0:k-

Ph asscss pfysikag paralctcrs viz-' Khghr' pF' Pastc' Pclpcraturc' P@[ &Phtag

@isshgvc` [hgi`)' am` Far`mcss ho watcr salpgcs khggcktc` orhl ìoocrcmt rcnihms ho

Nwagihr-

Ph cstilatc kfclikag paralctcrs giec @H am` BH@ ho watcr salpgcs khggcktc`

orhl ìoocrcmt rcnihms ho Nwagihr-

Ph asscss quagitativc am` quamtitativc likrhbiag amagysis' LZM &Lhst Zrhbabgc

Mulbcr)' Phtag Zgatc Khumt ohr likrhbiag assay wigg bc karric` hut im tfc khggcktc`

watcr salpgcs ho tfc stu`y arca-

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10/33

Rcvicw ho tfc whre agrca`y

`hmc

Im `cvcghpimn khumtrics' avaigabigity ho watcr fas bckhlc a kritikag am` urncmt

prhbgcl am` is a lattcr ho nrcat khmkcrm th oaligics am` khllumitics `cpcmìmn hm

mhm pubgik watcr suppgy- Khmoirlatihm ho likrhbihghnikag stamàr` is ho spckiag

nrcat khmkcrm bckausc watcr fas nrcat phtcmtiag th sprca` ìscascs witfim a garnc

phpugatihm- Agtfhunf tfc stamàr`s vary orhl pgakc th pgakc' tfc hbdcktivc is th

rcùkc tfc phssibigity ho sprcaìmn watcr bhrm ìscascs th tfc barcst limilul'

wfikf ilpgics tfat it lust bc wfhgcshlc am` pagatabgc im agg rcspckt &C`cla ct ag-'

2::1)-

Pfc Zrimkipag hbdcktivcs ho lumikipag watcr arc prhùktihm am` tfc

ìstributihm ho tfc saoc watcr tfat is oit ohr fulam khmsulptihm &Galieamra' 1999)-

A nhh` emhwgc`nc ho tfc kfclikag quagitics ho raw watcr is mckcssary sh as th

nui`c its suitabigity ohr usc- Pfus' rcnugar pfysikh,kfclikag amagysis ho watcr at

shurkc lust bc karric` hut th `ctcrlimc hr kfcke tfc coocktivcmcss ho trcatlcmt

prhkcss-

âtcr ho nhh` `rimeimn quagity is ho basik ilphrtamkc th fulam pfysihghny

am` lams khmtimuc` cxistcmkc `cpcm`s vcry lukf hm its avaigabigity &Galieamra'

1999' OAH' 199>)- Pfc prhvisihm ho phrtabgc watcr th rurag am` urbam phpugatihm ismckcssary th prcvcmt fcagtf fazar`s &Miehga`zc am` Aeastag' 19695 Gclh' 2::2)-

Bcohrc watcr kam bc `cskribc` as phrtabgc' it fas th khlpgy witf kcrtaim pfysikag'

kfclikag am` likrhbihghnikag stamàr`s' wfikf arc `csinmc` th cmsurc tfat tfc

watcr is pagatabgc am` saoc ohr `rimeimn &Pcbutt' 196;)- Zhtabgc watcr is `coimc` as1:


11/33

watcr tfat is orcc orhl ìscascs prhùkimn likrhhrnamisls am` kfclikag substamkcs

`cgctcrihus th likrhhrnamisls am` kfclikag substamkcs `cgctcrihus th fcagtf

&Ifcehrhmyc am` Mnh``y' 1963)- âtcr kam bc hbtaimc` orhl a mulbcr ho shurkcs'

alhmn wfikf arc strcals' gaecs' rivcrs' phm`s' raim' sprimns am` wcggs &Gimscgy am`

Orazimi' 19>95 Ehga`c' 1962)- Smohrtumatcgy' kgcam' purc am` saoc watcr hmgy cxists

bricogy im maturc am` is illcìatcgy phggutc` by prcvaigimn cmvirhmlcmtag oakthrs

am` fulam aktivitics- âtcr orhl lhst shurkcs is tfcrcohrc umoit ohr illcìatc

khmsulptihm witfhut shlc shrt ho trcatlcmt &Raylhm`' 1992)-

Pfc khmscqucmkcs ho watcrbhrmc baktcria am` virus imocktihm5 phgih' fcpatitis'

