physics p2 essay
TRANSCRIPT
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
PAPER 2 SECTION B & C
CHAPTER 2
1. Diagram 9.1 shows the effect of a man falls from a
high position to the ground without opening the
parachute. Diagram 9.2 shows a man with the same
mass falls from the same height when the
parachute is open.
Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.1
(a) (i) What is the meaning of free fall?
[ 1 mark]
(ii) Based on diagram 9.1 and Diagram
9.2, compare the acceleration, the rate
of change of momentum and the time
of impact.
Relate the rate of change of momentum
with the time of impact to make
deduction on the relationship
between the acceleration and the rate
of change of momentum.
[ 5 marks]
(b) A hovercraft moves on a cushion of air
which is trapped underneath it, as shown
in Diagram 9.3. The trapped air reduces
the friction. The hovercraft starts from
rest and as it starts, the propeller
produces a forward force until it reaches
a constant velocity .
Diagram 9.3
(i) Sketch a velocity-time graph to
show the motion of hovercraft.
(ii) Explain why the hovercraft
moves with constant velocity in
terms of the force acting on it
[4 marks]
(c) Diagram 9.4 shows a canoe
Diagram 9.4
You are required to give some suggestions to
design a canoe which can travel faster and
safer . Using the knowledge on motion,
forces and the properties of materials, explain
the suggestions based on the following
aspects:
(i) the surface of the canoe
(ii) the shape of the canoe
(iii) the material of the canoe
(iv) the material of the canoe
(v) the material of the canoe
[ 10 marks ]
2. Diagram 9.1 shows a car and a lorry stopping at a
red traffic light. When the traffic light turns green
as in diagram 9.2, the car is found to move ahead
of the lorry.
Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2
(a) What is meant by mass?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Based on diagram 9.1 and 9.2, compare the
masses of the vehicles and their ability to
speed ahead. Relate the mass of the vehicle
and the way it can start moving from rest to
deduce a concept in physics with regard to the
motion of objects.
State the physics concept.
[ 5 marks ]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
(c) Based on the physics concept stated in (b), (i)
explain why a driver lurch forwards when a
car he is driving comes to a sudden stop, (ii)
describe and explain a method which can
overcome the situation in (c)(i).
[ 4 marks ]
(d) Diagram 9.3 shows a water rocket made from
an empty 1.5 litre plastic soft drink bottle by
adding water and pressurizing it with air for
launching.
Diagram 9.3
The objective is to keep the rocket in the air as
long as possible. Using the appropriate
physics concepts, suggest and explain suitable
designs based on the characteristics of
(i) the acceleration,
(ii) the shape
(iii) the structure
(iv) the buoyant force (upthrust),
(v) the stability of the motion, to improve
the water rocket.
[ 10 marks ]
3. Diagram 11.1 shows ‘Newton’s cradle’ which
consists of five identical balls suspended in a row
from a wooden frame by wires.
Diagram 11.1
When the ball on left end is pulled aside (Diagram
11.2) and allowed to fall, the ball on the far end is
knocked away from the others with the same speed
as the first ball (Diagram 11.3).
Diagram 11.2 Diagram 11.3
(a) Name the physics principle involved which
makes the ball on the other far end is knocked
away from the others.
[1 mark]
(b) Explain, in term of momentum and energy transfer,
why the ball on the opposite end is knocked away
from the others.
[4 marks]
(c) Diagram 11.4 shows five designs of ‘Newton’s
Cradle’, P, Q, R, S and T, with different
specifications. You are required to determine the
most suitable design to make the ball at the end
swings up to higher level and at bigger speed. Study
all the five designs from the following aspects:
(i) The arrangement of the balls
(ii) The type of material used to make the balls
(iiii) The number of string used to hang the balls
(iv) The position of the ball to start the
oscillation
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
Diagram 11.4
Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your
choice..
[ 10 marks]
(d) In a game, a 50 g white ball of speed 0.8 m s-
1 hits a 30 g red ball at rest . If the white ball
stops after the collision, calculate;
(i) the velocity of the red ball after the
elastic collision.
(ii) the change of the momentum of the
white ball.
(iii) the impulsive force acting on the
white ball during the collision if it is
stopped in 0.05 seconds.
[5 marks]
4. Diagram 9.1 shows the initial and final position of
a student sliding down a slide. Diagram 9.2 shows
the initial and final position of the same student
sliding down the slide from a different initial
position.
(a) (i) What is the meaning of gravitational
potential energy of the student?
[1 mark]
(ii) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.
Compare the initial position of the
student and the speed of the student on
reaching the final position.
Relate the speed of the student on
reaching the final position with the
energy gained by the student to make a
deduction on the relationship between
the initial position and the energy
gained.
[4 marks]
(iii) Name the physics principle that explains
the situation in (a)(ii).
[1 mark]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
(b) Diagram 9.3 shows a baby sleeping in a
cradle. The cradle is made to oscillate
between position P and Q through the
equilibrium position O.
Diagram 9.3
(i) State the changes in energy that occur when
the cradle swings from P to O, and then
from O to Q.
(ii) After some time, the cradle stops oscillating.
Explain why.
[4 marks]
(c) Diagram 9.4 shows an archer getting ready to
shoot an arrow towards a target board from a
far distance. When he releases the arrow, he
observes that the arrow falls short of the
target.
Diagram 9.4
Suggest and explain how he would be able to shoot
the arrow to hit the centre of the target board,
based on the following aspects:
(i) The strength of the cord
(ii) The force constant of the bow
(iii) The material used for the bow
(iv) The design of the arrow
(iv) The way the arrow is aimed at the target
[10 marks]
5. Diagram 11.1 shows a balloon taped to straw.
Diagram 11.1
(a) When the paper clip is removed, the balloon
propels forward.
(i) Name the principle used in the
propulsion of the balloon.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Explain what makes the balloon
propel forward.
[ 4 marks ]
(b) The balloon moves with an initial velocity of
4 ms-1
. Then it decelerates for 2 seconds and
finally stops.
(i) Sketch a velocity-time graph for the
motion of the balloon.
(ii) Calculate the deceleration of the
balloon.
(iii) Calculate the distance travelled.
[ 5 marks ]
Diagram 11.2 shows four racing cars , P , Q ,
R and S, with different specifications. You are
required to determine the most suitable car to
complete in the Formula 1 Summer Race.
Diagram 11.2
Study the specifications of all racing cars from
the following aspects:
(i) The shape of the car
(ii) The ridges on the tyres
(iii) The engine power
(iv) The material for the body of the car.
(v) Explain the suitability of aspects. Justify
your choices.
[ 10 marks ]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
6. (a) Diagram 9.1 shows two identical feeding
bottles floating in liquid P and liquid Q
respectively. The feeding bottle floats
because the net force acting on the bottle
is zero.
Diagram 9.1
(i) What is the meaning of net force?
[ 1 mark]
(ii) Using Diagram 9.1 compare the position of
the bottles in liquid P and liquid Q. Compare
also the weights and the buoyant forces that
are acting on the bottles in liquid P and
liquid Q. Compare the density of liquid P
and liquid Q.
Relate the position of the bottle and the
density of liquid to deduce a relevant
physics concept.
[5 marks]
(b) Diagram 9.2 shows a simple hydraulic
jack.
Diagram 9.2
Explain how load M can be lifted and
give a reason why the cross sectional area
of piston A is smaller than the cross
sectional area of piston B.
[4 marks]
(c) The simple hydraulic jack in Diagram 9.2
is not suitable to use to lift a car in a
workshop.
Using suitable physics concepts, explain
the required modification that need to be
done to enable the machine to lift a car
easily in a workshop.
You can emphasise on the following
aspects in your modification;
(i) method so that only small force
is applied at piston A
(ii) component to control flow of
liquid in the hydraulic jack
(iii) component in the hydraulic jack
to lowered the car
(iv) size of pistons
(v) type of liquid used
[ 10 marks ]
7. Diagram 9.1 shows a hydraulic lift used to raise
loads Q and R.
(a) (i) What is meant by pressure?
[1 mark]
(ii) A force of 100 N is used to push
down piston P and able to raise
piston Q and piston R. With
reference to Diagram 9.1
compare the pressure acted on piston
Q and R, the cross sectional area and
the force produced at the piston Q and
piston R.
Relate the cross sectional area of the
pistons with the force produced on the
pistons.
Name a physics principle relating the
cross sectional area and the force
exerted on pistons Q and R.
[5 marks]
(b) Diagram 9.2 shows a cross section of an
aeroplane wing. The wing help the aeroplane
to be lift up when the plane speeding along
the runaway.
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
Name the shape in Diagram 9.2 and explain
how the aeroplane can be lifted up to the air.
[4 marks]
(c) Submarine is used to move underwater.
Using suitable physics concepts, explain
how you can design a basic structure of a
small submarine so that it can be used for
an underwater exploration.
The design should include the following
aspects:
(i) the material and thickness of the wall,
(ii) shape of the submarine,
(iii) able to submerge,
(iv) the equipments to detect underwater
obstacles and depth
[10 marks]
8. Diagram 11.1 shows a submarine floating in sea
water due to the effect of buoyant force.
Diagram 11.1
(a) What is the meaning of buoyant force?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Explain how a submarine is able to
submerge into deep sea water.
[ 4 marks]
(c) You are asked to investigate the
characteristics of four submarines shown in
Table 11.1.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic
of the submarines and determine the
submarine which can travel faster, stay l
onger in deeper sea water and able to carry
more crew.
Give reasons for your choice.
[ 10 marks ]
(d) Diagram 11.2 shows oil drum floats
stationary in water. The density of water is
1000 kg m-3
.
Diagram 11.2
Calculate
(i) The volume of the oil drum immersed in
water.
[ 2 marks ]
(ii) The buoyant force acting on the oil drum.
[ 2 marks ]
(iii) The mass of the oil drum.
[ 1 mark ]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
9. Diagram 11.1 shows an aeroplane. Diagram 11.2
shows a cross section of the aeroplane’s wing.
Diagram 11.1 Diagram 11.2
(a) Name the shape of the cross sectional of the
aeroplane wing.
[1 mark]
(b) The aeroplane can be lifted up when flying
due to a difference in pressure of the air
between the upper and bottom sides of the
wings.
(i) Explain how this difference in
pressure is produced.
[ 3 marks]
(ii) Name the principle involved in your
answer in (b)(i).
[ 1 mark ]
(c) Table 11 shows characteristic of four designs
of the aeroplane wings.
Table 11
You are requested to choose the most suitable
wing to be installed to the body of an
aeroplane.
By referring to the information given in Table
11, explain the suitability of each
characteristic and suggest the most suitable
wing to be installed with the body of the
aeroplane.
