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PHYSICSFOR

DEGREE STUDENTSB.Sc. First Year

As per UGC Model Curriculum(For All Indian Universities)

C. L. ARORA Dr. P. S. HEMNEM.Sc . M.Sc.(Physics), Ph.D.

Formerly Principal Principal and Head of Post GraduateD.A.V. College, Jalandhar Department of Physics

And Dean of Colleges Nevjabai Hitkarini College, Bramhapuri. (M.S.)Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (RTM Nagpur University)

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© 2010, C.L. Arora & P.S. HemneAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether or nottransient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the copyright owner.Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts,tribunals and forums of New Delhi, India only.

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PREFACEThe U.G.C. is looking forward to implement the revised syllabus in Physics framed for Indian

Universities by and large as early as possible. We feel great pleasure in presenting this book to theteachers and students of B. Sc. Part I of all the Indian universities. This textbook is prepared keepingin view the syllabi framed by different Indian universities on the basis of Model U.G.C. Curriculum.The present book has two sections. Section I covers Course 1 which includes chapters on Mechanics,Oscillations and Properties of Matter. Section II covers Course 2 which includes chapters onElectricity, Magnetism and Electromagnetic theory. The complete syllabus of B. Sc. Part I is coveredin 24 chapters, 12 chapters for each section.

Some salient features of the book are : The material is presented in a comprehensive way using simple language. The sequence of articles in each chapter enables the students to understand the gradual

development of the subject. A large number of illustrations, pictures and interesting examples have been given to

illustrate the basic principles involved so as to make reading interesting and under-standable.

Solved examples as well as numerical questions frequently asked in different universi-ties are incorporated, including summer 2009 examination at the end of each chapter.

Large number of ‘Long questions’ and ‘Short questions’ are given to facilitate thestudents to prepare for their examination as per the latest pattern of setting questionpapers in most of the Indian universities.

And many more is supplemented even for a last student who feels Physics as a killersubject.

Some of the Indian Universities like RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, Gondwana UniversityGadchiroli and so on are adopting semester pattern. However, readers will find our present bookincorporating and giving full coverage of syllabus framed in semester pattern too.

Authors believe that every student and teacher will appreciate the method of presentation ofthe subject in this book. Any correction of errors and suggestions for further improvement of thisbook will be highly appreciated.

Dr. P. S. HEMNEC. L. ARORA


636 Electricity and Magnetism with Electronics


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWhile preparing the present book, I have referred large number of books of different authors.

I record here my indebtedness to the authors of those original works from where some of theinformation is liberally drawn.

I (PSH) am greatly indebted to Dr. N. S. Kokode, Principal, Prof. G. N. Kela, Prof. S.J. Tidke,Mr. Shekhar Bannore, Librarian, N. H. College, Bramhapuri and my other colleagues for their valuablehelp while writing the book. My special thanks are due for my wife Vaishali, daughter Dr. Vishakha,son Vishal-Vaibhav and daughter-in-law Ashvini for their constant encouragement.

I express my sincere thanks to Mrs Nirmala Gupta, CMD; Mr. Navin Joshi, EVP, Mr. BhagirathKaushik, V.P. (S&M) and Mr. R.S. Saxena, Advisor for giving the opportunity to write this book,support, constant encouragement and kind cooperation during the entire work. I place on record mythanks to the editorial staff of S. Chand & Company Ltd. especially Mr. Shishir Bhatnagar, Manager(Pre Press), Mr. Rupesh Gupta, Subject Editor and Mr. Benny K. Abraham for designing and layoutingof this book.

NAGPUR Dr. P. S. HEMNE


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UGC MODEL SYLLABUSPHYSICS, B.Sc. FIRST YEAR

COURSE 1: MECHANICS, OSCILLATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER

1.1 MECHANICS (30)Laws of motion, motion in a uniform field, components of velocity and acceleration in different

coordinate systems. Uniformly rotating frame, centripetal acceleration, Coriolis force and itsapplications. (5)

Motion under a central force, Kepler’s law. Gravitational law and field. Potential due to aspherical body, Gauss and Poisson equations for gravitational self-energy. (7)

System of particles, center of mass, equation of motion, conservation of linear and angularmomenta, conservation of energy, single-stage and multistage rockets, elastic and inelastic collisions.

