Welcome to our presentation

Subject code: Physics-Teacher’s name: Jebun Naher SiktaSection:B

Group Members: ID:1.Foysal Ahmed 152-15-59182.Arafat Rahman 152-15-59833. S.M.Mariz 152-15-58294.Saniatul Haque 152-15-55455.Tania Azade 152-1550026.Razwanul Iqbal 152-15-59197.Ashik Ahmed 152-15-58688.Farhad Hossain 151-155434

INTRODUCTIONWhat is nuclear fusion?

Power Production Three methods have been proposed so far on how to produce power

using nuclear fusion:Steam TurbinesDirect Conversion

Flow Diagram

Working of a fusion reactor• The fusion reactor will heat a stream of deuterium and

tritium fuel to form high-temperature plasma. It will squeeze the plasma so that fusion can take place. • The lithium blankets outside the plasma reaction chamber

will absorb high-energy neutrons from the fusion reaction to make more tritium fuel. The blankets will also get heated by the neutrons.• The heat will be transferred by a water-cooling loop to a heat

exchanger to make steam.• The steam will drive electrical turbines to produce electricity.• The steam will be condensed back into water to absorb more

heat from the reactor in the heat exchanger

WHAT IS BINDING ENERGY? Nuclear binding energy is the energy that would be

required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its component parts.

These component parts are neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons. The binding energy of nuclei is due to the attractive forces that hold these nucleons together and this is usually a positive number, since most nuclei would require the expenditure of energy to separate them into individual protons and neutrons.

PRINCIPLES OF NUCLEAR BINDINGSNuclear binding energy is explained by the basic

principles involved in nuclear physics as follow:

Nuclear energy The nuclear force Physics of nuclei Solar binding energy And Combining nuclei etc.

Nuclear Reactor

Basic Informations:*Used to Generate energy. *Initiates and controls nuclear chain reaction.*Uranium(235) is used as reaction material*Used to power ships and supply electricity in cities.

How It Works

Chain reaction?

Chain reaction a chemical reaction or other process in which the products themselves promote or spread the reaction.

History In 1913 the German chemist Max Bodenstein first put

forth the idea of chemical chain reactions. If two molecules react, not only molecules of the final reaction products are formed, but also some unstable molecules which can further react with the parent molecules with a far larger probability than the initial reactants. In the new reaction, further unstable molecules are formed besides the stable products, and so on.

Chain reaction:

Chain reaction is such a process which once started the reaction continues without requiring further energy and a tremendous of energy released of the fission of all nuclei .

Controlling chain reactions We can use control rods inserted into the

uranium to slow the chain reaction down. These absorber rods contain atoms of Boron or Cadmium that can absorb the fission neutrons without undergoing a fission reaction themselves.

PAIR PRODUCTIONPair production is the creation of an elmentary particle and its antiparticle, for example creating an electron and positron, a

muon and antimuon , or a proton and antiproton. Pair production often refers specifically to a photon creating an

electron-positron pair near a nucleus but can more generally refer to any neutral boson creating a particle-antiparticle pair.

For photons at high-energy, pair production is the dominant mode of photon interaction with matter. These interactions were first observed in Patrick Blackett's counter-controlled cloud chamber, leading to the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physics. If the photon is near an atomic nucleus, the energy of a photon can be converted into an electron-positron pair:

The photon's energy is converted to particle's mass through Einstein’s equation, E=mc2; where E is energy, m is mass and c is the speed of light. The photon must have higher energy than the sum of the rest mass energies of an electron and positron for the production to occur. The photon must be near a nucleus in order to satisfy conservation of momentum, as an electron-positron pair producing in free space cannot both satisfy conservation of energy and momentum. Because of this, when pair production occurs, the atomic nucleus receives some recoil. The reverse of this process is electron positron annihilation.

MASS DEFECT

Carefully measurements have shown that the mass of a particular atom is always slightly less than the sum of the masses of the individual neutrons, protons, and electrons of which the atom consists. The difference between the mass of the atom and the sum of the masses of its parts is called the MASS DEFECT .

EXAMPLE OF MASS DEFECT

CALCULATION OF MASS DEFECT

We can get the mass defect from this equation :

ΔM = [ Z mp + (A-Z) mn ] – M

 

This is when an X-ray photon hits an orbital electron from an atom of the absorbing material and is scattered. Some of the photon’s energy is given to the electron.

This causes the electron to gain enough energy to leave. This is a mid energy phenomena .

COMPTON EFFECT

The effect was first demonstrated in 1923 by Arthur Holly Compton. For which he received a 1927 Nobel

Compton scattering equation:

where  is the wavelength of the photon before

scattering,

 is the wavelength of the photon after scattering,

 is the mass of the electron,

 is the angle by which the photon's heading changes,

 is Planck's constant, and

 is the speed of light.

Calculate the energy of one atomic mass :We can do it by using EWe know 1amu m=1.66xkg and c=3.00x m The equation of Einstein’s mass-energy : E =1.66xx(3.00x joules =14.9xjoules

This one atomic mass convert into Mev & Kev:We know 1.6xjoules=1ev 14.9xjoules=ev =931.25x1.6x ev =931.25 Mev

We know 1.6xjoules=1ev 14.9xjoules=ev =931.25x1.6x ev =931.25x ev