kfhgcra' typfhi`' ìarrfca' sthlakf kralps' ctk' favc bccm wcgg cstabgisfc` butmitratc khmtalimatihm is dust `ca`gy- Khmscqucmkc th tfc rcagizatihm ho tfc phtcmtiag

fcagtf fazar`s tfat lay rcsugt orhl khmtalimatc` `rimeimn watcr orhl amy shurkc is

tfcrcohrc ho prilary ilphrtamkc bckausc ho tfc àmncr am` rise ho watcr bhrmc

ìscasc &C`cla ct ag-' 2::15 Oapctu' 2:::)-

Pfc prhvisihm ho nhh` quagity fhuscfhg` `rimeimn watcr is hotcm rcnar`c` as

am ilphrtamt lcams ho ilprhvimn fcagtf &Srrbamsey' ct- ag 2::2)- Pfc `rimeimn

watcr sfhug` bc cxalimc` ohr likrhbihghnikag am` pfysikh,kfclikag quagity-

Pfc hrinimag shurkc ho amy `rimeimn watcr is rikf im aquatik likrhbcs' shlc ho

wfikf khug` bc àmncrhus io tfcy cmtcr tfc fulam bh`y akkhrìmngy' tfc trcatlcmt

ho watcr ohr `rimeimn imvhgvcs stancs wfcrc likrhbcs arc rclhvc` hr `cstrhyc`

bcohrc tfc watcr ncts imth fhlcs- Aotcr purioikatihm tfc watcr is subdcktc` th tcst by

baktcrihghnist th cmsurc tfc saocty ohr fulam khmsulptihm- A ghmn scrics ho ìgutihm

is mht mckcssary by shlc salpgc bckausc lhst watcr suppgic` arc oatty ghw im

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12/33

baktcria khmtcmt' wfigc htfcrs rcquirc ghmn scrics ho ìgutihms &Oawhgc am` Hsh'

2::1)-

Akkhrìmn th ^FH &^FH' 199?)' tfc pfysikag paralctcrs tfat arc giecgy th

nivc risc th khlpgaimts orhl khmsulcrs arc khghr' tastc' h`hur' am` turbiìty wfigc

ghw pF kauscs khrrhsihm am` finf pF rcsugts im tastc khlpgaimts- Pfcrcohrc tfc

hbdcktivc ho tfis stu`y is th `ctcrlimc tfc likrhbihghnikag am` pfysikhkfclikag

quagity ho watcr salpgcs khggcktc` bcohrc am` aotcr tfc oigtratihm trcatlcmt nivcm-

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13/33

Zrhphsc` Lctfh`hghny ho tfc

rcscarkf whre

Khggcktc` nrhum` watcr salpgcs orhl Nwagihr ohr amagysis ho ohgghwimn pfysikh,

kfclikag / likrhbihghnikag âtcr Quagity paralctcrs,

1- @ctcrlimatihm ho khghr4 _isuag khlparishm Lctfh`' BI[-I[4;:23&part,0),196;-

2- Lcasurclcmt ho Pclpcraturc by Gabhrathry am` Oicg`s Lctfh 5 AZFA

;- @ctcrlimatihm ho pF by Cgcktrhlctrik Lctfh`' BI[-I[4;:23&part,2),196;-

0- @ctcrlimatihm ho Pastc by Burcau ho Imìam stamàr`s- I[4 ;:23 &Zart,1?),1960-

3- @ctcrlimatihm ho Phtag @isshgvc` [hgi` by Burcau ho Imìam stamàr`s- I[4 ;:23&Zart,1?),

1960-

?- @ctcrlimatihm ho Far`mcss ho âtcr4 C@PA Prilctrik lctfh` by AZFA' Nammhm

Smivcrsity [il-

>- Lcasurclcmt ho @H by Azi`c Lhìoikatihm5 AZFA-

6- Lcasurclcmt ho Bihghnikag hxyncm `clam`4 3,@ay BH@ Pcst orhl AZFA-

9- LZM ohr Zhrtabigity tcstimn ho watcr salpgc-AZFA-

1:- Phtag Zgatc Khumt &PZK)- By Burcau ho Imìam [tamàr`s4 I[ 30:24 2::2' I[H

06;;41991-

1;