[ 10 marks ]
10. Diagram 11.1 shows the air balloon which is used
as a weather balloon to carry a radiosonde
instrument for collecting data about the
atmosphere. The weather balloon rises up in the air
due to Archimedes’ principle
(a) (i) State Archimedes’ principle.
. [1 mark]
(ii) Explain why a weather balloon that is
rising up in the air will stop at certain
altitude.
. [4 marks]
(b) Diagram 11.2 shows four hot air balloons
P,Q,R and S with different features. You
are required to determine the most
suitable the most hot air balloon which is
able to carry three or four people to a
higher altitude in a shorter time.
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
Study the characteristics of all the four hot air
balloons from the following aspects:
- The size of the balloon
- The number of burners
- The type of the fabric of the balloon
- The temperature of the air in the balloon
Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your
choice.
[10 marks]
(c) Diagram 11.3 shows a balloon which
contains helium. The volume of the balloon
is 1.2 m3. Density of helium gas is
0.18 kgm-3
.
Diagram 11.3
(i) By neglecting the mass of the balloon,
calculate the mass of helium gas in
the balloon.
[2 marks]
(ii) Calculate the buoyant force which
acts on the balloon.
(Density of air is 1.3 kg m-3
)
[3 marks]
11. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the heating
curves obtained when 50 g and 80 g of the solid
substance are heated respectively. The melting
point of the substance is 78o
C.
Diagram 9.1
Diagram 9.2
(a) (i) What is the meaning of melting point?
[1 mark]
(ii) Based on the information and the observation
on Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare the
mass, the time taken to reach the melting
point and the time taken by the substance to
change into liquid completely.
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
Relate the mass and the time taken by the
substance to change into liquid completely to make
a deduction on the relationship between the mass
and the latent heat of fusion absorbed by the
substance.
[5 marks]
(b) Diagram 9.3 shows the phenomenon of sea
breeze.
Diagram 9.3
Using the concept of specific heat capacity,
explain how the phenomenon of sea breeze
occurs.
[4 marks]
(c) Diagram 9.4 shows a design of central heating
system used in cold country to heat and keep
houses warm.
Diagram 9.4
Suggest and explain how to build a house
central heating system which can function
effectively based on the following aspects:
(i) The specific heat capacity of the
liquid
(ii) The boiling point of the liquid
(iii) The properties of material used for
transmission pipe
(iv) The size of the fan used to blow
the heat from radiator
12. Diagram 9.1 shows a boy pouring hot coffee into a
cup. The hand of the boy is not scalded by the
coffee droplets that are spattered from the kettle.
Diagram 9.2 shows hot coffee spilling over and
getting onto his hand and his hand gets scalded
because of the higher heat capacity in it.
Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2
(a) What is meant by heat capacity?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) (i) Observe Diagrams 9.1 and 9.2.
Compare the temperature of the
coffee, the mass of
the coffee droplets spatters on his
hand and the coffee from the kettle
spills on it, and the injury to the
hands.
State the relationship between the
mass of the coffee and the injury that
occurs.
[ 4 marks ]
(ii) State the relationship between the heat
capacity and the mass.
[ 1 marks ]
(c) Diagram 9.3 shows a radiator of a car
Diagram 9.3
Water is used as a cooling agent in a radiator.
Explain how water is used
[ 4 marks ]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
(d) You are required to give some suggestions to
design an efficient thermometer to be used in
physics laboratory.
Using your knowledge about heat and
properties of materials, explain how to built a
thermometer which can function effectively
based on the following aspects,
(i) Strength of the thermometer
(ii) Choice of the thermometric liquid
(iii) Sensitivity of the thermometer
(iv) Design of the thermometer so that the
scale can easily be read.
(v) Melting point and freezing point of
the liquid
[ 10 marks ]
CHAPTER 5
13. Diagram 11.1 shows Ali standing at the side of a
pond. Ali can see the image of the fish and the
image of the dragon-fly in the water as shown by
the ray diagram.
Diagram 11.1
(a) (i) What is the meaning of virtual image?
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain how Ali can see the image of
the fish and the image of the dragon-
fly. State the phenomenon of light that
is involved in each case.
[4 marks]
(b) (i) Calculate the angle and . θ α
[ Refractive index of water is 1.33 ]
[4 marks]
(ii) State one characteristic of the image of
the dragon-fly.
[1 mark]
(c) Table 11 shows the design of five torchlights
P, Q, R, S and T.
Table 11
You are asked to investigate the characteristics of
the five torchlights shown in Table 11. Explain the
suitability of each characteristics of the torchlight
and determine the torchlight which can produce a
strong parallel beam of light.
Give reasons for your choice.
[10 marks]
14. Diagram 11.1 shows two convex lenses, P and Q,
used in an astronomical telescope. The focal length
of P is 40 cm and for Q is 10 cm
Diagram 11.1
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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(a) What is the meaning of focal length of lens ?
[ 1mark ]
(b) By using suitable apparatus, explain how the
focal length of both lenses can be estimated.
[ 4 marks ]
(c) Diagram 11.2 shows an arrangement of lenses
to construct a simple astronomical telescope
using lens P and lens Q.
Diagram 11.2
You are asked to investigate the arrangement
and characteristics of the lenses used to
construct the simple astronomical telescope as
shown in Diagram 11.3.
Diagram 11.3
Explain the suitability of the arrangement and
each characteristics of the lenses and
determine the arrangement which can produce
the brightest and sharp image at normal
adjustment.
(d) A camera has a convex lens of focal length 5
cm is used to capture an object of 1 m in
height and 4 m from the camera.
(i) determine the image distance from the
camera
[2 marks]
(ii) Calculate the height of image
produced in the camera
[2 marks]
(iii) State the characteristics of image formed
in the camera
[1 marks]
15. Diagram 11.1 and 11.2 show two photographs
captured using two lenses with different focal
length.
Diagram 11.1 Diagram 11.2
(a) (i) What is meant by focal length?
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Using Diagram 11.1 and Diagram
11.2, compare the thickness and the
focal length of the lenses. Explain the
relationships between the thickness
and the power of the lens.
[4 marks]
(b) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a lens
with a power of + 5 D.
(i) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a
lens with a power of + 5 D.
[ 2 marks ]
(ii) Calculate the distance of the image.
[ 2 marks ]
(iii) Calculate the magnification of the
image
[ 1 mark ]
(c) Diagram 11.3 shows an astronomical
telescope. An astronomical telescope is used
to view very large objects like moon.
Table 11.1 shows the characteristics of four
different simple astronomical telescopes.
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of
the telescope and determine the most suitable
telescope to be used to observe very far object.
Give reason for your choice.
[ 10 marks ]
16. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels
from a denser
medium to less dense medium and the angle of
incidence is greater
than the critical angle.
(a) What is the meaning of critical angle?
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Write an equation to show the
relationship between the critical
angle, c, and the refractive index, n, of
a medium.
(ii) Use the equation in (b)(i) to explain
why total internal reflection is easier
to occur in diamond than in glass.
[ Refractive index of glass = 1.5,
refractive index of diamond = 2.4 ]
[4 marks]
(c) Diagram 11.1 shows a ray of light from an
object at point P at the bottom of a swimming
pool travelling from water into the air.
Diagram 11.1
Calculate,
(i) the refractive index of the water in the
pool.
(ii) the apparent depth of the image.
[5 marks]
(d) Diagram 11.2 shows a glass window which
opens outwards at an angle θ.
Diagram 11.2 Diagram 11.3
Diagram 11.3 shows the side view of the
window. If rays of sunlight incident on the
window undergo total internal reflection at
points like X, direct sunlight would not be
able to enter the room and it would be cooler.
Four designs P, Q, R and S of the window are
available and are designed such that it can be
opened at a maximum angle of θ.
Table 11 shows the characteristics of the glass
used and the angle θ of each design.
Table 11
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of
the glass and the size of the angle θ and
determine the most suitable design to be used so
that the room would be kept cool during the day.
Give reasons for your choice.
[10 marks]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
17. Diagram 11.1 shows a stamp collector examines a
stamp using a magnifying glass.
Diagram11.1
Table 11 shows characteristics of four types of
magnifying glass
Table 11
(a) What is meant by the focal length?
[1 mark]
(b) You are requested to choose the magnifying
glass to be used by a stamp collector to
examines the stamps.
By referring to the characteristics given in
Table 11, explain the suitability of each
characteristic and suggest the most suitable
magnifying glass to be used by a stamp
collector.
[10 marks]
(c) A student is using a magnifying glass M to
observe a small ant at a distance of 2 cm.
(i) Calculate the image distance.
[2 marks]
(ii) Determine the linear magnification of
the image of the ant.
[2 marks]
(d) You are given a convex lens. Describe how
the power of the lens can be determined.
State the relationship between power and
focal length of a lens.
[5 marks]
18. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the identical
objects located at different positions in front of
identical concave mirror. Real images with
different sizes are produced.
Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2
(a) (i) What is the meaning of real image?
(ii) Using Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2,
compare the object distance, the size of
image formed and the image distance.
Relate the position of the object distance
and the size of the image formed to make
a deduction on the relationship between
the object distance and the magnification
scale.
[ 5 marks ]
(b) Diagram 9.3 shows a photograph of a concave
mirror producing upright and magnified
image.
Diagram 9.3
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of
the image formed as shown in Diagram 9.3.
(c) Diagram 9.4 shows a ray diagram of a
slide projector.
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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Diagram 9.4
The slide projector is needed in your school
hall. You are required to modify the slide
projector so that it can produce clearer
image and can be seen by 800 students.
Suggest and explain based on the following
aspect:
(i) The power of the bulb used.
(ii) The position of the bulb from the
concave mirror.
(iii) The curvature of the concave mirror.
(iv) The position of the slide from the
projector lens.
(v) Position of the screen from the
projector.
[ 10 marks ]
19. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show light rays from
two identical objects passing through two identical
convex lens. Both lenses produce real images. F is
the focal point for the lens.
(a) (i) Name the phenomenon involved.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.
Compare the object distance, the size of
the image and the power of the lens.
Relate the size of the image with the
object distance.
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Diagram 9.3 shows the structure of a simple
camera.
(i) Explain how the camera is able to capture
the image of a distant object.
[ 3 marks ]
(ii) State the range of the object distance
where the image formed is sharp.
[ 1 mark ]
(c) A student is given two convex lenses , R and
S. The focal length of R and S are 20 cm and
5 cm respectively. Suggest and explain how to
build a microscope which produces a sharp
image and magnified image based on the
following aspects:
(i) Arrangement of lenses
(ii) Position of object
(iii) Position of the first image
(iv) Distance between two lenses.
[ 8 marks ]
(d) Suggest two modifications that need to be
done to the microscope to produce a bigger
final image.
[ 2 marks ]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
20. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the parallel
rays of light directed towards the convex lenses J
and K. Both the lenses produce real images. F is
the focal point for each lens.
