physics lesson 9 newton’s second law of motion – force & acceleration eleanor roosevelt high...
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Physics Lesson 9
Newton’s Second Law of Motion – Force &
AccelerationEleanor Roosevelt High School
Chin-Sung Lin
Newton & His Second Law
Review – Newton’s First Law
Usually called the law of inertia
Every object continues in a state of rest, or of motion in a straight line at constant speed, unless it is compelled to change that state by an unbalanced force exerted upon it
Implies the second law of motion
Unbalanced Force
Unbalanced force means the net force ≠ 0
What will the unbalanced force result in?
F
Newton’s Second Law
Newton’s second law – Force & Acceleration
The acceleration produced by a net force on an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, is in the same direction as the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object
Net Force = 0
Zero net force means zero acceleration
No acceleration is the evidence of zero net force
Zero acceleration means
state of rest or
state of constant velocity
Force Causes Acceleration
Acceleration ~ Net force
(Direct Proportion)
a ~ Fnet
F
a
Mass Resists Acceleration
Acceleration ~ 1/mass
(Inverse Proportion)
a ~ 1/m
m
a
Force Causes Acceleration
Acceleration ~ Net force
a ~ Fnet
Acceleration ~ 1/mass
a ~ 1/m
a = Fnet /m or Fnet = m a
F = m a
Example: How much Force?
?
Example: What’s the Acceleration?
Example: What’s the mass?
m = ?
a = 100 m/s2
F = 1000000 N
Weight is Gravitational Force
Fnet = m a
Fg = m g
or
W = m g
Weight, mass and Acceleration
Weight, mass and Acceleration
Weight on Earth & Moon?
Same Mass
Mass on Earth & Moon?
Same Weight
Friction Force
Friction acts on materials that are in contact with each other, and is always acts in direction to oppose motion
When There is No Friction
Coefficient of Friction (m)
Friction mainly due to the irregularities in the two surfaces
The irregularities between surfaces of different materials are described by the coefficients of friction (m)
Friction mainly determined by the surface and the weight of the object
Friction Force (Ff)
Friction force (Ff) can be categorized into two different types: Static and Kinetic
Maximum Static Friction
Kinetic Friction
Maximum Static Friction
Ff
F
Coefficient of Friction (m)
Static Friction Force
As long as an object does not move, the friction force (Ff) must be equal in size and opposite in direction to the applied force (F)
Ff = F
The static frictional force can have any value from zero up to a max. value (maximum static friction force)
Ff
F
Maximum Static Friction
Maximum Static Friction Force
Maximum static friction force is directly proportional to the normal force and the coefficient of static friction (s).
Ff = FN s
Ff
F
Maximum Static Friction
Example: Static Friction Force
If a block is not moving, what’s the friction force?
50 kg
20 N
Example: Static Friction Force
If the coefficient of static friction between a block and the ground is 0.2, (a) what’s the maximum static friction force? (b) Will the block move? (c) What’s the friction force?
50 kg
80 N
Example: Static Friction Force
If a wooden block is resting on a wooden floor, (a) How much force is required to make the block move? (b) Will the block move? (c) What’s the friction force while moving?
50 kg
100 N
Kinetic Friction Force
If the applied force exceeds the maximum static friction force, the object will slide in the direction of the applied force, and the friction force reduces to a constant value called kinetic friction force
The value of the kinetic friction is independent of the speed of the object Ff
F
Kinetic Friction
Kinetic Friction Force
Kinetic friction force is directly proportional to the normal force and the coefficient of kinetic friction (k).
Ff = FN k
Ff
F
Kinetic Friction
Example: Kinetic Friction Force
If a block is moving at constant velocity, what’s the friction force?
50 kg
20 N
Example: Kinetic Friction Force
If a block is moving and coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the ground is 0.1, (a) what’s the friction force? (b) What’s the acceleration of the block?
50 kg
80 N
Example: Kinetic Friction Force
If a wooden block is sliding on a wooden floor, (a) what’s the friction force? (b) What’s the acceleration of the block?
20 kg
100 N
Example: Kinetic Friction Force
If a 40-kg block is pushed by a force of 100 N and accelerates at 2 m/s2, (a) what’s the friction force? (b) What’s the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the ground?
40 kg
100 N
Example: Kinetic Friction Force
If a 40-kg block is sliding down an incline plane of 30o at constant speed, (a) what’s the friction force while sliding? (b) What’s the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the ground?
40 kg
30o
Application – Anti-Lock Brake
Air Resistance
Fg
R
Free Falling & Air Resistance
When there is air resistance (R), the acceleration of a free falling object reduced. The acceleration of a falling object is:
a = Fnet/m = (Fg – R)/m = (mg – R)/m = g – R/m
Air Resistance & Terminal Speed
When the air resistance on an object equals the weight of the object, the net force is zero and no further acceleration occurs. Acceleration terminates: the object has reached its terminal speed or terminal velocity.
a = 0 m/s2 = g – R/m g = R/m R = mg
Reduce the Terminal Speed
Force vs. Pressure
Pressure
Pressure (P):
The amount of force per unit of area
Pressure = Force / Area of application
or P = F/A
Unit:
Newtons per square meter, or pascals (Pa).
Example: Pressure 200 kg
200 kg
5 kg
5 kg
2m x 2m x 2m.2m x .2m x .2m
Which one has larger pressure?
Summary
Newton’s second law - Fnet = m a
Force causes acceleration & mass resists acceleration
Weight is gravitational force - Fg = m g
Acceleration of different masses on Earth
Mass and weight on Earth and moon
Friction force and coefficient of friction (m)
Static friction force and kinetic friction force
Summary
Friction force Ff = m FN
Air resistance and terminal speed
Pressure vs. force
Q & A
The End