14/33

LCPFH@[4

Khggcktihm ho salpgc4

@rimeimn watcr salpgc was khggcktc` im pgastik khmtaimcr orhl Nhvim`puri' Nhgc ea

lamìr am` Amupal manar Nwagihr L-Z Imìa- Illcìatcgy aotcr khggcktihm ho tfc

watcr salpgc was bhunft th tfc gabhrathry am` amagyzc` ohr tfc pfysikh kfclikag /

likrhbihghnikag prhpcrtics-

[alpgc

Mh-

Ghkatihms Pypc

[1 Nhvim`puri Bhrc wcgg

[2 Nhgc ea Lamìr Lumikipag suppgy

[; Amupal Manar Bhrc wcgg

10


15/33

Lcìa / Rcancmt usc`4,

Mutricmt anar4,

Zcpthmc 3-:nl

Bcco cxtrakt ;-:nl

[hìul kfghri`c 3-:nl

Anar anar 2:nl

2-6nl ho mutricmt anar was ìsshgvc` im 1::lg ho ìstiggc` watcr am` pF was

a`dustc` th >-?-

Zgatc khumt anar&ZKA)

Prypthmc 3-:nl

Ycast cxtrakts 2-3nl

@cxtrhsc 1:-:nl

Anar anar 13-:nl

2-;3nl ho ZKA was ìsshgvc` im 1::lg ho ìstiggc` watcr am` Zf was a`dustc` th

>-?

Gakthsc Brhtf4

Bcco cxtrakt ;-:nl

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16/33

Zcpthmc 3-:nl

Gakthsc 3-:nl

2-6nl ho gakthsc brhtf was ìsshgvc` im 1::lg ìstiggc` watcr am` pF a`dustc` th

?-9-

LakKhmecy brhtf

Zrhtchsc pcpthmc hr phgypcpthmc ;-:nl

Zcpthmc 1>-:nl

Gakthsc 1:-:nl

Bigc sagts mh- ; 1-3nl

MaKg 3-:nl

Mcutrag rc` :-:;nl

Krystag vihgct :-::1nl

2-6 nl ho LakKhmecy brhtf was ìsshgvc` im 1:: lg ìstiggc` watcr / pF was

a`dustc` th >-1

[taimimn Rcancmts4

Nrals Ihìmc

Ihìmc 1-:nl

Zhtassiul ihì`c 2-:nl

1?


17/33

@istiggc` watcr ;:: lg

Ctfyg Agkhfhg

Ctfyg agkhfhg &1::#) 1-:nl

@istiggc` watcr 3-: lg

[aoramim

[aoramim &2-3# shgutihm im 93# ctfyg agkhfhg) 1:-: lg

@istiggc` watcr 1:: lg

1-Zfysikh,kfclikag amagysis

Agg tfc khggcktc` `rimeimn watcr salpgcs wcrc illc`iatcgy cxalimc` am` tfc

pfysikh,kfclikag prhpcrtics ho salpgcs wcrc rckhr`c`- Ohgghwimn lctfh`s wcrc

a`hptc` ohr tfc varihus tcsts th cxalimc tfc pfysikh,kfclikag prhpcrtics ho

`rimeimn watcr as `cskribc` by BI[&196?)'AZFA-

1>


18/33

1- Khghur4 Pfc khghur ho tfc watcr salpgc was hbscrvc` hm tfc basis ho its

appcaramkc(tramsparcmky hr kgarity-

2- Pclpcraturc4Pfc tclpcraturc ho tfc watcr salpgc lcasurc` by ngass

tfcrlhlctcr-

;- pF &Fy`rhncm, ihm khmkcmtratihm)4

-ZF was rckhr`c` by @initag pF lctcr& CI' Lh`cg iiiC) sct at rhhl tclpcraturc-

-Ph lcasurc pF' Cgcktrh`c was rclhvc` orhl tfc watcr am` rimsc` witf ìstiggc`

watcr-

-Cgcktrh`c was `ric` by ncmtgc wipimn witf a shot tissuc papcr-

- Imstrulcmt was stamàrìzc` witf a buoocr shgutihm ho pF >-:-

- Aotcr scttimn tfc pF lctcr cgcktrh`c was rclhvc` orhl tfc buoocr shgutihm' rimsc`

am` `ric` am` pgakc` im tfc salpgc th bc tcstc`-

- pF ho tfc salpgc was rckhr`c`-

0- Pastc4Agg tfc khggcktc` `rimeimn watcr salpgcs wcrc tastc` am` hbscrvc tfc

tastc ho tfc watcr salpgcs-

3- Phtag ìsshgvc` shgi`s &P@[)4

-1:: lg ho oigtcrc` salpgc was taecm im tfc prcvihusgy wcinfc` cvaphratimn

ìsf hm a watcr batf &96:

k)-

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19/33

-Rcsiùc was fcatc` at 1:;,1:3:k im am hvcm ohr hmc fhur-

- Oimag wcinft ho ìsfcs was mhtc`- Pfc oimag wcinft was taecm aotcr khhgimn im

`csikkathrs- Phtag ìsshgvc` shgi`s wcrc kagkugatc` by ohgghwimn ohrluga4

Phtag ìsshgvc` shgi`s ln(G< &A,B1:::1:::)(_

A< oimag wcinft ho tfc ìsf im nl-

B< imitiag wcinft ho tfc ìsf im nl-

_< _hgulc ho salpgc taecm im lg-

?- Phtag Far`mcss4

-Paec 3: l g :o salpgcs' 1-: lg ho buoocr shgutihm am` 2:: ln ho Crihkfrhlc Bgake P,

Imìkathr wcrc a``c`-

-Pfc shgutihm turmc` wimc rc`- It was titratc` anaimst :-:1L,C@PA shgutihm- At tfc cm`

phimt khghur kfamnc` orhl wimc rc` th bguc-

-Phtag far`mcss was kagkugatc` by ohgghwimn ohrluga4

Far`mcss as ln(G kakh; ) @isshgvc Hxyncm &@H)1) Khggckt ;:: lg- watcr salpgcs im BH@ bhttgc-

2) 1lg- Lm[h0 a``c`' ohgghwc` by 1lg- Ageagi Azi`c rcancmt-

;) [thppcr karcouggy th cxkgu`c air bubbgcs / lix by imvcrtimnbhttgc a ocw tilcs-

0) ^fcm ppt- fas scttgc` suooikicmtgy th gcavc kgcar supcrmatamtabhvc tfc lamnamcsc fy`rhxi`c-A``1 lg- khmk- F2[h0-

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20/33

3) Rcsthppcr am` lix by imvcrtimn scvcrag tilcs ìsshgutihm iskhlpgctc-?) Pitratc 2:: lg- hrinimag salpgcs- Aotcr khrrcktihms ohr salpgcghss by ìspgakclcmt witf rcancmt- Pfus ohr a thtag ho 2lg & 1lgcakf ) ho Lm[h0 / Ageagi Ihìmc Azi`c rcancmts im ;:: lg bhttgc'

Pitratc 2::$;::(&;::,2)< 2:1lg ) Pitratc witf :-:23 Lm2[2H; shgutihm th pagc straw khghur- A`òcw `rhps ho starkf shgutihm- Bguc khghur appcars titratihm th oirstìsappcaramkc ho Bguc khghur-

6) Bihghnikag Hxyncm @clam` &BH@)

1) Khggckt ;:: lg- watcr salpgc im BH@ bhttgc' tfam a``c` 1 lgìgutihm watcr' Imkubatc it 2::k at BH@ imkubathr ohr 3 àys- Aotcrimkubatc a``-

2) 1lg- Lm[h0 a``c`' ohgghwc` by 1lg- Ageagi Azi`c rcancmt-

;) [thppcr karcouggy th cxkgu`c air bubbgcs / lix by imvcrtimn

bhttgc a ocw tilcs-

0) ^fcm ppt- fas scttgc` suooikicmtgy th gcavc kgcar supcrmatamtabhvc tfc lamnamcsc fy`rhxi`c-A``1 lg- khmk-F2[h0-

3) Rc,sthppcr am` lix by imvcrtimn scvcrag tilcs ìsshgutihm iskhlpgctc-

?) Pitratc 2:: lg- hrinimag salpgcs-Aotcr khrrcktihms ohr salpgcghss by ìspgakclcmt witf rcancmt- Pfus ohr a thtag ho 2lg & 1lgcakf ) ho Lm[h0 / Ageagi Ihìmc Azi`c rcancmts im ;:: lg bhttgc'

Pitratc 2::$;::(&;::,2)< 2:1lg ) Pitratc witf :-:23 Lm2[2H; shgutihm th pagc straw khghur- A`òcw `rhps ho starkf shgutihm- Bguc khghur appcars titratihm th oirst

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ìsappcaramkc ho Bguc khghur-