(a) (i) What is meant by focal length?
[1 mark]
(ii) With reference to Diagram 9.1 and
Diagram 9.2, compare the thickness
of the lenses and the effects it has
on the refracted rays to make a
deduction regarding the relationship
between the thickness of the lenses
and their focal length.
[5 marks]
(b) Diagram 9.3 shows the ray diagram of a
simple microscope.
Diagram 9.3
(i) State the function of the eyepiece.
[1 mark]
(ii) State the characteristics of the image
formed by a microscope.
[3 marks]
(c) You are given two convex lenses S and Q of
different focal length. Lens S has a longer
focal length than lens Q.
(i) Using the two lenses above explain
how are you would make a simple
astronomical telescope.
[4 marks]
(ii) Suggest modification that need to be
done on the telescope to produce
clearer and bigger images.
[6 marks]
21. Diagram 9.1 shows a light ray passing through
from air into water. Diagram 9.2 shows a light ray
passing through from air into glass.
[Refractive index: Glass= 1.50 , Water=1.33]
Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2
(a) (i) Name the phenomenon of light as
shown in Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) What is the meaning of refractive
index?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.
Compare the refractive index, the density and
the angle of refraction of light ray. Relate the
density of medium with the angle of refraction
to make a deduction of the relationship
between the density of medium and the
refractive index.
[ 5 marks ]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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(c) With the aid of ray diagram, explain how a
man shoots a fish in water so that he hits the
target.
[ 3 marks ]
(d) (i) You are given two pieces identical
prism with internal angle 45o
, 900
and
450
and two converging lenses to make
a binocular.
Using the material stated above, explain
how you are going to build a simple
binocular.
[ 6 marks ]
(ii) Suggest modifications need to be done
on the simple binocular to produce
brighter and bigger image.
[ 4 marks ]
CHAPTER 6
22. Diagram 10.1 and 10.2 show wave pattern
produced by the vibration of two spherical dippers
on the water surface set to be at different distances.
Diagram 10.1
Diagram 10.2
(a) (i) What is the wave phenomenon shown in
diagram 10.1 and 10.2?
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Explain why the water level in the ripple
tank must be at constant depth during the
experiment.
[ 4 marks ]
(iii) Observe Figure 10.1 and 10.2. Compare
the wave patterns produced by the
spherical dippers. State the relationship
between the distance of two coherent
sources and the separation / distanceof
two consecutive nodes or antinodes
lines.
[ 10 marks ]
(b) Sonar technique can be used to determine the
distance between two positions. Ultrasonic
wave is used in this technique.
(i) What is sonar?
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Explain why using ultrasonic wave is
better than just ordinary sound waves.
[ 2 marks ]
(iii) A marine researcher wants to use
ultrasonic sound to determine the depth
of the ocean bed. Explain how he can do
so.
[ 7 marks ]
23. Diagram 12.1 shows the pattern of sea waves when
approaching the beach.
Diagram 12.1
(i) Name the wave phenomenon shown in
Diagram 12.1.
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain in terms of the wave phenomena in 12
(a)(i), why the water waves follow the shape
of the beach as it approaches the shore.
[4 marks]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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(b) The beach in Diagram 12.1 will be used as a
place where fisherman boats are kept.
You are assigned to investigate the design for the
location to keep the boats and the characteristics of
the retaining wall as shown in Diagram 12.2 based
on the following aspects:
- the location to keep the boat
- material used for the retaining wall
- the height of retaining wall
- size of slit
Explain the suitability of the location and the
characteristics of the retaining wall and determine
the most suitable design to keep the boat safely.
[10 marks]
(c) Diagram 12.3 show a pattern of wave formed
when the water waves with a speed of 6 cm s-1
propagates from a deeper area to a shallow
region in a ripple tank.
Deep area Shallow area
λ = 0.8 cm λ = 0.5 cm
Diagram 12.3
Calculate:
(i) the frequency of water waves at the
deeper region
(ii) the speed of the water waves at shallow
region.
[5 marks]
24. A student carries out an experiment to investigate a
water wave phenomenon using a ripple tank.
Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show the pattern
obtained on the screen of the ripple tank when two
vibrators, S and T, are vibrating simultaneously.
Diagram 10.1
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Diagram 10.2
(a) (i) State the reason why the depth of water
in the ripple tank must be uniform.
[1 mark]
(ii) Name the water wave phenomenon that
is being investigated.
[1 mark]
(iii) State the amplitude of the wave along the
nodal lines.
[1 mark]
(iv) Using a suitable diagram, explain how a
nodal line is formed.
[2 marks]
(b) Observe Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2.
(i) Compare the distance between vibrators
S and T.
[1 mark]
(ii) Compare the distance between adjacent
nodal lines.
[1 mark]
(iii) Compare the wavelength of the water
waves.
[1 mark]
(iv) State the relationship between a and x.
[a = distance between the vibrators, x =
distance between adjacent lines]
[2 marks]
(c) Diagram 10.3 shows the plan of a football
stadium. When an announcement was made
using only one loudspeaker, spectators at
positions such as P, Q and R could not hear
the announcement clearly.
Diagram 10.3
Suggest and explain improvements to the
sound system and transmission of the sound
so that spectators all around the stadium can
hear the announcement clearly.
Your answer should cover the following
aspects:
(i) The number of loudspeakers
(ii) The position of the loudspeakers
(iii) The amplification of the sound
[6 marks]
(d) The loudspeaker used in (c) is as shown in
Diagram 10.4
Diagram 10.4
Explain whether D and L should be big or
small so that sound from the loudspeaker can
be transmitted over a longer distance.
[4 marks]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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25. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show the pattern
of interference using coherent sources of water
waves.
Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2
(a) How does constructive interference occur?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2,
compare the distance between the two
coherent sources, wavelength of the
propagating water waves and distance
between two consecutive antinodes.
[ 4 marks ]
(c) Relate the distance between the two
coherent sources with the distance between
two consecutive antinodes.
[ 2 marks]
(d) Diagram 10.3 shows tourists at a beach
observing the sunset.
Diagram 10.3
Using physics concepts, explain why the
tourist can still able to see the sun even
though it has already set.
(e) Diagram 10.4 shows a restaurant in the town
of Seremban. The restaurant is always
packed with customers and always noisy. A
student and his parents often visit the
restaurant to enjoy a pleasant dinner. The
restaurant in Diagram 10.4 is not suitable for
a quiet evening and they decided to suggest
a few modifications to the restaurant owner.
Diagram10.4
Using the appropriate physics concepts,
suggest and explain the modifications that
have to be done to reduce the noise pollution.
The modifications should include the
following aspects:
(i) Materials used for floor, ceiling and wall.
(ii) Finishing for table and countertops.
(iii) Solution for large windows
(iv) Dining space design
[ 10 marks ]
26. Diagram 10.1 shows a tuning fork vibrating near a
microphone. The sound waves detected by the
microphone are displayed on the screen of a
Cathode -Ray Oscilloscope (CRO).
When the tuning fork is struck harder , sound
produced is louder and the sound waves produces
are shown in Diagram 10.2.
Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2
(a) What is the meaning of longitudinal wave?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2,
(i) Compare the amplitude of vibrations of
tuning fork.
(ii) Compare the peak values a1 and a
2of the
waves displayed by the oscilloscope.
(iii) Relate the amplitude of vibrations of
tuning fork to the peak values.
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(iv) Relate the peak values to the loudness
of the sound produced.
(v) Hence, deduce the relationship between
the loudness of the sound and the
amplitude of the wave.
[ 5 marks ]
(c) Explain how the sound wave is used to
determine the depth of an ocean.
[ 4 marks ]
(d) You have been assigned as a consultant to
assemble a speaker system to improve the
acoustics of a school hall. Using the
appropriate concept explain how the
installation of the speaker system and the
other modifications that can improve audible
sound. In your explanation , elaborate on the
following aspects:
(i) Distance between two stereo speakers.
(ii) Wall and floor finishing
(iii) Power of the loud speakers
(iv) Positioning of speakers and
microphones.
[ 10 marks ]
CHAPTER 7
27. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show two circuits.
Each circuit contains an ammeter, 4 cells, rheostat
and a filament lamp labeled 6V, 24 W. Diagram
10.3 and Diagram 10.4 show the thickness of
coiled wire of the filament lamp M and N,
respectively.
Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2
Filament lamp M Filament lamp N
Diagram 10.3 Diagram 10.4
(a) What is the meaning of the labeled “6V, 24
W” on the filament lamp?
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Observe Diagram 10.1and Diagram 10.2.
Compare the reading of the ammeter and the
brightness of the filament lamp M and N.
[2 marks]
(ii) Observe Diagram 10.3 and Diagram
10.4. Compare the thickness of coiled
wire of the filament lamps.
[1 mark]
(iii) Relate the brightness of the filament
lamp with the thickness of coiled wire
to make a deduction on the relationship
between thickness of coil wire and the
heat produced by the filament lamp
[2 marks]
(c) Diagram 10.5 shows two types of plug for the
electric kettle that can be connected to the
electric supply. Diagram 10.5(a) uses two pin
plug, while Diagram 10.5(b) uses a three pin
plug with an earth wire.
Diagram 10.5(a) Diagram 10.5(b)
Explain why a three pin plug is more
suitable compared with a two pins plug.
[4 marks]
(d) Diagram 10.6 shows a water heater used to
boil water.
Diagram 10.6
Using appropriate physics concepts, suggest
and explain how to build a water heater which
can boil a larger quantity of water faster ,
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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more efficient, and more safety based on the
following aspects;
(i) type of material used for the heating
element of the water heater
(ii) shape of the heating element of the
water heater
(iii) melting point of the heating element of
the water heater
(iv) rate of rusting of the heating element of
the water heater
(v) additional component used for safety
when the water boil
[10 marks]
28. Diagram 12.1 shows a hair dryer labelled 240 V,
500 W connected to a three pin plug.
Diagram 12.2 shows the fuse in the three pin plug.
Diagram 12.1
Diagram 12.2
(a) State two properties of the material of the heating
element in the hair dryer.
[4 marks]
(b) (i) What is the meaning of the label 0.5 A on the
fuse?
[1 mark]
(ii) Table 12 shows the specification of a few
metals to be used as a fuse wire.
Table 12
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the
four metals and determine the most suitable metal
to be used as the fuse wire. Give
reasons for your choice.
[10 marks]
(c) The hair dryer is Diagram 12.1 is switched on.
(i) Calculate the current flowing through the hair
dryer.
(ii) State whether the 0.5 A fuse is suitable to be
used in the plug.
(iii) Calculate the energy used by the hair dryer
when it is switched on for 10 minutes.
[5 marks]
28. Diagram 12.1 shows a typical circuit on a
household electrical appliance that using a fuse.