(8)Rigid body motion, rotational motion, moments of inertia and their products, principal moments

and axes. Euler’s equations. (10)

1.2 OSCILLATIONS (25)Potential well and periodic oscillations, case of harmonic oscillations, differential equation

and its solution, kinetic and potential energy, examples of simple harmonic oscillations, spring andmass system, simple and compound pendulum, torsionel pendulum, bifilar oscillations, Helmholtzresonator, LC circuit, vibrations of a magnet, oscillations of two masses connected by a spring.

(10)Superposition of two simple harmonic motions of the same frequency along the same line,

interference, superposition of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of the samefrequency, Lissajous figures, case of different frequencies. (5)

Two coupled oscillators, normal modes. N coupled oscillators, damped harmonic oscillation,power dissipation, quality factor, examples, driven harmonic oscillator, transient and steady states,power absorption, resonance in systems with many degrees of freedom. (10)

1.3 MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS (15)(Note: The emphasis here should be on the mechanical aspects and not on the details of the apparatus

mentioned, which are indicated as applications of principles involved.)

E as an accelerating field, electron gun, case of discharge tube; linear accelerator. E as deflectingfield – CRO, sensitivity, fast CRC. (4)

Transverse B field: 180° deflection, mass spectrograph or velocity selector, curvatures of tracksfor energy determination for nuclear particles; principle of a cyclotron. (4)

Mutually perpendicular E and B fields – velocity selector, its resolution. (2)Parallel E and B fields; positive ray parabolas, discovery of isotopes, elements of mass

spectrography, principle of magnetic focusing (lens). (5)

1.4 PROPERTIES OF MATTER (20)Elasticity, small deformations, Hooke’s law, elastic constants for an isotropic solid, beams


(vii)supported at both the ends, cantilever, torsion of a cylinder, bending moments and shearing forces.

(7)Kinematics of moving fluids, equations of continuity, Euler’s equation, Bernoulli’s theorem,

viscous fluids, streamline and turbulent flow. Poiseulle’s law. Capillary tube flow, Reynold’s number,Stoke’s law. (8)

Surface tension and surface energy, molecular interpretation of surface tension, pressure on acurved liquids surface, wetting. (5)

COURSE 2: ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY2.1 MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND (20)

Scalars and vectors, dot and cross products, triple vector product, gradient of a scalar field andits geometrical interpretation, divergence and curl of a vector field, line, surface and volume integrals,flux of a vector field, Gauss’s divergence theorem, Green’s theorem and Stokes theorem. (7)

Functions of two and three variables, partial derivatives, geometrical interpretation of partialderivatives of functions of two variables. Total differential of a function of two and three variables,higher order derivatives, applications. (6)

Repeated integrals of a function of more than one variables, definition of a double and a tripleintegral, evaluation of double and triple integrals as repeated integrals, change of variables ofintegration, Jacobian applications. (7)

2.2 ELECTROSTATICS (30)Coulombs law in vacuum expressed in vector forms, calculations of E for simple distributions

of charged at rest, dipole and quadrupole fields. (8)Work done on a charge in an electrostatic field expressed as a line integral, conservative nature

of the electrostatic field. Electric potential , E = , torque on a dipole in a uniform electricfield and its energy, flux of the electric field, Gauss’s law and its application for finding E forsymmetric charge distributions, Gaussian pilbox, fields at the surface of a conductor. Screening of Efield by a conductor, capacitors, electrostatic field energy, force per unit area of the surface of aconductor in an electric field, conducting sphere in a uniform electric field, point charge in front ofa grounded infinite conductor. (12)