9) Zrcsulptivc Khgi ohrl Khumt &Lugtipgc tubctckfmiquc)WLZM Pcst 4

3: lg / 1: lg ho `hubgc strcmntf lakKhmecy brhtf lcìul 5 3 lg ho simngc

strcmntf LakKhmecy brhtf lcìul was stcrigizc` im skrcw kappc` bhttgc khm,

taimimn @urfals tubc ohr imìkatimn nas prhùktihm-

îtf stcrigc pipcttcs tfc ohgghwimn alhumt ho watcr salpgc was a``c` th cakftubc4

3: lg ho watcr th hmc 3: lg tubc khmtaimimn `hubgc strcmntf lcìul-

1: lg watcr th cakf oivc 1: lg tubcs khmtaimimn `hubgc strcmntf lcìul-

1lg ho watcr cakf th oivc 3 lg tubc khmtaimimn simngc strcmntf lcìul-

:-1 lg ho watcr cakf tubc oivc 3 lg tubc khmtaimimn simngc strcmntf lcìul-

Agg tfc skrcw kappc` bhttgcs wcrc imkubatc` at ;>K

Ishgatihm ho patfhncmik hrnamisls im `rimeimn watcr4Ohr patfhncmik hrnamisls ohgghwimn lcìa am` lctfh`s wcrc appgic` as `cskribc`

by Kruikesfame ct ag- &19>:)-21


22/33

Ishgatihm ho Khgi ohrls4

a) Zrcsulptivc tcst ohr khgi ohrl baktcria4

Ascptikaggy 1: lg ho salpgc was sfaecm imth stcrigc ogase- 9-: lgìgucmts &mhrlag sagimc) was a``c` / sfaecs vinhrhusgy th hbtaim1:,1 ìgutihm-

Orhl tfis ìgutihm 1 lg was tramsocrrc` im 9-: lg ho ìgucmts &mhr,lag sagimc 1:,2)- Agg `ckilag ìgutihms &1:,2' 1:,0' 1:,3 am` 1:,?) wcrcprcparc` by tfis lctfh`- Orhl cakf ìgutihm 1 lg was tramsocrrc`th ; tubcs khmtaimimn Gauryg trypthsc brhtf &khmtaimimn a @urfal,s tubc ohr imìkatimn nas prhùktihm)-

Pubcs wcrc imkubatc` ohr 06 fhurs at ;3K- Pubcs wcrc cxal,imc` aotcr 06 fhurs-

A khmoirlatihm tcst was pcrohrlc` hm agg prcsulptivc phsitivc

&nassimn) tubc

b) Khmoirlatihm Pcst ohr Khgi ohrls

Cakf nassimn tubc khmtaimimn gauryg trypthsc brhtf was ncmtaggy an,

itatc` am` ghhpoug ho suspcmsihm was tramsocrrc` th tubc khmtaimimn

briggiamt nrccm gakthsc Bigc &BNGB) brhtf-

Pfc tubc khmtaimimn briggiamt nrccm gakthsc bigc &BNGB) brhtf was

imkubatc` ohr 36 fhurs at ;3:%X 2K-

Rcsugts wcrc rckhr`c` aotcr 06 fhurs-

Khmoirlatihm tcst ohr C- Khgi

Cakf nassimn tubcs khmtaimimn Gauryg trypthsc brhtf was ncmtag,

gy anitatc` am` ghhpoug ho cakf suspcmsihm was tramsocrrc` th

tubc khmtaimimn CK brhtf-

CK brhtf khmtaimimn tubcs wcrc imkubatc` at 06frs at ;3:%X 2K-

Nas prhùktihm was cxalimc` aotcr 20 Frs-

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Ghhpoug ho suspcmsihm orhl cakf nassimn tubc was strieec` th

Gcvimcs Chsim,lctfygcmc bguc &G,CLB) anar-

Zgatcs wcrc cxalimc` aotcr 20 fhurs-

Khghmics wcrc pikec` orhl cakf G,CLB pgatc am` tramsocrrc`

xyghsc gysimc `cshxykfhgatc &VG@) anar' lhtigity' saglhmcggasfincgga anar am` LakKhmecy anar ohr lhrpfhghnikag am` bih,