Diagram 12.1
(a) What is a fuse?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Explain the advantages o parallel circuit in a
house wiring system.
[ 4 marks ]
(c) An immersion heater its specifications of
240V , 500 W is used to boil water. The
efficiency of that immersion heater is 85.
(i) What is meant by 250 V, 500 W?
[ 1 mark ]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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(ii) Calculate the electric current that passes
through the immersion heater.
[ 2 marks ]
(iii) Calculate the output power of the
immersion heater.
[ 2 marks ]
(d) Fuse takes some time to melt or blow. A fast-
blowing fuse is required to protect
semiconductor equipments which cannot
stand high current surge for too long. When a
fuse blows, sparking may occur and produces
high temperature. The fuse wire is placed in a
sheath or catridge as shown in Diagram 12.2
to prevent its sparks from causing damage.
Diagram 12.1
Table 12.1 shows the specifications of five
fuses tat can be used to protect a
semiconductor device.
Table 12.1
Determine the most suitable fuse to protect a
240V, 2000 W semiconductor material device.
Study the specifications of all five fuses based on
the following aspects:
- The thickness of wire
- The rating of fuse
- The catridge type
- The melting point
Explain the suitability of the aspects and justify your
choice.
[ 10 marks ]
CHAPTER 8
29. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show two
identical electromagnets, X and Y. The current
flow in electromagnet X is 2 A and the current
flow in electromagnet Y is 3 A.
Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2
(a) What is the meaning of electromagnet ?
[1 mark]
(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2,
compare the amount of iron filings attracted,
current flow and the magnetic field strength of
the two electromagnets.
Relate the current flow with the magnetic
field strength to make a deduction on the
relationship between magnetic field strength
and the amount of iron filings attracted in this
situation.
[5 marks]
(c) Diagram 10.3 shows an electromagnet crane.
Explain how the electromagnet crane can be used
to lift scrap metal.
[4 marks]
(d) A man needs an adaptor to charge his
handphone as shown in Diagram 10.4. The
transformer inside the adaptor is used to
reduce the 240 V alternating current (a.c) to
12 V direct current (d.c).
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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Using the knowledge of a transformer and
rectifier, suggest and explain how to built an
adaptor which can be used to charge the
handphone.
(i) The type of transformer
(ii) The ratio of number of turns in
primary coil to the number of turns in
secondary coil
(iii) The type of core
(iv) The electronic component that should
be connected to the output of the
secondary coil
(v) The material of wire used
[ 10 marks ]
30. Diagram 12.1 shows a simple transformer.
Diagram 12.1
(a) State the transformations of energy involved
in Diagram 12.1.
[ 1mark]
(b) Explain how the transformer works
[ 4 marks]
(c) You are asked to investigate the design and
the characteristic of four transformers shown
in Diagram 12.2.Explain the suitability of
each characteristics of the transformer and
determine the transformer which can be use as
an ideal transformer.
Give reasons for your choice.
[10 marks]
(d) Diagram 12.3 shows a 12V, 48W bulb lights
up with normal brightness when it is
connected to a 240V main supply through a
transformer.
Calculate:
(i) the output voltage of the transformer
(ii) the number of turns of the primary coil
(iii) the efficiency of the transformer .
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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31. When a current flows through the solenoid it
produces a magnetic field and then becomes
electromagnet.
(a) What is a meaning of electromagnet ?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Diagram 12.1 shows a graph of number of
paper clips attached, n against current, I, for
a solenoid.
Diagram 12.1
(i) Based on the graph, state the
relationships between n and I .
What can you conclude about the
strength of electromagnet?
[ 2marks]
(ii) State two physical quantities that affect
the strength of electromagnet?
[ 2marks]
(c) You are asked to investigate the design and
the characteristics of four alternating current
generators shown in Table 12.1.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of
the alternating current generators and
determine the alternating current generator
which can supply a large direct current to an
electrical component S shown in Diagram
12.2.
Diagram 12.2
(d) Diagram 12.3 shows a model for transmission
of electrical power. The resistance of the
transmission cable in the model is 30Ω.
Diagram 12.3
(i) Name a type of conductor that is most
suitable to be used as transmission cable.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Calculate the current that flows
through the transmission cable
[ 2 marks ]
(iii) The power loss due to heating effect
of the transmission cable
[ 2 marks ]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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32. Diagram 12.1 shows a bulb labelled 12 V, 24 W is
connected to the output of a transformer. The
efficiency of the transformer is 40%.
(a) (i) Name the type of transformer.
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain the working principle of the
transformer.
[4 marks]
(b) Calculate
(i) the current flow in the secondary coil.
(ii) power input in the primary coil.
[5 marks]
(c) You are asked to investigate the design and
the characteristics of four transformers
shown in Diagram 12.2.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of
the transformers and determine which transformer
has the highest efficiency.
Give reasons for your choice
[10 marks]
33. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show how
induced current are produced in solenoids
(a) What is meant by induced current?
(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and 10.2,
compare
(i) The number of turns of the
solenoid.
(ii) The deflection of the
galvanometer pointer.
(iii) The rate of cutting of the
magnetic flux.
(iv) The magnitude of induced
current produced.
[ 4 marks ]
(c) Using Diagram 10.1 and 10.2
(i) Relate the number of turns of the
solenoid and the rate of cutting of
the magnetic flux.
(ii) Relate the rate of cutting of
magnetic flux and the
magnitude of the induced current
produced and hence.
[ 2 marks ]
(d) Name the physics law involved.
[ 1 mark]
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(e) Diagram 10.3 shows a simple step-up
transformer
(i) Explain why step-up
transformers are used in the
transmission of electricity?
[ 2 marks ]
(ii) You are required to modify the
transformer in Diagram 10.3 so
that it can use as an efficient
laptop adapter with output of
18.5 V of direct current. Your
suggestions and explanation
should be based on the
following aspects:
- Type of the core used.
- materials and diameter of the
wire used.
- Ratio of the number of turns
in the primary coil to the
secondary coil.
- The arrangement of the
primary coil and the secondary
coil.
- The numbers of diodes used.
[ 10 marks ]
34. Diagram 10.1 shows one insulated conductor
which is moved downwards in a magnetic field.
Diagram 1.2 shows three insulated conductors
which are moved downwards in the magnetic field.
(a) What is meant by electromagnetic
induction?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 ,
compare
(i) The number of conductor wires.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) The deflection of the galvanometer
pointer.
[ 1 mark ]
(iii) Relate the number of conductor and
the rate of cutting of magnetic flux.
[ 1 mark ]
(iv) Relate the rate of cutting of magnetic
flux and the induced current
[ 1 mark ]
(v) Name the physics law involved.
[ 1 mark ]
(c) Diagram 10.3 shows the structure of a
generator. Explain how the generator can e
used to produce electricity.
[ 4 marks ]
(d) Diagram 10.4 shows the cross section of a
moving coil microphone which converts one
form energy into another.
When sound vibrates the diaphragm , the
attached voice coil moves and cut the
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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magnetic field and generates a small electric
current in coil.
Using the appropriate concepts in physics ,
suggest and explain suitable modification or
ways to enable the microphone to detect
sound effectively and generate bigger
current based on the following aspects:
(i) The thickness of diaphragm
(ii) The strength of the material for the
diaphragm
(iii) The number of turns of coil
(iv) The diameter of the coil wire
(v) The strength of magnet
[ 10 marks ]
35. (a) Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 shows two
identical electromagnet, X and Y .
Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2
(i) What is meant by electromagnet?
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2
compare the current flow, the amount of iron
filing and the magnetic field strength of the
two electrodes. Relate the current flow and
amount of iron filing attracted by the
electromagnet and the magnetic field
strength..
[ 5 marks ]
(b) Diagram 10.3 shows a circuit breaker.
Diagram 10.3
Explain how the circuit breaker works.
[ 4 marks]
(c) Diagram 10.4 shows an a.c generator
Diagram10.4
(i) Explain how the generator works to
produce alternating current..
[ 4 marks ]
(ii) Explain the modification that needs to
be done on the generator and the
external circuit to enable the generator
to be a d.c generator and produce
more current.
[6 marks]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
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CHAPTER 9
36. As a research engineer in a factory, you are asked
to investigate the characteristics of several
substances in order to produce semiconductors
with better conductivity.
(a) What is meant by semiconductor?
[1 mark]
(b) Name two types of semiconductors. Explain
the differences between this two types of
semiconductors
[5 marks]
(c) Table 12 shows the characteristics of five
substances P, Q, R, S and T.
Table 12
Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the
substances to be used in the production of a
semiconductor with better conductivity and
determine the most suitable substance to be used
Give reasons for your choice
[10 marks]
(d) An extra high voltage (EHT) supply gives 4
kV across the anode and the cathode of a
vacuum tube.
(i) Name the process that occurs.
[1 mark]
(ii) Calculate the velocity of the electron
when it reaches the anode tube. [ mass
of electron , m = 9.1 x 10-31
kg, charge
of electron, e = 1.6 x 10-19
[3 marks]
37. A semiconductor diode is an electronic device
made by joining pieces of p-type and n-type
semiconductors. n-type and p- type
semiconductors are produced through the doping
process
Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2
(a) What is the meaning of doping?
[1 mark]
(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 ,
compare the connection of diode to the dry
cell, the lighting of bulbs and the reading of
ammeter. Relate the lighting of bulbs with
the connection of diode to the dry cell to
make a deduction regarding the relation
between the current flowing in the circuits
and the connection of diode to the dry cell..
[5 marks]
(c) Box Y contains four identical electronics
component for full wave rectification.
Diagram 10.3
On Diagram 10.3 draw the electronic
components in the circles provided.
(ii) A capacitor is placed across the output
to smooth the current. In Diagram
10.3, draw the wave form produced .
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Explain how a capacitor is used to
smooth the current.
[4 marks]
(d) Diagram 10.4 shows a circuit with a
transistor that acts as an automatic switch.
LED will light up when it is dark.
Diagram 10.4
A technician wants three fans labelled 240
V, 100 W in a room to be automatically
switched on when the room is hot.
Suggest modifications that can be made to
the circuit in Diagram 10.4 so that the three
fans can be automatically switched on when
the room is hot based on the following
aspect:
State and explain the modifications based on
the following aspects:
- The electric component to replace
light dependent resistor in the circuit.
- The position of electric component.
- he used of relay switch in the circuit..
- the arrangement of the three fan.
- electric component to protect the
transistor
[10 marks]
38. Diagram 10.1 shows a transistor circuit. Diagram
10.2 and Diagram 10.3 show the transistor circuit
with different microammeter reading
and milliammeter reading.
Diagram 10.1
Diagram 10.2
Diaragm 10.3
(a) What is the meaning of transistor circuit?
[1 mark]
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(b) (i) Using Diagram 10.1, compare the
microammeter reading and the
milliammeter reading.
