physics - chapter 16 - chapter 16 light and color and more… light-fundamentals 16.1 light is the...

PHYSICS - Chapter 16

Light and Color and More…

LIGHT-fundamentals 16.1

Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The electromagnetic spectrum runs from long Radio and TV waves to short x-rays and gamma-rays.

Light is defined as the electromagnetic rays that stimulate the retina of the human eye.


AM waves

TV Waves and FM Waves

Microwaves

Infrared

Visible Light

Ultraviolet

X-Rays

Gamma Rays

TYPES OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC

WAVES

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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lcse.umn.edu/specs/labs/images/spectrum.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.lcse.umn.edu/specs/labs/glossary_items/em_spectrum.html&h=400&w=600&sz=45&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=ndVImwJAdVSjWM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Delectromagnetic%2Bspectrum%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8

LIGHT-fundamentals

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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8a/Electromagnetic-Spectrum.png&imgrefurl=http://www.cubecubed.blogspot.com/&h=1334&w=839&sz=66&hl=en&start=20&tbnid=KposOMKxmixfPM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=94&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvisible%2Bspectrum%26imgsz%3Dxxlarge%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/images/Erb/wavelength_figure.jpg&imgrefurl=http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html&h=588&w=445&sz=64&hl=en&start=10&tbnid=mSOdCdKc_YMqNM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=102&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvisible%2Bspectrum%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8


Electromagnetic waves have frequency

and wavelength

Frequency=the number of oscillations

measured in hertz

Wavelength=The shortest distance

between points where a wave pattern

repeats itself (meters)

LIGHT-fundamentals

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WAVELENGTH

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/Photosynthesis/Photosynthesis/wavelength.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/Photosynthesis/Photosynthesis/Photosynthesis.htm&h=256&w=489&sz=14&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=ov_G0xu2fG8C9M:&tbnh=68&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwavelength%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/media/Communications/wavelength.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/Communications/1-what-is-wavelength.html&h=327&w=540&sz=7&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=VVzyHY66w2XrnM:&tbnh=80&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwavelength%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8


Electromagnetic Waves are measured

by their wavelength

Radio waves = 1 x 10 4 meters

Gamma waves = 1 x 10 –14 meters

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://sci-toys.com/scitoys/scitoys/radio/radio_waves.gif&imgrefurl=http://sci-toys.com/scitoys/scitoys/radio/am_transmitter.html&h=480&w=640&sz=32&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=0K6KXME5MAeqzM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3DRADIO%2BWAVES%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://today.slac.stanford.edu/images/2007/swift-gamma-ray-lg.jpg&imgrefurl=http://today.slac.stanford.edu/a/2007/05-23.htm&h=338&w=500&sz=95&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=d88OztR6F_y7hM:&tbnh=88&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgamma%2Brays%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26ie%3DUTF-8


Light Wavelengths

Red= 7 x10 –7 m

Violet = 4 x 10 –7 m

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uasb.org/discover/spectrum2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.uasb.org/discover/anaerobic_biotechnologies.htm&h=315&w=490&sz=10&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=mRO7qfNhg0JTmM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspectrum%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8


Roy G. Biv

RED

ORANGE

YELLOW

GREEN

BLUE

INDIGO

VIOLET

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter19/graphics/prism.jpg&imgrefurl=http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter19/color.html&h=762&w=836&sz=49&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=YuCt5Y1wLAdvcM:&tbnh=131&tbnw=144&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvisible%2Blight%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8


Light travels in a straight line in a

vacuum.

Ray Model of light describes how light

travels in a straight line.

Good for optics but ignores the wave

nature of light.


Speed of Light-originally thought to be instantaneous

Roemer (Danish) measured speed of light from Io (moon of Jupiter)

Compared time when Io emerged from Jupiter’s orbit

14 sec. Difference when Earth was moving toward Jupiter then when moving away

LIGHT-fundamentals

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Ole Roemer

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://rvgs.k12.va.us/electives/trap/students/2001/avandegr/index_files/image001.gif&imgrefurl=http://rvgs.k12.va.us/electives/trap/students/2001/avandegr/index.htm&h=327&w=305&sz=4&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=qhFv47goOJtEQM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=110&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dole%2Broemer%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Roemer-1677/Roemer.GIF&imgrefurl=http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Roemer-1677/Roemer-1677.html&h=583&w=435&sz=134&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=PbYN8YsGPI2GzM:&tbnh=134&tbnw=100&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dole%2Broemer%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8

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Roemer found that speed of light could

be measured.

Measurements slightly off by today’s

standard.

Michelson measured time it took light to

travel between two mountains in CA.

2.997996 + .00004 x 108 m/s

Today we use 3.00 x 108 m/s as speed

of light


Speed of light is is a universal value and

is represented by c.

Speed is equal to the product of

frequency and wavelength

λ = lambda = wavelength

C = λf

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rps.psu.edu/probing/graphics/light.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.rps.psu.edu/probing/light.html&h=300&w=400&sz=128&hl=en&start=9&um=1&tbnid=4zmB2gynKcxGiM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspeed%2Bof%2Blight%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26ie%3DUTF-8


What is the frequency of yellow light,

λ = 556 nanometers?