kfclikag tcsts-

Zgatcs wcrc imkubatc` ohr 16,20 frs at ;3:K-

Kugturag am` likrhbihghnikag kfaraktcristiks ho tfc khghmics wcrc

rckhr`c`-

Nral staimimn am` bihkfclikag tcst ho kugturcs wcrc pcrohrlc`-

Nral staimimn4 Pfim slcar ho baktcria was prcparc` hm a sgi`c am` air `ric`-

Pfc slcar was fcatc` hm ogalc ohr a sckhm`-

Pfc slcar was fcatc` hm ogalc ohr a sckhm`-

Pfc slcar was khvcrc` witf krystag vihgct ohr ;: sckhm`s-

Pfc sgi`c was wasfc` witf ìstiggc` watcr ohr ocw sckhm`s-

Pfc slcar was khvcrc` witf Ihìmc shgutihm ohr ;: sckhm`s-

Pfc sgi`c rimsc` witf 93# ctfyg agkhfhg-

Pfc sgi`c was rimsc` witf ìstiggc` watcr ohr ocw sckhm`s-

[aooramim was appgic` th slcar ohr ;: sckhm`s-

Pfc sgi`c was rimsc` witf ìstiggc` watcr am` air `ric`-

2;


24/33

1:) Phtag &acrhbik) Zgatc Khumt4 Ascptikaggy 1: lg salpgc was taecm imth stcrigc ogase-

9-: lg ìgucmts &mhrlag sagimc) wcrc a``c` am` sfaec vinhrhusgy th hb,

taim 1:X1 ìgutihm-

Orhl tfis ìgutihm 1 lg was tramsocrrc` th 9 lg ìgucmts &mhrlag sagimc1:,2 )-Agg tfc `ckilag ìgutihms &1:,2' 1:,0' 1:,3' 1:,?) wcrc prcparc` by

tfis lctfh`-

1 lg ho cakf ìgutihm was scparatcgy pipcttc` imth apprhxilatcgy

larec` Zctri ìsfcs im tripgikatcs- Illcìatcgy witfim 13 lim- 13lg

pgatc khumt anar &khhgc`) was a``c` th cakf pgatc am` lixc` tfhr,

hunfgy am` umiohrlgy-

Zgatcs wcrc imkubatc` ohr 06 frs at ;3:k 2:K

Khghmics wcrc khumtc` by khghmy khumtcr-

Rcsugts / @iskussihm

Pfc cxalimc` pfysikh,kfclikag am` likrhbihghnikag paralctcrs sfhwc`khmsi`crabgc variatihms orhl salpgc th salpgc- Pfc hbscrvatihms ho tfc

stu`y arc `cpiktc` im Pabgc nivcm bcghw-

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25/33

PclpcraturcPfc tclpcraturc was ohum` im tfc ramnc ho 2;,23: K im lhmtf ho

@ckclbcr- Pfc variatihm im tfc watcr tclpcraturc lay bc ùc th ìoocrcmttilimn ho khggcktihm am` imogucmkc ho scashm- âtcr tclpcraturc varics witfkfamnimn kgilatik khmìtihm- Futkfimshm statc` tfat tclpcraturc is ilphrtamtim khmtrhggimn bhtf tfc quagity am` quamtity ho pgamethm oghra-

23

âtcr[alpgc

Cxpcrilcmt

[r-Mh-

[alpgcOrhl

pF Pclpcraturc

Khghur

Pastc

P@[ Far`mc

ss

@H BH@

PZK LZM

[1- Nhvim`p

uri

>-20 2>-3:K Khghu

rgcss

Pastc

gcss

:-:>

nl

13

2

0-? 0-: 1?3: 1-?

[2- AmupalManar >-0? 2?-3

:

K Khghurgcss Pastcgcss :-:;nl 2;6 3-2 0-? 93: :-91

[;- Nhgc Ea

Laìr

>-1: 2;-;:K Khghu

rgcss

Pastc

gcss

:-11

nl

;;

2

3-? 0-: 126 :-;:


26/33

pF

Pfc pF is aoocktc` mht hmgy by tfc rcaktihm ho karbhm ìhxi`c but agsh byhrnamik am` imhrnamik shgutcs prcscmt im watcr- Amy agtcratihm im watcr pF isakkhlpamic` by tfc kfamnc im htfcr pfysikhkfclikag paralctcrs- pF

laimtcmamkc &buoocrimn kapakity) is hmc ho tfc lhst ilphrtamt attributcs hoamy aquatik systcl simkc agg tfc bihkfclikag aktivitics `cpcm` hm pF ho tfcsurrhumìmn watcr- It was khmkgu`c` tfat tfc pF ho watcr wcrc sginftgyageagimc &>-1: th >-0?) am` wcrc witfim tfc laxilul gilit sct ohr `hlcstikusc as pcr AZFA- Pfc finf pF im tfis kasc lay bc attributc` th scwancìskfarnc by surrhumìmn fulam phpugatihm-