(ii) Using Diagram 10.2, compare the
microammeter
reading and the milliammeter reading.
(iii) Using Diagram 10.2 and Diagram
10.3, compare the change in
microammeter reading and the change
in milliammeter reading.
(iv) Relate the microammeter reading,
milliammeter\ reading and deduce a
physics concept for base current , Ib
and collector current, I
c in a transistor
circuit.
[5 marks]
(c) Diagram 10.5 shows a transistor circuit is
used to light up a bulb at night.
Diagram 10.5
Explain why the bulb light up at night.
[4 marks]
(d) Suggest the modifications need to be done to
the circuit in Diagram 10.5 so that it can
function as automatically fire alarm switch
that needs high voltage.
Explain your suggestions base on the
following aspects:
(i) The electrical components that are
needed to replace any components in
the circuit
(ii) The position of these components in
the circuit
(iii) The electrical components that is
connected to the output transistor
[10 marks]
39. (a) What is meant by a semiconductor?
[ 1 mark]
(b) Diagram 12.1 shows a full wave rectifier
circuit.
Diagram 12.1
(i) Draw the waveform of a full wave
rectification.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) What modification can do on the
circuit in Diagram 12.1 to smooth the
current?
[ 1 mark ]
(iii) Draw on Diagram 12.1 the
modification you suggest in (a)(ii).
[ 1 mark ]
(iv) Draw the smoothen current.
[ 1 mark ]
(d) The door of the lift is fitted with a light
transmitter and a detector which is a light
dependent resistor (LDR). If the LDR
detects light, the relay switch is activated
and the lift door will close.You are asked to
investigate the circuit of the lift, and design
suitable circuit to close the door of the lift, if
there is no people in front of the lift as
shown in Table 12.
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Table 12
Explain the suitability of the characteristics in
Table 12 and than determine the most suitable
circuit for the door of the lift. Give a reason for
your choice.
[ 10 marks ]
(d) Diagram 12.2 shows trace of CRO screen
when a potential different connected on it.
The Y- gain setting is 2 V / div and time-
base is set to 0.1s / div.
Diagram 12.2
(i) What type of current that is connected
to the CRO?
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) What is the peak-voltage of the c
urrent?
[ 1 mark ]
(iii) Calculate the frequency of the current.
[ 2 marks ]
(e) Sketch the trace of CRO screen of the same
current if the time-base is off
[ 1 mark ]
CHAPTER 10
40. Radioisotopes can be used as tracers to detect leaks
from pipes underground. Diagram 12.1 shows a
leak that occurred in an underground water pipe.
Diagram 12.1
(a) What is meant by radioisotopes?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) With the aid of diagram, explain how
radioisotopes can be used to detect the
location of the leakage as shown in Diagram
12.1.
[ 3 marks ]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
(c) Table 12.1 shows the characteristics of five
radioisotopes.
Table 12.1
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the
radioisotope and determine the most suitable
radioisotope to be used in detecting the leak from
pipes underground.
Give reasons for your choice
[ 8 marks ]
(d) Diagram 12.2 shows the decay chain of
Radon-222.
(i) What is the number of neutrons in Rn-
222?
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Write an equation to show the decay
of Rn-222 to Po-218.
[ 2 marks ]
(iii) Determine the number of alpha
particles and beta particles produced
in the decay.
[ 2 marks ]
(e) A lab assistant measures the number of
particles emitted per minute from two
different radioactive sources K and L. The
measurements are repeated each hour for
four hours and the results are shown in
Table 12.2.
Table 12.2
(i) Name the source that has the shortest
half-life?
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) The experiment continues until the
time is 6 hours.
Calculate the number of particles
emitted per minute from source K.
[ 2 marks]
41. Diagram 12.1 shows a Geiger Muller tube (GM
tube) an a rate meter which are used to detect
radioactive radiation.
Diagram 12.1
(a) What is meant by radioactivity?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Explain how the GM tube is able to detect
the radioactive radiation.
[ 4 marks ]
(c) Radioactive material is also used in smoke
detectors. You are assigned to study the
characteristics of some radioactive materials
and the type of logic gates used in the smoke
detector shown in Table 12.1.
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
Table 12.1
[ 10 marks ]
(d) (i) Copy and complete the equation for
the radioactive decay shows below by
writing the appropriate numbers in
box provided.
(ii) Calculate the mass defect in kg.
[ 2 marks ]
(iii) Calculate the energy released.
[ 2 marks ]
42. (a) Diagram 12.1 shows a system used in a
factory to ensure the volume of guava juice
in a bottle is uniform.
The radioactive source, radiation detector
and counter are used to detect the volume
of guava juice. The radioactive source
contains a radioisotope.
(a) What is meant by a radioisotope?
[1 mark]
(b) Table 12.2 shows the characteristics of five
radioisotopes P, Q, R, S and T.
As a factory engineer, you are required to
determine the most suitable radioisotope that
can be used by the system to ensure the volume of
guava juice is uniform.
Study the characteristics of all 5 radioisotopes and
explain the suitability of the aspects.
Determine the most suitable radioisotope and give
the reason for your choice.
[10 marks]
(c) Table 12.3 shows the reading of the rate
meter for 6 bottles through detector and
radioactive source .
(i) State one detector that is suitable to be
used purpose.
[ 1 mark]
Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin
(ii) Based on table 12.3, which bottle
shows the least volume of juice and
state the reason for your answer.
[3 marks]
(d) In a radioactive decay series, Uranium-238
decays to become Radium-226 by emitting
alfa and beta.
Determine the values of X and Y?
[5 marks]
-END-
CHAPTER 2
Question No. 1
(a)(i) The object falling under the force of gravity only
(a)(ii) The acceleration Diagram 9.1 larger than Diagram 9.2
The rate change Diagram 9.1 more than Diagram 9.2 The time
impact Diagram 9.1 more than Diagram 9.2
When the time impact is smaller, the rate change of
momentum
When the acceleration is large, the rate change of momentum
is large is large
(b) (i)
(ii) The force forward = friction
The resultant force is zero
The object move with constant velocity
(c)
Question No. 2
(a) Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
(b)
(c) (i) The inertia of the driver maintains the forward motion
when the car stops suddenly.
(ii) Wearing a seat belt:
Restrains the body of the driver from being thrown
forward//inside or outside the car.
It slows down the forward movement of the driver when
the car stops suddenly
(d)
Design or
way
Explanation/reason
Acceleration Smaller mass The smaller the mass the smaller its
inertia. Therefore the rocket will
accelerate faster.
Shape Nose cone //
Bullet shape
on top of the
body
To improve the aerodynamics of the
rocket.
Structure The bottle
filled with
mixture of
water and air
Serves as the propulsion of the water
rocket//The air pressure propels the
rocket skyward (upward)
Buoyant force
(upthrust)
Equipped
with
parachute
The parachute increases the surface
area of an object so it has more
contact with the wind, which
decreases the speed of the object
(due to air resistant)
Stability of the
motion
Fitted with
fins spaced
equally
around the
rocket body.
Helps to stabilize the water rocket by
lowering the centre of pressure
(gravity)
Question No. 3
(a) The Principle of Conservation of Momentum / Energy
(b) When the ball on one end is pulled up and let to fall, it strikes
the second ball which is at rest and comes to a dead stop.
The momentum of the ball becomes zero as its velocity is zero.
The Principle of Conservation of Momentum states that in a
collision between two objects the total momentum of the objects
in the system remains unchanged.
The energy and momentum from the first ball is transferred to
the second ball and then transmitted through the balls at rest to
the ball on the other end.
Because the momentum and energy is maintained in this system,
the ball on the opposite side will move at the same velocity as
the ball that were in initial motion
(c)
The balls touch each
other
This will reduce losses of energy which
will reduce the speed of the balls
The type of material
used to make the balls is
steel
Steel balls are hard and produce highly
elastic collision. Energy can easily
propagates through the intermediate
balls.
Two strings used to
hang each ball
This string arrangement restricts the
balls’ movements to the same plane.
the position of the ball
to start the oscillation
High position of the ball, high potential
energy and will change to high kinetic
energy. The last end ball will swing at
bigger speed.
The most suitable design is Q because the ball s touch each other,
made from steel, use two strings attached to each ball and the initial
position of the ball is high.
(d) (i) m1u1+ m2u2= m1v1 + m2v2
(5)(0.8) + (3)(0) = 0 + (3) v2
v2 = 1.33 ms-1
(ii) m1v1 - m2u2 = 0 – (0.05)(0.8)
= -0.04 kgms-1
(iii) Impulsive force = -0.04 / 0.05 = 0.8 N
modification reason
The surface is smooth Reduce water resistance
Aerodynamic Reduce friction
Low density Lighter
Big peddle Increases the force
strong Not easy to broke down
Lorry Car
Mass Mass of the
lorry is bigger.
Mass of the
car is smaller.
Ability
to speed
ahead
Takes longer
time to speed
ahead.
Easier//faster
to speed
ahead.
Stopping
(from
rest)
Harder//slower
to stop moving.
Takes longer
time to stop
moving.
Easier//faster
to stop
moving.
Takes shorter
time to stop
moving.
Question No. 4
(a) (i) Energy due to height
(ii) Initial position of the student in Diagram 9.1 is higher
The speed of the student on reaching the final position in
Diagram 9.1 is higher
The higher the speed of the student, the higher the energy
The higher the position , the higher the energy gained
(iii) Principle of Conservation of Energy
(b) (i) elastic potential energy to kinetic energy and
gravitational potential energy
elastic potential energy and kinetic energy to
gravitational potential energy
(ii) due to damping
work done against air resistance //
loss of energy due to the extension and compression of
the molecules in the system
(c) strong // high strength
it won’t break easily
high force constant
store higher elastic potential energy
strong // high strength // any suitable material
it won’t break easily
thin // aerodynamic // streamline
less air resistance
slightly above the target
the path is parabolic / curved/downward // due to free fall
motion
Question No. 5
(a) (i) Priciple of conservation of momentum
(ii) Air expels at high velocity
Produces momentum backwards / to the left
Causes thrust of momentum forward/ to the right
With same magnitude of force but in opposite direction
(b) (i)
(ii) a = v – u
t
= 0 – 4
2
= 2 ms-2
(iii) s = )2()4(
2
1 2
= 16 m
(c)
Characteristics Reasons
Shape – Inverted aerofoil High pressure at top // greater
downward force//high stability
Ridges on tyres -none Less friction during motion
Engine power -high Greater forward thrust
Material light and stiff Does not break easily on impact
I choose S
Because shape – inverted aerofoil , ridges on tyres –none, engine
power –high and material light and stiff
CHAPTER 3
Question No. 6
(a) (i) Sum of two or more forces to produce one resultant force.