C = λ f

f = c / λ

F =3.00 x 108 m/s / 556 x 109 m

=.00539 x1017 Hz

= 5.40 x 1014 Hz

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/41/59/23245941.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.jupiterimages.com/itemDetail.aspx%3FitemID%3D23245941&h=194&w=250&sz=29&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=cUliEOqOiKNwZM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=111&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspeed%2Bof%2Blight%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26ie%3DUTF-8


Complete Problems 2, 3, 4 and 5 page

376

Note: there are 3.28 ft/m (number 2)

Note: 1 femtosecond = 10 –15 seconds (3a)

Answers on page 799


Sources of Light

Luminous Body emits light waves (sun)

Illuminated Body reflects light waves

(moon)

Luminous Flux is rate at which a luminous

body emits light (P)

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.astropix.com/IMAGES/G_SUN/SUN1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.astropix.com/HTML/G_SUN/SUN1.HTM&h=396&w=576&sz=74&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=3hIHtqfvUd0ulM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsun%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/moon_landing_map.jpg&imgrefurl=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/surveyor.html&h=1070&w=1100&sz=654&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=-qaIx1nO4cPLbM:&tbnh=146&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmoon%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8


Typical 100-watt light bulb emits 1750 lm

Illuminance (E) = rate at which light falls on

a surface

Measured in lumens / meter2 or lux (lx)


Inverse Square Law = If the distance a

surface is moved from a point of light is

doubled, the illuminance is reduced by a

factor of four.

This is an inverse square relationship

This is why a flash in photography

effectiveness falls off rapidly.

LIGHT-fundamentals

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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.e-radiography.net/radtech/i/inverse%2520square%2520law.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.e-radiography.net/radtech/i/inverse_square.htm&h=292&w=319&sz=15&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=JTPgFwLIlBJS_M:&tbnh=108&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3DInverse%2BSquare%2BLaw%2B%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www-astronomy.mps.ohio-state.edu/~depoy/courses/AST162_LECTURE_NOTES/Unit1/brightness.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~depoy/courses/AST162_LECTURE_NOTES/Unit1/bright.html&h=305&w=450&sz=5&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=WrLbY_m8iibzSM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3DInverse%2BSquare%2BLaw%2B%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26ie%3DUTF-8


Candela (cd) is a measure of the

intensity of light.

Describes the amount of light that falls

on a 1 m2 of a sphere 1 m in diameter.

For a brighter light, you must get closer

or use a brighter bulb. (well, duh!)


Illuminance E (lux = lx)

E = P / 4π d 2

P = luminous flux (lumen - lm)


Q: What is the illumination on your

desktop if it is lighted by a 1750-lm lamp

that is 2.5 m above your desk?

A: E = P / 4π d 2

= 1750 lm / 4 π (2.5 m)2

= 22.3 lm/m2 = 22.3 lx


Complete problems 6, 7, 9 page 381

Answers on page 799

Turn in seven problems(35 pts)


Transparent-Transmit light waves w/o

distortion

Translucent-Transmit light waves w/

distortion

Opaque-Does not transmit light


Color

Spectrum-ordered arrangement of

colors from violet to red (Newton)


Color by addition-making white light by

adding the correct amounts of red,

green, and blue light (color TV tube)

Red, Green, and Blue are the

PRIMARY Colors of light

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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uxmatters.com/MT/archives/images/color-theory-images/Primary%26SecondaryColors.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uxmatters.com/MT/archives/000069.php&h=228&w=238&sz=4&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=Re2BlIyGeoIzfM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPRIMARY%2BCOLORS%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DG


Red + Green = Yellow

Blue + Green = Cyan

Red + Blue = Magenta

Yellow, Cyan, and Magenta are the

secondary colors


LIGHT-fundamentals

16.2



Yellow + Blue = White

So, Yellow is Complimentary to Blue

Cyan and Red are Complimentary

Magenta and Green are Complimentary


Dyes=absorb certain wavelengths and

reflects others.

If white light hits a tomato…blue and

green are absorbed and red is reflected.

Pigments are similar to dyes but are

larger molecules.

LIGHT-fundamentals

16.2

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://dxyner2000.com/tutorials/assetts/radiosity.jpg&imgrefurl=http://dxyner2000.com/tutorials/light.htm&h=252&w=350&sz=4&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=2y52d82wjALt6M:&tbnh=86&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dreflected%2Blight%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DG

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/D40X/ZFRONTRIGHT_400.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/D40X/D40XFLASH.HTM&h=381&w=422&sz=46&hl=en&start=56&um=1&tbnid=PIlaGyr-G-lWhM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dreflected%2Blight%2Bcolor%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DN


Soap Bubbles and oil slicks are thin

film.