Far`mcss

Far`mcss is am ilphrtamt paralctcr im `ckrcasimn tfc thxik coockt hophishmhus cgclcmt- Pfc far`mcss was ohum` th bc im tfc ramnc ho 132, ;;2ln(git- It is witfim `csirabgc gilit- Pfc far`mcss ho watcr imkrcascs im tfcphggutc` watcrs by tfc `cphsitihm ho kagkiul am` lanmcsiul sagts-

P@[

Pfc lhst rclareabgc hbscrvatihm ho imvcstinatihm was tfc agarlimngyfinf gcvcg ho thtag ìsshgvc` shgi`s &P@[)- Pfc P@[ ho agg tfc salpgcs wcrcim ramnc ho 2::, 11:: ln ( git- wfigc tfc laxilul pcrlissibgc gilitimn vagucho P@[ ohr phtabgc watcr is 3:: ln( git-' akkhrìmn th ^FH- Finf gcvcg hoP@[ im watcr usc` ohr `rimeimn purphscs gca`s th lamy ìscascs wfikf arcmht watcr,bhrmc but ùc th cxkcss sagts- Pfc prcscmt imvcstinatihm fasprhvi`c` a nhh` pgatohrl ohr ourtfcr stu`y th amagyzc tfc typcs am` alhumtho katihmik( amihmik sagts-

@isshgvc` Hxyncm@H is a vcry ilphrtamt paralctcr ho watcr quagity am` am im`cx ho

pfysikag am` bihghnikag prhkcss nhimn hm im watcr- Im tfc prcscmt stu`y' tfclaxilul khmkcmtratihm ho ìsshgvc` hxyncm was hbscrvc` im tfc lhmtf hoDugy aotcr fcavy raimoagg' wfikf oavhurs shgubigity ho hxyncm alhmn tfc stu`y

2?


27/33

sitcs- Pfc finfcst khmkcmtratihm &3-? ln(g) was rckhr`c` hm [, 2 but tfcramnc was mht marrhw ohr htfcr sitcs- @H is ho nrcat ilphrtamkc th agg givimnhrnamisls- It lay bc prcscmt im watcr ùc th ìrckt ìoousihm orhl air am`pfhthsymtfctik aktivity ho authtrhpfs- Khmkcmtratihm ho @H is hmc ho tfclhst ilphrtamt paralctcrs th imìkatc watcr purity am` th `ctcrlimc tfcìstributihm am` abumàmkc ho varihus agnag nrhups-

BH@ &Bihghnikag Hxyncm @clam`)BH@ is tfc alhumt ho hxyncm rcquirc` by

tfc givimn hrnamisls cmnanc` im tfc utigizatihm am` ugtilatc `cstruktihm hrstabigizatihm ho hrnamik watcr &Fawecs' 19?;)- It is a vcry ilphrtamt imìkathrho tfc phggutihm status ho a watcr bh`y- Finfcst BH@ ohum` im salpgc,2 am`ghwcst vaguc wcrc ohum` salpgc ,;-

LZM am` thtag pgatc khumtPfc likrhbihghnikag amagysis ho tfc watcr is agsh sfhwc` im tfc tabgc,2-

Pfc thtag pgatc khumt &PZK) imìkatc tfat tfc finfcst likrhbiag gha` 102:kou(lg im [,1 aotcr 20 / 06 f imkubatihm am` limilul gha` 126 kou(lg im [,2- LZM im`cximn ho amagyzc` watcr salpgcs sfhwc` wi`c variatihm am`wcrc im ramnc ho :-;:' :-91 th 1-?- Nral mcnativc rh` sfapc` bakiggi archbscrvc` im nral staimimn- Pfc khgiohrl baktcriul is tfc prilary baktcriagimìkathr ohr oackag phggutihm im watcr-

2>


28/33

26


29/33

Oin- [fhwimn Zrcsultivc tcst ohr Khgiohrl-

29


30/33

Oin- [fhwimn phsitivc tubc ho prcsulptivc tcst &Aki` / Nas Zrh`uktihm)

;:


31/33

Khmkgusihm4

Pfc prcscmt imvcstinatihm is csscmtiaggy a prilary whre am` mcc`s th bcourtfcr imvcstinatc` th arrivc at spckioic` khmkgusihm witf rcspckt th kgimikag

ilpgikatihms- Pfc hbscrvatihm ho stu`y strhmngy sunncst tfat watcr hoNwagihr rcnihm is ho vcry finf P@[ am` mcc`s th bc ghwcrc` `hwm witfimprcskribc` gilits bcohrc usimn it ohr `rimeimn purphscs- Agsh' tfc watcrsalpgcs wcrc sfhwimn likrhbiag khmtcmt bcyhm` tfc phrtabigityRamnc'wfikf mcc`s th bc `isimocktc` bcohrc khmsulptihm th avhi`

watcr,bhrmc `iscasc-

;1


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Rc ocrcmkcs4

1- Abùg Dalccg A' Zhgg- Rcs-' 1996' 1>&2)' 111,110-

2- @csai Z _' Zhgg- Rcs- 1993 &0)' ;>>,;62-

;- Nui`cgimcs ohr `rimeimn watcr quagity, ^FH' Ncmcva' 1999' 2m` C`-'

9>,1::-

0- Ifcehrhmyc Ag' Mnh``y ZH &1963)- Imtcnratc` Ohh` [kicmkcs am`

Pckfmhghny ohr tfc Prhpiks- LakliggamZrcssGhm`hm' Hxohr`-Zp-93,

193-

3- Ecgear F Z [ ct ag- D- I^Â' 2::1' Dam ,Lar- ;9,0;-

?- Ehga`c HA &1962)- [fagghw wcggs as suppgclcmtary [hurkcs ho watcr

im Masarawa- Nwhm-Dhs &L-sk Pfcsis)-@cpartlcmt ho Nchnrapfy am`

Zgammimn' umivcrsity ho Dhs' Mincria' pp-6,11-

>- Galiearma A &1999)- Csscmtiag Likrhbihghny ohr stu`cmt am`

Zraktitihmcr ho Zfarlaky' Lcìkimc am` Likrhbihghny-2m` c`- Alera

bhhes Ganhs'p-:-

6- [tamàr` lctfh`s ohr cxalimatihm ho watcrs am` wastc watcrs' 1963'

1?tf C`-' AZFA' A^Â am` ^ZKO Imk-

9- _idcm`cr [imnf' Rcs- D- Kfcl- / Cmv-' 2::?' 1:&;)' ?2,??-

1:- ^FH &^hrg` Fcagtf Hrnamizatihm)- 2::2- Rcphrt-

;2


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11- [fyalaga R-' [famtfi L- am` Gagitfa Z-' Zfysikhkfclikag Amagysis ho

Bhrc wcgg âtcr [alpgcs ho Pcgumnupagayal Arca im Khilbathrc @is,

trikt' Paligmaù' Imìa'-

12- Dayaralam Z-R-' Namna`cvi P- am` _asucma M- P-' âtcr quagity stu`,

ics hm Easlamc rivcr' Pfiruvamtfapural' ìstrikt' [hutf Ecrcga' Imìa-Zhgg- Rcs-' ;2&1)4 69,1:: &2::;)-

1;- Futkfimshm N C-'A trcatisc hm gilmhghny' Nchnrapfy' pfysiks am`kfclistry' Kfaplam / Fagg' Ghm`hm ' îgcy' Mcw Yhre ' _hg- 1' 1:13&193>)-

10- ^ctzcg R-N-' Gilhghny' ^-B-' [aum`crs Kh-' Zfiga`cgpfia' S[A'>0;&19>3)-

13- Bfatt G-R-' Gakhug F-@-' Gcefae F- am` Dfa Z-E-' Zfysikhkfclikagkfaraktcristiks am` pfythpgamethm ho Pauàfa gaec' Eatflamù- Zhgg-Rcs-' 16&0)' ;3;,;36 &1999)-

1?- [abata B-K- am` Mayar L-Z-' Rivcr phggutihm im Imìa4 A kasc stu`y hoNamna rivcr' ;; &1993)-

1>- Zarifar _- G-' [farla L-[- am` [farla G-G-' Stigity ho baktcrihghnikagparalctcrs ohr asscssimn bcst usc am` trhpfik status ho scashmag wa,tcr4 A kasc stu`y orhl Sàipur' Rdastfam- Zhgg- Rcs-' 22&2)' 1?;,1?>&2::;)-

16- Lhfam @-' Naur A- am` Kfh`fary @-' [tu`y ho gilmhghny am` likrhbi,hghny ho Maya Pagab' Dh`fpur' Radastfam- Zrhkccìmn Matihmag [ylph,siul hm Gilmhghny' ?0,?6 &2::>)-

“physico-chemical & microbiological study of water”

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