(ii)
1. Bottle in liquid Q floats lower
2. Weight and the buoyant force are equal and the same in
both cases.
3. Density of liquid P is higher.
4. As the density of liquid decreases, the lower the bottle
floats.
5. When density of liquid decreases the volume of liquid
displaced increases to produce the same buoyant force.
(b)
1. When force is applied to piston A
2. Pressure is produced and transmitted uniformly throughout
the liquid towards piston B // Pascal’s Principle
3. Pressure multiply by the surface area of piston B will
produce the output force that lift load M.
4. Cross-sectional area of piston A is smaller than piston B to
produce large output force.
(c)
Suggestion Reasons
Fix a long handle on
piston A
Small force can produce
bigger force /torque to press
piston A
Equip the hydraulic jack
with valves
Liquid can flow in one
direction and does not back
flow
Use released valves Liquid flows back to the
storage reservoir
Piston A is made
smaller // piston B
bigger.
To produce large output
force.
Oil as liquid Does not evaporate easily //
does not flow out easily//
prevent from rust.
Question No. 7
(a) (i) Force per unit area
(ii) Pressure on piston Q = pressure on piston R
Cross sectional area of piston Q < Cross sectional area of
piston R
Force acted on piston Q < force acted on piston R
The greater the area, the greater the force
Pascal’s principle
(b) aerofoil shape
The air speed on the upper surface > the air speed on the lower
surface.
The pressure on the lower surface > pressure on the upper
surface.
Different in pressure produce lift force.
(c)
Design Reasons
Thick wall Water pressure increase with
depth
High density material Increase mass / can submerge
easily
Strong material Does not break easily
Aerodynamic shape Reduce water resistance
Ballast tank To increase or reduce weight
Sonar transmitter and
receiver To estimate distance and depth
Question No. 8
(a) Upwards force cause by weight of fluid displaced by an object
when the object is immerse in the fluid.
(b) Valve release air from ballast tank.
Sea water flooded ballast tank
The weight of water displaced is smaller.
Buoyant force < Weight of the submarine
(c)
Choices Reasons
The volume of ballast
tank is higher
To produce bigger buoyant force
/ easy to rise up / can carry
greater weight inside
More number of air
tanks cylinder carried
Can stay longer time under the
water / Can rise and submerge
many times / more air supply for
respiration of crews
Can withstand higher
maximum water
pressure
Safe when the submarine
submerge very deep in the sea /
The body will not break due to
high water pressure
The suitable shape of
submarine is
aerodynamic
Less water resistance in the
motion / can move faster
Submarine X
Because the volume of ballast tank is higher, more number of
air tanks cylinder carried, can withstand higher maximum water
pressure and the suitable shape of submarine is aerodynamic.
(d) (i) V = 0.2 x 0.8
= 0.16 m3
(ii) B = Vρg = 0.16 x 1000 x 10
= 1600N
(iii) mass = 1600 ÷ 10 = 160 kg
Question No. 9
(a) Aerofoil
(b) (i) The shape of cross section of the wing causes the speed
of airflow above the wings to be higher than the speed of
airflow below.
When the speed of moving air is higher the pressure is
lower.
Hence air pressure below the wings is higher compare to
above the wings.
(ii) Bernoulli’s Principle
(c)
The most suitable wing is Y.
Because it has a shape of cross section which is upper side is
longer than the bottom, large the area of the wing, the low
density of the wing materials and the high the difference in
speed of air.
(d) (i) P=F/A
F = 400 x 50
F = 20000 N
(ii) Resultant Force = 20 000 – 900(10)
= 11000 N
Direction of force : upwards
Question No. 10
(a) (i) Buoyant force equal to weight of fluid displaced
(ii) Volume of air displaced equal to volume of a
balloon
Density of air decreased as a altitude increase
Weight of displaced air become smaller
At certain height weight of displaced air equal to
weight of the balloon
(iii)
Large balloon
To produce bigger buoyant / up thrust // Increase the
volume of the air displaced
Low density of gas filled in the balloon
Lighter
Synthetic nylon
Light-weight, strong and air-proof material
Low mass of radiosonde instrument
To produce a bigger upward resultan force
R is choosen
Large ballon/low density of gas /synthetic nylon /
low mass of radiosonde instrument
(b) (i) mass = density x volume
m=0.216kg
(ii) V= 1.2m3
m= 1.56kg
= 15.6N
Question No. 11
(a) (i) Buoyant force equal to weight of fluid displaced
(ii) Volume of air displaced equal to volume of a
balloon
Density of air decreased as a altitude increase
Weight of displaced air become smaller
At certain height weight of displaced air equal to
weight of the balloon
(iii)
Characteristics Explaination
Large ballon To produce bigger buoyant /
upthrust // Increase the
volume of the air displaced
Use 2 burners // Many
burners
To produce bigger flame //
heat up the gas in the
balloon faster
Synthetic nylon Light-weight/ strong /air-
proof material
High temperature of
the air in the balloon
Reduce the density /weight
of the air in the balloon
Hot air balloon Q is
chosen
Large balloon, use 2 burners
/ many burners, use
synthetic nylon and has high
temperature of the air in the
balloon.
(b) (i) mass = density x volume
m=0.216kg
(ii) V= 1.2m3
m= 1.56kg
= 15.6N
CHAPTER 4
Question No. 12
(a) (i) The temperature in which a solid substance change to
liquid at atmospheric pressure
(ii) The mass of substance in Diagram 9.1 < in Diagram 9.2
Time taken to reach the melting point in Diagram 9.1 <
in Diagram 9.2
Time taken by the substance to change into liquid
completely in Diagram 9.1 < in Diagram 9.2
The greater the mass the longer the time taken by the
substance to change into liquid completely.
The greater the mass the greater the latent heat of fusion
absorbed
(b) In daytime the sun warms the land to higher temperature than
the sea.
The land has a lower specific heat capacity than sea-water.
The air above the land is heated and rises
The cooler air above the sea moving to land.
(c)
Question No. 13
(a) The total amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of
an object by 1oC
(b) (i) 1. the temperature of water droplet = the temperature of
water poured on the hand
2. The mass of water droplets is smaller than water
poured
3. Hand in diagram 9.1 less injured than that in 9.2
4. the bigger the mass , the more injury to the skin
(ii) The bigger the mass of an object, the bigger the heat
capacity of the object
(c) Water has high specific heat capacity
When water in tube pass through the engine it can absorb large
amount of heat energy
Once water reach the radiator, the heat of the water absorbed by
the fin blade of the radiator .
The same time the fan in the radiator push the heat out of the
car.
(d) Thermometer is made from- transparent glass that is strong
so that it is not easily broken
The thermometric liquid- chosen is mercury uniformly /
opaque
because it easily expands
The capillary tube is made- narrow and thin
so that it is more sensitive
the shape of the thermometer- is round effect
so that it has a magnifying
high boiling point and low freezing point
so that it can measure very high and low temperature
CHAPTER 5
Question No. 14
(a) (i) Cannot be shown on screen
(ii) Incident ray from the fish refracted / change direction at
B.
Refraction
Incident ray from the dragon-fly reflected by water
surface at A.
(b) (i) Reflectionθ = 90o – 30o
= 60o
1.33 = o40sin
sinα
α = 58.75o
(ii) Virtual / same size / same distance / laterally inverted
(c)
Characteristics Explanation
Concave mirror Reflected ray is converging
Bulb at principal focus Reflected ray form a
parallel beam
Batteries connected in series Produces larger current
Copper connecting wire Low resistance / large
current
Torchlight Q is chosen
because it has concave mirror, bulb at principal focus,
batteries connected in series and copper connecting wire
Question No. 15
(a) Distance between focal pint and the optical centre of a lens
(b) 1. The convex lens is aimed/focused to a distant object
(infinity)
2. The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on the
screen
3. The distance between the screen and the lens is measured
4. Focal length = distance between the screen and the lens
(c)
(d) (i) 1 = 1 + 1
f u v
1 = 1 – 1
v 5 400
v = 5.063 cm
(ii) h2 = v2
h1 v1
h2 = 5.063
100 400
h2 = 1.27 cm
(iii) Real , inverted and diminished.
Aspect Explanation
High specific heat
capacity of liquid
Becomes hot faster
High boiling point of
liquid
Not easily change into
vapour
Low rate of rusting
material
Long lasting // not
easily rust
Strong material Not easily breaks
The size of the fan is
big
To blow large amount
of heat
Aspect Explanation
Longer focal
length
To produce real, inverted and
smaller image
High
magnification
Produce bigger image
Distance = fo
+ fe
Produce image at normal
adjustment // image at infinity
Bigger
diameter
More light can enter objective
lens // more brighter
J is chosen Longer focal length, higher
magnification, Distance
between two lenses = fo + fe
and bigger diameter
Question No. 16
(a) (i) Distance between optical centre and focal point
(ii) Lens in Diagram 11.1 is thinner
Focal length in Diagram 11.1 is longer
The thinner the lens the longer the focal length
The thinner the lens the higher the power of lens
(b) (i) 5
1
(ii)
1
60
10
600
2030
3020
−
×
= 60 cm (iii)
230
60
(c)
- Convex lens
- Image is real and inverted
- Convex lens
- Image is virtual and magnified
- Longer
- must have a lower power
- have the larger diameter
- produce the brighter image
S and Convex lens of objective lens, Convex lens of Eyepiece
lens, longer fo and larger diameter
Question No. 17
(a) angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90o
(b) (i)
n = csin
1
(ii) 41.8o // refractive index for glass is smaller
24.6o // critical angle for diamond is smaller
The smaller the critical angle, the easier total internal
reflection can occur
(c) (i)
n = o
o
30sin
42sin
n = 1.34
(ii)
1.34 = depthapparent
1
0.75 m
(d) high refractive index
total internal reflection easier to occur // smaller critical angle
thick
keep cool / cut off more light
low
cut off more heat // reduce transmission of heat
small
critical angle can be easily exceeded // total internal reflection
easier to occur
Q
High refractive index, thick, low thermal conductivity and
small angle θ
Question No. 18
(a) The distance from the primary focus to the optical center
type of lens is convex, percentage of light is high , focal length
is short and size is bigger
(b) It should be convex
The magnified image can be obtained
Percentage of light of the lenses should be high
The image would be brighter and clearer
Its focal length should be short
The power of lens will be high and can be focused at a short
distance
diameter of lens should be large
it is gives a bigger display
the most suitable brand is J
type of lens is convex, percentage of light is high , focal length
is short and size is bigger
(c) (i) 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
1/5 = ½ + 1/v
v = - 3.33cm
(ii) magnification = v/u
3.33/2
1.67 times
(d) The lens is directed to a distant object such as tree
The screen was adjusted behind the lens until a sharp image
Formed
the distance between the lens and the screen measured
The power of the lens are determined using 1/f
The shorter the focal length the more the power of lens.