Dielectrics, parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric, dielectric constant, polarization andpolarization vector, displacement vector D, molecular interpretation of Claussius-Mossotti equation,boundary conditions satisfied by E and D at the interface between two homogenous dielectrics,illustration through a simple example. (10)

2.3 ELECTRIC CURRENTS (STEADYAND ALTERNATING) (10)Steady current, current density J, non-steady currents and continuity equation, Kirchhoff’s law

and analysis of multiloop circuits, rise and decay of current in LR and CR circuits, decay constants,transients in LCR circuits. AC circuits, complex numbers and their applications in solving AC circuitproblems complex impedance and reactance, series and parallel resonance, Q factor, power consumedby an AC circuit, power factor, Y and networks and transmission of electric power. (10)

2.4 MAGNETOSTATICS (10)Force on a moving charge; Lorentz force equation and definition of B, force on a straight

conductor carrying current in a uniform magnetic field, torque on a current loop, magnetic dipolemoment, angular momentum and gyromagnetic ratio. (5)


(viii)Biot and Savart’s Law, calculation of H order in simple geometrical situations, Ampere’s law

B = 0, B = 0 J, field due to a magnetic dipole, magnetization current, magnetizationvector, Half order field, magnetic permeability (linear cases), interpretation of a bar magnet as asurface distribution of solenoidal current. (5)

2.5 TIME VARYING FIELDS (10)

Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s law, electromotive force, = E.dr , integral anddifferential forms of Faraday’s law, mutual and self inductance, transformers, energy in a staticmagnetic field. Maxwell’s displacement current, Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic field, energydensity. (10)

2.6 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (10)The wave equation satisfied by E and B, plane electromagnetic waves in vacuum, Poynting’s

vector, reflection at a plane boundary of dielectrics, polarization by reflection and total internalreflection, Faraday effect, waves in a conducting medium, reflection and refraction by the ionosphere.

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CONTENTS

SECTION IMECHANICS, OSCILLATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER

1. MECHANICS : LAWS OF MOTION 3 – 43Introduction

1.1 Some important terms 31.2 Newton’s notions of space 31.3 Newton’s laws of motion 41.4 Newton’s laws of motion: Special case of second law 51.5 Limitations of Newton’s laws of motion 51.6 Conservation of linear momentum from Newton’s laws of motion 51.7 Components of velocity and acceleration 71.8 Components of velocity in cartesian coordinate system: Two dimensional 81.9 Components of velocity in spherical polar coordinate system 9

1.10 Components of acceleration in cartesian coordinate system: Two dimensional 101.11 Vr, V and V in terms of x, y, z and , ,x y z 111.12 Components of acceleration in spherical polar coordinate system 121.13 Frames of reference: Inertial and non-inertial 131.14 Newtonian principle of relativity 141.15 Galelian transformations 151.16 Newton’s laws of motion invarient to Galelian transformations 171.17 Non-inertial frames: Fictitious forces 181.18 Equilibrium state in non-inertial frame 201.19 Uniformly rotating frame: Coriolis force 201.20 Physical significance of fictitious force 221.21 Effect of centrifugal and Coriolis force due to Earth’s rotation 23

1.21.1 Effect of centrifugal force on ‘g’ 241.21.2 Deflection of plumb line 25

1.22 Coriolis force on a moving particle on surface of Earth 261.23 Direction of Coriolis force in Northern and Southern hemispheres 271.24 Application of Coriolis force 271.25 Foucault’s pendulum 28

Solved Examples 32Exercise Ch. 1 39

2. MOTION UNDER A CENTRAL FORCE 44 – 82Introduction

2.1 Central force 442.2 Conservative force 452.3 Central force: A conservative force 462.4 Angular momentum in central force field 482.5 Central force is confined in a plane 482.6 Law of equal areas 49

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Physics for Degree Students (B.Sc. 1StYear)

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121933506 Author : C L Arora

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