Think of spectrum-like colors

Formed by constructive and destructive

interference of light waves = thin-film

interference

LIGHT-fundamentals

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SOAP BUBBLE

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://static.flickr.com/25/49747390_d96fd6f734_o.jpg&imgrefurl=http://dzeni.blogspot.com/2005/10/soap-bubble-stone-dish.html&h=450&w=450&sz=81&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=3LYQ9LUYvWfFPM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsoap%2Bbubble%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DG

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LIGHT-fundamentals

16.2

OIL FILM

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/phopic/gaspot.jpg&imgrefurl=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/oilfilm.html&h=264&w=356&sz=39&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=CXEXErLqe3bW_M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOIL%2BFILM%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DG

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://electron9.phys.utk.edu/phys136d/modules/m9/images/colors.jpg&imgrefurl=http://electron9.phys.utk.edu/phys136d/modules/m9/film.htm&h=278&w=440&sz=69&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=ei5p8qSyHrSo2M:&tbnh=80&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOIL%2BFILM%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DG


Polarized light-only allows waves that

are vibrating in the same plane to pass

through.


http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/lightandcolor/images/birefringencefigure3.jpg&imgrefurl=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/lightandcolor/birefringence.html&h=287&w=441&sz=35&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=C_3CpBHSPTHkuM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpolarizers%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DN

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/6/6c/350px-Wire-grid-polarizer.svg.png&imgrefurl=http://www.answers.com/topic/polarizer&h=179&w=350&sz=23&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=kFtPSS2XlrplPM:&tbnh=61&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpolarizers%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DN

Light-Chapter 17

REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

Southern Boone County HS

Bill Palmer

Light-Chapter 17

Rainbows

Look at the following pictures of rainbows

and see what conclusions you can form.

Light-Chapter 17

Rainbows

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://alanbauer.com/images/Weather/Rainbows%2520over%2520Case%2520inlet-Vert.jpg&imgrefurl=http://alanbauer.com/Weather.htm&h=800&w=600&sz=57&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=MySwOduB0vKLbM:&tbnh=143&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drainbows%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DN

Light-Chapter 17

Rainbows

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.akbrian.net/pics/2002/rainbows.jpg&imgrefurl=http://silverandgreen.blogspot.com/&h=436&w=850&sz=53&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=CBb_1_Ldz1PLTM:&tbnh=74&tbnw=145&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drainbows%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DN

Light-Chapter 17

Rainbows

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.weatherwizkids.com/rainbow_double.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.weatherwizkids.com/optical_illusions.htm&h=150&w=200&sz=50&hl=en&start=16&um=1&tbnid=7-ElxlkfKj64BM:&tbnh=78&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drainbows%2Bdouble%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DG

Light-Chapter 17

Did you catch the following:

The sun must be shining for a rainbow.

There must be rain for a rainbow.

The sky is brighter inside the rainbow.

In the secondary rainbow, the order of the

colors are reversed.

These occur because the light is

reflected and refracted to form the

rainbow.

Light-Chapter 17

REFLECTION-Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

A regular reflection comes from a smooth mirror-like surface.

A diffuse reflection comes from a rough surface like paper. The irregularities in the paper are giant compared to the wavelength of lignt.

Light-Chapter 17

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://color.kagennotuki.jougennotuki.com/colore/regular-diffuse.gif&imgrefurl=http://color.kagennotuki.jougennotuki.com/colore/color-occurs.html&h=300&w=229&sz=7&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=NN0ZaYUVmr4zHM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=89&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dregular%2Breflection%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DG

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kiroastro.com/images/va/rail%26reflection.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kiroastro.com/writings/va.html&h=700&w=471&sz=133&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=qM6DXnrkPDhsTM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=94&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dregular%2Breflection%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DG

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/7/79/Diffuse_reflection.PNG&imgrefurl=http://www.answers.com/topic/diffuse-reflection&h=211&w=261&sz=16&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=YGrGdFb2OSHIyM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dregular%2Breflection%2Bdiffuse%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DG

Light-Chapter 17

Refraction-When a beam of light

passes from one object to an object of a

different density.

If light goes from air to glass at an angle

it is bent.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.datasync.com/~wizard/Lasers/Refraction348.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.datasync.com/~wizard/Lasers/Lasers.html&h=439&w=456&sz=34&hl=en&start=32&um=1&tbnid=GESur2pd5JA5JM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlight%2Brefraction%2Bglass%2Bair%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26rlz%3D1T4GGLR_enUS246US251%26sa%3DN

Light-Chapter 17

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Light-Chapter 17

Snell’s Law: The ratio of the sine of the

angle of incidence to the sine of the

angle of refraction is a constant.

N = sine I / sine r

Light-Chapter 17

Indices of Refraction of various materials

have been calculated in the lab.

Vacuum = 1.00

Air = 1.0003

Water = 1.33

Ethanol = 1.36

Crown Glass = 1.52

Quartz = 1.54

Flint Glass = 1.61 Chart on page 397

Light-Chapter 17

A light beam in air hits a sheet of crown

glass at an angle of 30.00. At what

angle is it reflected?

Known:

ni = 1.00 (1.0003 rounded to sig fig)

nr = 1.52

Light-Chapter 17

ni (sin i = nr (sin r

sin r = ni / nr (sin i

sin r = (1.00/1.52) (.500)

sin r = .329

sin r = 19.20

Light-Chapter 17

Problems: 1-4, page 400. Work Provided

Problems 5-8, page 402, Work Provided

Problems 31-43, page 411-412. Answers

Provided.

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