Question No. 19
(a) (i) Real image is an image which can be formed / projected
on a screen.
(ii) object distance in 9.1 is shorter than 9.2
Size of image formed in 9.1 is bigger than in 9.2
Image distance in 9.1 is smaller /shorter
The shorter the object distance, the bigger the size of the
image formed
When the object distance is shorter, the magnification
scale is bigger.
(b)
(c)
Use higher power bulb Higher intensity of light / more light
produced.
The filament of the bulb is
at the focus point of the
concave mirror
The light ray focuses to one point.
More curvature Increase the intensity.
lens between f and 2f To produce real and enlarge / bigger
images.
Increase the distance /
further away the screen
Larger image produced
Question No. 20
(a) (i) Refraction
(ii) Object distance in Diagram 9.1 < 9.2
Image distance in Diagram 9.1 > 9.2
Size of image in Diagram 9.1 > 9.2
Power of lens is same
The shorter the object distance ,the greater the size of
image.
(b) (i)
(ii) Range greater than two focal length ( u ≥2f)
(c) (i)
Modification Reason
f ≤ u ≤ 2f Image magnified and real
Distance = f0 + fe Eyes are not strained// to get
normal adjustment microscope
25 cm
fo = 10 cm and fe= 20 cm First image is magnified
Position of the first
image < fe
Final image is magnified many
times
(ii) use less power// longer focal length of eye piece lens
Move the object nearer to the focal point (still in between
(1F and 2F)
Question No. 21
(a) (i) Distance from the optical centre to a focal point.
(ii) Lens K is thicker than lens J
Light ray is refracted more in lens K than lens J.
Focal length of lens K is shorter than lens J.
Therefore the thicker the lens, the greater the refraction
of light and with that the shorter the focal length of a lens
will be
(b) (i) As a magnifying glass.
(ii) Enlarge/magnified
Inverted/upside down
Virtual
(c) (i) Choose lens S as objective lens
Choose lens Q as eyepiece
Lens S is placed in front of lens Q
The two lenses are adjusted so that they are in normal
adjustment where distance between the two lenses is
equal to (fo + fe)
(ii)
Modification Explanation
1. Use low power
convex lens as the
objective lens.
- Magnification of telescope =
e
o
f
f,
∴ Low power lens has a longer
focal length, fo ↑, magnification ↑
2. Use high power
convex lens as the eye
lens
High power lens has a shorter
focal length, fe ↓, magnification
3.Use bigger diameter
of objective lens
More light permitted to enter the
telescope and a clearer image is
seen
Question No. 22
(a) (i) Refraction
(ii) Ratio of sin i / sin r // The ratio of speed of light in
vacuum relative to that speed through a medium
(b) Refractive index of the glass is higher.
The density of glass is higher
The angle of refraction of light ray in glass is shorter
The higher the density of medium, the smaller the angle of
refraction of light.
The higher the density of medium, the higher the refractive
index.
(c)
(d) (i)
(ii)
Modifications Reasons
Objective lens with
larger
diameter.
More light passes
through the lens
Eyepiece lens with
higher
power // Thicker
eyepiece lens
Act as a strong
magnifying glass
WAVES
Question No. 23
(a) (i) Interference of waves
(ii) wavelength depend on depth of water
increasing/decreasing of depth will cause the wave to
refract
refraction will increase/decrease the length of wavelength
the nodal/antinodal line will be affected
(iii) wavelength produce by the two spherical dipper in
diagram 10.1 is the same as in diagram 10.2
the distance between the two consecutive antinodes
is greater in diagram 10.1 than 10.2
the distance between the two consecutive nodes is
greater in diagram 10.1 than 10.2
increase in the distance between the two coherent
source will decrease the distance between the two
consecutive nodes or antinodes
(b) (i) sonar is a reflection from an ultrasonic waves. (ultrasonic
echoes)
ultrasonic wave has a higher frequency waves , it has
more energy so it can move further
it do not produce noise
(iii) attach ultrasonic transmitter to a ship
use a microphone receiver to detect ultrasonic pulses
direct the ultrasonic pulses from the transmitter to the
seabed
use microphone receiver to pick up the reflected pulses
from the seabed
measure the time taken by the pulses to travel to the
seabed and return
calculate the depth of the water using the formula
2
txvd =
Question No. 24
(a) (i) Refraction
(ii) wave move from deeper to shallow area
the wavelength decrease
the speed decrease
the direction of wave bends towards normal
(b)
(c) (i) f = v
λ
= 6
0.8
= 7.5 Hz
(ii) V = λ f
= 0.5 x 7.5
= 3.75 cm
Question No. 25
(a) (i) To ensure constant velocity of water wave / ripple.
(ii) Interference
(iii) Zero or minimum
(iv) zero // minimum // smaller than the original amplitude
(b) (i) The distance in Diagram 10.1 is higher
(ii) The distance in Diagram 10.1 is smaller
(iii) Same
(iv) The higher the a, the smaller the x // a inversely
Proportional
(c) (i) Increase the number of loudspeakers // use more
Loudspeakers
Characteristics Reason
Bay Wave is calmer
Concrete retaining
wall
Stronger/ /
lasting
High wall Prevent high
wave
Smaller opening/
aperture / slit of
retaining wall
Diffraction
obvious // low
wave energy
P At bay, concrete
retaining wall ,
high wall and
smaller slit
To produce louder sound // Sound transmitted covers a
bigger
(ii) Placed at all corners // different locations
Cover a bigger area // the spectators around the area can
hear clearly
(iii) High amplification
to produce louder sound // sound can travel further
Large/big
Less diffraction // spreading // sound travels straight
Large/big
Vibrates more air // produces louder sound
Question No. 26
(a) When two crests or two troughs meet each other to form
maximum amplitude
(b) (i) Distance between two coherent sources in Diagram 10.2
is bigger than diagram 10.1
(ii) The wavelength are the same
(iii) The distance between two adjacent antinodal lines in
diagram 10.2 is smaller than diagram 10.1
(c) As the distance between two coherent sources increases, the
distance between two adjacent antinodal lines decreases.
(d) Refraction of light ray
Light travels from less dense to a denser medium
towards the normal / bending closer.
In the observer eyes, the sun is still not setting as they can still
see the image from refraction.
(e)
Question No. 27
(a) A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is
parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave
(b) (i) The amplitude in Diagram 10.2 is higher
(ii) The peak value, a2 in Diagram 10.2 is higher
(iii) The higher the amplitude of vibration of tuning forks, the
higher the peak value
(iv) The higher the peak value, the louder the sound
(v) The higher the amplitude, the louder the sound
(c) - Use ultrasound
- Ultrasound is transmitted to the sea bed
- a receiver will then detect the reflected the reflected pulses
- the time taken by the pulse to travel to the seabed and return
to the receiver being recorded, t
- the depth of the sea can be calculated using the formula,
2
vtd =
(d)
Suggestions Reason
Loudspeakers are
positioned at quite a
distance away.
So that the distance
between consecutive
constructive /
destructive interference is
smaller.
The two main
loudspeakers are not
positioned opposite
to each other
To prevent multiple
reflections
Fix soft boards/
wooden/ materials
which are sound
absorbers
Reflection effects can be
reduced
Use thick carpet/
Wooden floor/
Rubber floor
To prevent echo
Assemble a high
power speaker
system
To produce a high
amplitude of sound wave
Assemble the
speaker at a high
place
Wide coverage // the
wave is not blocked
CHAPTER 7
Question No. 28
(a) Distance between focal pint and the optical centre of a lens
(b) 1. The convex lens is aimed/focused to a distant object
(infinity)
2. The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on the
screen
3. The distance between the screen and the lens is measured
4. Focal length = distance between the screen and the lens
(c)
(d) (i)
1 = 1 + 1
f u v
1 = 1 – 1
v 5 400
v = 5.063 cm
(ii)
h2 = v2
h1 v1
h2 = 5.063
100 400
h2 = 1.27 cm
(iii) Real , inverted and diminished.
Aspect Explanation
Longer focal
length
To produce real, inverted and
smaller image
High
magnification
Produce bigger image
Distance = fo + fe Produce image at normal
adjustment // image at infinity
Bigger diameter More light can enter objective
lens // more brighter
J is chosen Longer focal length, higher
magnification, Distance between
two lenses = fo + fe and bigger
diameter
Question No. 29
(a) High melting point
Can withstand high temperature / heat // does not melt easily
Not easily oxidized
Can last longer
(b) (i) Maximum current flowing through the fuse is 0.5 A
(ii) 1 Low melting point
2 Can melt easily
3 Low specific heat capacity
4 Can heat up easily
5 Small
6 High resistance // more heat released // easy to break
7 High
8 High resistance // more heat released
9 Z
10 Low melting point, low specific heat capacity, small
diameter and high resistivity
(c) (i) 240
500
= 2.08 A
(ii) Not suitable
(iii) 500 x (10x60)
300 000 J
Question No. 30
(a) A fuse is a very thin wire, which either melts or vaporizes when
too much current flows through it
(b) - A parallel circuit can run several devices using the full
voltage of the supply.
- If one device fails, the others will continue running normally
- If the device shorts, the other devices will receive no voltage,
preventing overload damage.
- A failure of one component does not lead to the failure of the
other components.
- More components may be added in parallel without the need
for more voltage.
- Each electrical appliance in the circuit has it own switch.
(c) (i) The electrical appliance use 240 V of voltage to generates
500 W of power.
(ii) Current = Power/Voltage
Current = 500/240 = 2.08 A
(iii) Efficiency = Output Power x 100 %
Input Power
Output Power = 85 x 500
100
Output power = 425 W
(d)
Characteristics Explanation
Thin fuse wire Less space needed/ to carry a limited
electrical current/ less mass hence low
heat capacity/ shorter time to heat up to
melting point and blow.
Ceramic cartridge Can withstand higher temperature
because sparks created by high voltage,
240V can be huge/
Fuse rating is 13 A Maximum rating must be higher than
normal current.
Low melting point For fast blow/ Melting faster when
excessive current flow/ Easy to cut the
current flow.
R is chosen because Because it has thin fuse wire, ceramic
cartridge, fuse rating is 13 A and low
melting point.
CHAPTER 8
Question No. 31
(a) An electromagnet is a coil wrapped around a soft iron core
which will be magnetized when a current flows through the coil
and demagnetized when the current is switched off
(b) Amount of iron filings attracted in Diagram 10.1 is smaller /
less// amount of iron filings attracted in Diagram 10.2 is higher
/ more
Current flow in Diagram 10.1 is smaller / less
// current flow in Diagram 10.2 is higher / more
Magnetic field strength in Diagram 10.1 is weaker
// Magnetic field strength in Diagram 10.2 is stronger
When the current is higher, the magnetic field strength is
stronger, or vice versa
When the magnetic field strength is stronger, the amount of
iron filings attracted is more, or vice versa
(c) When current flow through the solenoid, a magnetic field is
produced
The (soft) iron core will be magnetized
The scrap metal attracted to the iron core
When the current is switched off, the soft iron core will be
demagnetised and the scrap metal falls down
(d) Transformer step down
To reduce the voltage from 240 V to 12 V
The ratio of number of turns in primary coil to the number of
turns in secondary coil is 240 : 12 // 20 : 1
To reduce the voltage from 240 V to 12 V
Type of core is soft iron core // laminated iron core
Soft iron core is easy to magnetized and demagnetized //
Laminated iron core to reduce eddy current
Diode is connected to the output
To convert alternating current output to direct current
Use copper wire
Good electrical conductor // has low resistance // produce low
heat
Question No. 32
(a) Electrical energy light energy
(b) (i) 1. When an a.c. voltage is supplied to the primary coil,
the soft - iron core is magnetized
2. The magnet produced varies in magnitude and
direction
3. This causes a changing magnetic flux to pass through
the secondary coil
4. Induced e.m.f across the secondary coil is produced.
(c)
Aspect Explanation
Soft iron core Easy to magnetized and
demagnetised
Laminated Less eddy current/ reduce energy
lost
Thick wire
Reduce the resistance/more
current
Copper wire Low resistance/ reduce the lost of
heat
Q
Soft iron core, Laminated , thick
wire, Copper wire
(d) (i) 12 V
(ii) Np = 240 x 200 = 4000
12
(iii) Efficiency = Po x 100
Pi
= 240 x 0.2 x 100 = 100%
48
Question No. 33
(a) Magnet produce by current
(b) (i) Current, I directly proportional to the number of paper
clips attached, n The strength of electromagnet increases
(ii) The magnitude of the current / number of batteries (dry
cells)
The use of soft iron core
(c) High strength magnets
Larger force acting on the coil
High number of turns of coil
Larger force acting on the coil / higher electromagnetic
field strength
Low density material
Coil has smaller mass / lighter
Using 4 diodes and a capacitor
4 diodes to produce full-wave rectification and capacitor
as a smoother
Y and high number of turns of coil, low density, high
strength of magnets and 4 diodes and a capacitor.
(d) (i) Aluminium
(ii) 30
240
= 8
Ω
(iii)
30
240
= 1920 W
Question No. 34
(a) (i) Step-down
(ii) An alternating current flows through primary coil
The soft -iron core is magnetized.
The magnet produced varies in magnitude and direction.
This causes a changing magnetic flux to pass through the
secondary coil.
An induced e.m.f across the secondary coil is produced.
(b) I = 24/12
= 2A (with unit)
Efficiency = Output power x 100 %
Input power
= 24 x 100
40
= 60W
(c)
Characteristics Reasons
Thick
Soft iron
Laminated
Low//
near//shorter
Reduce the resistance of the coil
Reduce the hysteresis loss// can be magnetized
and demagnetized easily// Little energy used to
be magnetized and demagnetized .
Make the iron core as insulation.
Eddy current are not able to flow through the
layers of insulation// reduce eddy current
Reduce leakage of magnetic flux
Choose P because copper wire thick, soft iron core, laminated core
and distance is low.
Question No. 35
(a) (i) Current produced when the magnetic flux is cut by
conductor.
(b) (i) No. of turns of the solenoid in Diagram 10.2 is greater.
(ii) the deflection of the galvanometer pointer in Diagram
10.2 is bigger / larger.
(iii) the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux in Diagram 10.2
is greater.
(iv) Magnitude of induced current in Diagram10.2 is greater.
(c) (i) No of turns increases, rate of cutting of magnetic flux
increases.
(ii) Rate of cutting increases, magnitude of induced current
increases.
(d) Faraday’s Law
(e) (i) The greater the transmission voltage, the smaller the
current in the power lines.
Power loss during transmission due to resistance will be
smaller. / P=I2R
(ii)
1. laminated soft iron
core
2. to reduce the effect of
eddy current
3. thick copper wire 4. reduce heat loss due to
resistance
5. the ratio of turns in
primary coil to the
number of turns in
secondary coil is < 1
6. to reduce output voltage to
18.5 V
7. Wind the secondary
coil on top of the
primary coil
8. to reduce the leakage of
magnetic flux
9. 2/4 diodes 10. to produce full-wave
rectification
Question No. 36
Question No. 37
(a) (i) Electromagnet is a device in which magnetism is
produced by an electric current // temporary magnet
made by winding a coil round a soft iron core and
magnetic field produce when current flow.
(ii) Current flow in diagram 10.2 is more than 10.1 // vice
versa.
The amount of iron filing attracted by iron core in
Diagram 10.2 is more than 10.1 // vice versa.
The magnetic strength in diagram 10.2 is more than 10.1
// vice versa.
Amount of iron filing attracted increase when current
increase
The magnetic field strength increase when current
increase
(b) When too high current flow, magnetic field strength become
very strong / wire expand
electromagnet pull the soft iron armature / pulled to the right
by spring P.
release the catch, contact separate and current does not flow
When reset button is pressed, spring Q pulls the soft iron
armature back to its original position
(c) (i) When the coil rotates the coil cut across the magnetic
field lines
Induced current flow in the coil.
The current maximum when the coil cut the magnetic
field at right angle // current decreased (become zero)
when the coil move in parallel with magnetic field lines
The direction of current flow determine by using
Fleming’s right hand rule
After 90o the direction of current in the external circuit
reversed/ diagram
(ii)
Modification Explanation
Change slip rings with
commutator
To reverse contact with
brushes so that the current flow
in same direction in external
circuit
Use stronger magnet
To increase the magnetic field
strength
Use more number of turn for
the coil/ Increase the speed of
rotation
Increase the rate of change of
magnetic field/increase the
induced current
TOPIC 9
Question No. 38
(a) Semiconductors are a group of materials that can be conduct
electricity better than insulators but not as good as metal
conductors
(b) n- type semiconductor
p-type semiconductor
For n-type, majority charge-carries are electrons / minority
charge-carries are positive holes but for p-type, majority
charge-carries are positive holes / majority charge-carries are
electrons
For n-type, the doping substance is pentavalance but for p-type,
the doping substance is trivalance
(c)
Substance Q is chosen
Because Q has low resistivity at 00C, high melting point,
valency of the doping substance is 3 and the size of the doping
substance is almost the same as the size of the substance
(d) (i) Thermionic emission
(ii) Velocity of the electron, 2
2
1mveV =
31
19
101.9
4000106.12−
−
=x
xxxv
= 3.75 x 107 m s-1
Characteristics Explanation
The resistivity at 00C is
low
A current can flow through it
more easily//
Increasing the conductivity of the
substance
High melting point Not melting at high temperature
The valency of the
doping substance are 3
and 5
Valency of 3 is used to make p-
type semiconductor and valency
of 5 is used to make n-type
semiconductor
Size of the atom of the
doping substance is
almost the same as the
size of the substance
Can maintain the crystal-line
structure of the substance//
Give good effect in the doping
process
Question No. 39
(a) Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of specific
impurities to semiconductors to increase their conductivity
(b) Diagram 10.1, the p end of diode is connected to negative
terminal of dry cell // Diagram 10.2 the p end of diode is
connected to positive terminal of dry cell
Bulb in Diagram 10.1 does not lights up
No current flow in Diagram 10.1 // Current flow in Diagram
10.2
The bulb will lights up when the p end of diode is connected to
the positive terminal of dry cell // vice versa
Current only flow in the circuit when p end of diode is
connected to positive terminal of dry cell or in forward bias
(c) (i) Draw correct symbol and correct direction
(ii) Draw smooth waveform
Capasitors store charge when current flow
Capasitor discharge when current does not flow
(d) 1 LDR is replace by termistor / diagram
2 resistance decrease when temperature increase
3 Termistor is place at R1 and R1 replace LDR / diagram
4 So that V across R1 increase when the room is hot
5 Relay switch replace LED
6 To switch on secondary circuit /to switch on the fan
7 Fans are arranged parallel
8 All fans received 240 V power supply / other fans still
functioning even though one fan did not function
9 Resistor connected to the base of transistor
10 limit the current to the transistor
Question No. 40
(a) (i) Circuit consists transistor, resistor and cell
(ii) 10.1 : Microammeter no reading // 0 A,
milliammeter no reading // 0 A
(iii) 10.2 : Microammeter has a reading // 1 x 10-6 A ,
milliammeter has a reading // 1 x 10-3 A
(iv) Change in microammeter reading small, change in
milliammeter reading is bigger
Ib Increase, Ic increase // Ic depends on Ib
A small change in Ib caused a big change in Ic
(b) At night resistance LDR increases
VBE increases
Ib increases and switch on transistor
Ic increases and lights up bulb
(c)
Modification Explaination
Replace LDR with termistor To detect heat when temperature
is high
Replace bulb with siren / bell
To produce sound
Connect relay switch to output
transistor
To switch on the siren
Interchange the position of
resistor R and termistor
To increase base voltage / /
voltage across R // base current
Use 240 V power supply Siren is function at high voltage
Question No. 41
(a) Semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity better
than an insulator but weaker than a conductor.
(b) (i)
(ii) connect a capacitor in parallel to the output
(iii)
(iv)
(c)
(d) (i) current a.c
(ii) 4V
(iii) T = 4 x 0.1 =0.4s
Frequency, f = 1/T
= 1/0.4
= 2.5 Hz
(iv)
Question No. 42
(a) Unstable isotopes which decay and emit radioactive particles /
ray
(b) Radioisotope is injected into the pipe
G-M tube as detector is used to find the leakage
Reading on detector increases when near a leakage
(c)
1. type of ray is
gamma
2. high penetration power
can penetrate through the
pipes
3. short half life 4. Decay faster and
detection can be done
faster
5. in liquid state 6. Easy to flow/ dissolve
(d) (i) 136
(ii)
(iii)
3 alpha
2 beta
(e) (i) Source L
(ii)
20 min-1
Question No. 43
Question No. 44
(a) Radioisotopes are isotopes which have unstable nuclei.
(b)
(c) (i) Geiger Muller Tube
(ii) Bottle E
Rate meter reading is the highest
Most radiation can reach the detector without being block
by juice
(d) Correctly stated that α as He4
2
Correctly stated that β as e0
1−
Working is shown
X = 3
Y = 2
Characteristics Explanation
Has a long half-life Can be used for a long
time hence save cost
Emits beta Can penetrate box and
liquid and is less
dangerous than gamma
Solid form Easy to handle and
contain.
Low ionising power Does not change the
state and taste of juice.
Radioisotope T It has long half life,
emits beta, in solid
form and has low
ionising power.